quale futuro per i lnf m.calvetti infn-lnf università di firenze
TRANSCRIPT
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
FINUDA SIDDHARTA
FEL – SPARC
HILL – FLAME Accelerazione Laser
CNAO: protosincrotrone a Pavia
FINE DELLA PRESA DATI DI KLOE
SPARCX- A TORVERGATA……..lavori in corso….. : LNF2
Linea d’0rizzonte per i LNF-INFN
Luce di Sincrotrone
LINAC BTF
KLOE
LHC-Experiments
Basic particle physics:
Symmetries – QM – PT – Lepton Universality - Precision Physics
Synchrotron Light source Cutting edge accelerator technologyNew generation of machine experts
Relatively cheapMade in ItalyINFN flagship
15 years of LNF-Future
International Laboratory- European InfrastructureExternal users
External funding
Le domande sono state : Quale Fisica vogliamo e possiamo fare ai LNF Come e quando ? Quanto costa ?
Cosa vorremmo………….
DANAEPrecision physics
atLow energy
LHC
CTF3
FisicaMedica
CNAO
LdS
SPARCSPARC-X
FLAMEFisicaSanitaria
Frontier physics
Linear accelerators
Plasma acceleration
Medical application
hadrontheraphy
Synchrotron light
Radiation metrology
lasers
R&D detectorsLNF-INFN
ABBIAMO RICEVUTO 5 LETTERE D’INTENTI AUTORI ISTITUTI IST-ESTERI1) KLOE 70 12 72) DANTE 72 22 113) AMADEUS 111 30 245) DANAE-L 7 LNF6) DANAE 49 4 3
TOTALE 309 68 45
Four main physics issues in the letter of intents:
1) factory physics: kaons ’
2)“High energy” physics 2.4 GeV c.m.
3) Time like nucleon Form Factors
4) Nuclear physics (QCD) with Strange Nuclei
Standard Model Precision physics:
Tests of fundamental symmetries (CP, CPT)
Tests of prediction of Chiral Perturbation Theory
Test of Quantum Mechanics
Scalar spectroscopy 0.5-2.5 GeV
e+e- total cross section for em at .5%
physics
Not only but also:
Accelerator physics
Synchrotron light
•Require ʃLdt 50 fb-1 in a 34 years running period at the peak
5 x 1010 KSKL events and 7.5 x1010 K+K- events
•Energy scan with average L∼1032cm-2s-1 .
• Expect to start experimental program before 2009
• Plan to use the KLOE detector with some important upgrades
Lattice QCD hadronic corrections to the matrix elements of the weak current operator between hadrons
measuring |Vus|2 / |Vud|2 from
using |Vud| from b-decay --> |Vus|
To follow the progress of lattice QCD we need to measure rates and lifetime to 1%° accuracy.
UNITARITY OF CKM MATRIX From 1% to
PER MIL LEVELPRECISION E/0 DISCOVERY PHYSICS (50 ft-1)
1) CKM Unitarity measurements
2) Lepton universality
R = (K± e± ) / (K± ± ) and new physics
This ratio is a sensitive probe for new physics effects
Standard Model Prediction: R = (2.472 ±0.001) x 105
NA48/2 Preliminary 05: R = (2.416 ±0.049) x 105
NA48/2 can reach ~ 1% precision with present data
Scaling from measured efficiencies for Ke3 decays KLOE can aim at ~ 0.5% @ 20 fb1
3) KS e decays and the S = Q rule
The relevant parameter here is:
Re (x+) ~<e+ | Hwk | K0 >
<e+ | Hwk | K0 > ~ 106 S.M.
