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Qualitative Methods in Health Research
DMR
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Dr. ThidaDeputy Director/Head
Epidemiology Research DivisionDepartment of Medical Research (POLB)
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Outline of Presentation
▪ What is FGD
▪ Use of FGD
▪ Preparation before FGD
▪ Conducting FGD
▪ After FGD
▪ The nitty-gritty
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• Focus groups are group discussions that gather people to discuss a specific topic of interest to the researcher.
What is Focus Group Discussion?
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• Takes the advantage of group interaction to produce data and insights that would be less accessible without the interaction found in a group.
• Guided by a skilled moderator or a facilitator into increasing levels of focus and depth on the key issues of a research topic.
What is Focus Group Discussion? Cont.
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• Exploratory studies: a valuable method to explore a topic about which little is known
• Testing ideas: about new programmes: it is possible to use focus groups to see what the community feels about the new plan
• Solving specific programme problems: Focus group can be used to identify problems that may be easily solved
• Evaluating programmes: a simple form to provide extra information about a community’s ideas about a programme’s effectiveness.
• Staff/management problems: solving staff or personnel problems.
• To discover: local words related to the topic.
Use Focus Group Discussions
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• Identification of study objectives
• Situation analysis
• Recruitment of participants
• With the help of gatekeepers to reach homogenous group
• Selection of participants (ability to discuss)
✓ Number in one group
✓ Length of discussion
✓ Number of groups required
✓ Number of FGD per day
• Review thoroughly FGD guide
Preparation before FGD
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•Preparation of supporting materials
✓ voice (tape or digital) recorder, batteries
✓ notebook or paper (A4 or legal) and clipboards
✓ pens/pencils, FGD guide; labels, background
information sheet and gifts…
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• Scheduling date and time
• Selecting moderator/ facilitator for FGD
• Selecting note taker
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Facilitator
KnowledgeAttitudes“Listening Attitude”
Skills“Active Listening”
QMHR WS 2019 9(Source: power point presentation of Dr. Than Tun Sein’s lecture on FGD)
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Conducting the FGD: Place or setting
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45
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Facilitator
Participant
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Note taker
Conducting the FGD: Sitting plan
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• Introduce yourself , note takers and the participants
• Explain the purpose of FGD
• Ask permission/consent (participation & recording)
• Ensuring confidentiality
• Collect background information of the participants
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Conducting the FGD: Starting the discussion
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• Encourage discussion
✓ Be enthusiastic
✓ Show interest
✓ React neutrally
• Reorientating the discussion
• Listen carefully
• Time management
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Conducting the FGD: Facilitating the discussion
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Consider/prepare for some special circumstances
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• Summarize
• Ask additional comments
• Thanks
Conducting the FGD: Making conclusion
* Check that all cassette tapes are appropriately identified
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After FGD
Expand notes • Moderator and note-taker should do together• Should do immediately
Review transcribed notes/transcripts• Add researcher comments• Observations about the group• Remarks to probe in later discussion• Any methodological or operational problems
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The nitty-gritty
• Get to know the context of study sites
• Selection of participants
• Setting
• Take time to explain the purpose of study/
introductory section
• Be neutral (verbal and non-verbal responses)
• Note taking
Try to listen their voices rather than to talk!
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References
• Than Tun Sein, Lecture notes on qualitative research • Saw Saw. 2019. Focus Group Discussion lecture (ppt). Department of Medical
Research, Yangon.• Kielmann K, Cataldo F, Seeley J. Introduction to Qualitative Research
Methodology: A Training Manual. :87• Ulin PR, Robinson ET, Tolley EE. Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field
Guide for Applied Research: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Jul;37(7):1249 • Patton MQ, Cochran M. Qualitative Research Methodology. :31• Mack N, Family Health International, United States, Agency for International
Development. Qualitative research methods: a data collector’s field guide • Collumbien M, Busza J, Cleland J, Campbell O. Social science methods for
research on sexual and reproductive health. :102 • Morgan DL. 1988. Focus groups as qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
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