quality control in measurements tom colella clas goldwater environmental lab
TRANSCRIPT
Quality Control In Measurements
Tom Colella
CLAS Goldwater Environmental Lab
Quality Control In Measurements
• Measurement
• Comparison of unknown to known standard
• Validity depends on quality of standard
• Usually indirect, using calibrated system
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration– What?• Response of measurement system related
to amount of analyte
– Why?• Eliminate BIAS
– When?• Depends on nature of measurement system
& frequency of use
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– General Considerations• Purity• Stability• Storage• Homogeneity• Representativeness
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– Stock Standard Preparation
• Use calibrated equipment (Class M/A, TC/TD)
• Consider stability vs. dilution error
• Work in appropriate measurement range
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– Matrix Matching• Prepare standards in same matrix as sample
• Applies to extracts, digests, preservation, synthetic (lab) samples
• NOT possible for natural samples
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– Process in sample preparation or use process controls
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– Range and distribution
• Select high and low standards• Bracket samples with standards• Determine # of standards• Distribute evenly throughout range• Do not extrapolate
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...
– External Standards• Same analyte prepared and measured
separately from samples • Used to generate cal curve or response
factor
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards...– Internal Standards• Related analyte added to each
calibrant, sample, QC; measured simultaneously– Corrects errors due to variation
in measurement technique– Must behave similar to analyte– Use with instruments that
measure multiple analytes simultaneously
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards…– Method of Standard
Additions• Form of internal calibration• Corrects matrix interference
errors due to mismatch• Analyte of interest is added to
samples at different levels• Concentration = negative x
intercept
Quality Control In Measurements
• Calibration Standards..
– Calibration acceptance criteria
• Response Factors– % CV
• Calibration Curves– Correlation Coeff.
Conc. Signal Response Factor
10 ppb 1025 V 102.5 V/ppb
20 1980 99.0
30 2890 96.3
40 4103 102.6
CV = 3.0%
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples– Categories of error
• Contamination
• Calibration Drift
• Bias
• Imprecision
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples...– Contamination• Field Blanks
– Trip Blank
– Equipment Blank
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples...– Contamination• Lab Blanks
– Storage Blank
– Instrument Blank
– Method Blank
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples...– Calibration Drift• Initial Calibration Verification (ICV)
• Continuing Calibration Verification (CCV)
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples...– Bias• Spikes
– Lab Fortified Matrix (LFM, “Spike”)
– Trip Spike
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples...– Bias• External Source QC (QCS, LFB, CRM)
– SPEX, VHG, ERA, Ultra, NIST
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples…– Bias• Surrogates
Quality Control In Measurements
• QC Samples…– Imprecision• Replicates - Combine with External Source
QC (LFM)