1 + 4 Re(x+) = S
L
BR(KS e) L
BR(KL e) S
=
6 103
1 103 4 103
=
These are KLOE measurements
Present Uncertainties 20 103
@ 20 fb1 one can reach ~ 2 103 in BR(KS e)
4) CPT Violation in Kaon decays
A different Charge Asymmetry in semileptonic KL and KS decays is predicted due to CP and (possibly) CPT violation
L = 2Re(K )
S = 2Re(K ) + CPT is violated if
S ≠ L
The most recent measurement are:
S = (1.5 ± 10 ± 3) x 103 KLOE, ~400 pb1 (now)
L = (3322 ± 58 ± 47) x 106 KTeV, 2002
S = (1.5 ± 1) x 103 KLOE-2, ~ 50 ft1
PRECISION E/0 DISCOVERY PHYSICS (50 ft-1)
5) CPT and Quantum Mechanics
quantum gravity
could modify the standard QM
decoherence effects with CPT violation
deviation of the behaviour of entagled systems
(like KSKL from decays)
from the one predicted by standard QM
CPTV :Quantum interference
KL,S
KS,L
t1
t2
t=t1- t2 f2
f1
2112
2/21
2
2
2
1122211
cos2
,;,
21
2121
ttme
eeCtftfItt
tttt
LS
LSSL
• interference pattern for different final states f1,f2 give access to different parameters
• a good vtx resolution is required: tS
quest for an improvement of inner tracking!
• several QG models predict CPTV terms in the interference time evolution
tS
f1,f2 = l∓
a
cK
a
dK
Semileptonic decays give access toK
small t:
large t:
CPT and Bose statistics: the BMP modelBernabeu, Mavromatos and Pavassiliou argued that in presence of
CPT violation induced by quantum gravity the concept of antiparticle has to be modified.
In this case the KSKL state from decays does not strictly obey Bose statistics,
thus modifying the final state wave function
І i > = C {( І KS(+)> І KL()> І KL(+)>І KS()>) + ( І KS(+)> І KS()> І KL(+)>І KL()>)}
The complex parameter quantifies the departure from Bose statistics, in a formalism in which the time evolution of the state is still described by the equations of standard QM
Naively, ІІ ~ O(MK2 / MPlank )1/2 ~ 10-3 104
Measuring the parameter
The parameter can be measured by a fit to the decay time distribution of the KSKL pair to 4
Arg() = 0,
ІІ = 1,2,3 x 103
t (S units)
fb1
• Present KLOE• KLOE + VDET
A. Di Domenico
A. Di Domenico
Final state
Se) is still the limiting factor in the test of S=Q rule
by 3 error reduction on Re(x+) provided systematics scales with stat S) same as the above, but more difficult. Expected error at 0.4%.
BR(KS) test of PT at o(p4). NA48 measurement 30% apart from calculations Current error is 2.7%. KLOE2 can go below 1%
BR(KS) another test of PT. KLOE2 expected precision around 15%. Would benefit from B field reduction.
BR(KS0) CP and CPT test. KLOE2 can aim to observe the signal.
BR(KSl+l-) very important to evaluate the CPV via mixing contribution to the rare analogous decay of KL Present NA48 measurement based on 7+6 events With conservative efficiency estimate KLOE2 expects to perform a measurement at the same level.
Rare KS decays
Esempio KS 0 00 : perspectives
Background mostly due to photon clusters double splittings
Preliminary studies show that there is room for “algorithmic” improvements in background rejection without losses in
signal efficiency
Study of the entire KLOE data set crucial for a better assessment of the real potentialities of the analysis but…
…there are hints that @ 20 fb1 one can reach ~ 5 x 109
With KLOE as it is now.
With 50 ft-1 it will be possible to observe this rare but expected decays in the SM
1) Total cross section measurement : below 1 GeV anomalous magnetic moment of the between 1 e 2.5 GeV limits the calculation of the hadronic correction to em
2) Meson spectroscopy 1 e 2.5 GeV: many observed states , hybrids and glueball ?
3) Radiative decays of the : very high statistics of e ’ scalar mesons a0(980) e f0(980), two K decays accessible
4) interactions : widths of scalar mesons and search of the meson
5) Measurements of the K-nucleon cross section: sistematic study of the K-N processes, with final state identification, on many
gaseous targets
“HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS”
, ’ physics: extensive PT tests, very sensitive to hadron structure, light quark masses and couplings: (’)3 , ’Radiative decays’), eeC,CP violation: l+l-’l+l-
More physics goals at the peak
’ factory
a = (116592080 ± 50stat ± 40sys) × 10-11
had(5) (Mz
2) =
0.02800 (70) Eidelman, Jegerlehner’95
0.02761 (36) Burkhardt, Pietrzyk 2001
0.02755 (23) Hagivara et al., 2004
0.02758 (35) Burkhardt, Pietrzyk 6-05
R a
R (5)had
Precision ( and discovery?) physics, should be done by different labs !!
In the limit in which u,d,s are massless the QCD lagrangian is invariant under SUL(3)xSUR(3). The left-handed world is separate
from the right-handed one: this is chiral symmetry.
The dynamical breaking of this (approximate) symmetry produces 8 massless Goldstone bosons to be identified with the , K,
the most general lagrangian consistent with the chiral symmetry, it in terms of the momentum of the involved particles.
If momenta are low enough, then:
M(p2) > M(p4) > M(p6) …
basic idea of Chiral Perturbation Theory
…and one can perform calculations perturbatively at low momentum
ChPT: the pros and the cons
The effective ChPT lagrangian leaves a number of free parameters to be determined experimentally, that increase
with the order to which the lagrangian is computed
the higher you go with the power of momenta , the higher is the number of parameters and hence the number measurement you
need to fix the theory
2 at orderd p2, 12 at order p4…
NA48/1 has measured BR(KS ) = (2.78 ±0.06±0.04)x106
This result differs from predictions of ChPT at O(p4) by 30%
A preliminary analysis shows that KLOE can reach a statistical accuracy of ~ 4% with the present data sample.
A projection to 20 fb1 would give an accuracy better than 1%
Esempio KS : a test for ChPT
KS + 0 : another test for ChPT
ChPT predicts: B(Ks +0) = (2.4 ± 0.7)x107
The present experimental value (3.3 +1.1 0.9 ) x107 is the average of three different measurement each individually precise at ~ 40%
A preliminary KLOE analysis obtains sig ~ 1.3%, S/B ~ 2
AssumingError on BR @ 2 fb1 (%)
Error on BR @ 20 fb1 (%)
No further effort made to reduce background ~ 60% ~ 20%
Further efforts completely remove background
~ 40% ~ 12%
Actually, at present KLOE has the largest statistics in the world
The world is largely complementary with the K one in that it addresses most of the same physics issues.
Tests of C, CP, CPT Tests of ChPT
0l+l
0 3
physicsDAFNE Physics Handbook: P [’] (P) (S) / predizioni ChPT
’, f0(980)a0(980)
Novita’: at threshold DAFNE2 alto √s di f0 e a0
FFs are fundamental quantities describing the internal structure of the nucleon
Wavelength of the probe can be tuned by selecting momentum transfer Q2
< 0.1 GeV2 integral quantities (charge radius,…)
0.1-10 GeV2 internal structure of nucleon
> 20 GeV2 pQCD scaling
•Early interpretation based on Vector-Meson Dominance•Good description with phenomenological dipole form factor
THE DANTE COLLABORATION
Measurement of the Nucleon Form Factors in the Time-Like region at DANAE
TIME-LIKE nucleon e.m. Form Factors
s=4M2 |GM|=|GE| s>>4M2 |GM|>>|GE|
Moduli: extraction from , d/d meas. in e+e- NN and pp e+e-
d
d
2C
4 sGM
21 cos
2
2
sin
2
4
2C
3sGM
21
2
2
| G
E|
| GM
|
s
4M 2
Time like FFs are complex functions moduli & phases
Py 1
sin 2 sin E M D
Pz Pe
2 cos D
Px Pe
1
2 sin cos E M D
D 0[1 cos2
sin2 ]
Phases: extraction from polarization measurements
SPACE-LIKE nucleon e.m. Form Factors
Thought well known…BUT…
• Different charge and magnetization distributions
• Quark angular momentum contribution?
Rosenbluth
polarization
Linear deviationfrom dipole
GE≠GM
Babar p only - No polarization Thr.<s<10 GeV
2006
Belle p only - No polarization Thr.<s<10 GeV
2006 + SuperB
CLEO p only - No polarization s=3.7 GeV 2005
BES p only (very low statisctics) - No pol
2<s<3 GeV 2005
BESIII L=1033 p only - No polarization 2.4<s<4.1 GeV
≥ 2007
VEPP-2000
L = 1032 p and n, no polarization Thr.<s<2 GeV ≥ 2007
PANDA L=2 ×1032 p only - Polarization Thr.<s<25 GeV
2013
PAX P only - Double polarization Thr.<s<25 GeV
2013
Nucleon e.m. FFs measurements in the world
TIME-LIKE
SPACE-LIKEJlab @ 6 GeV (in progress) and 12 GeV, Mainz, Bates,Novosibirsk
• Phases of time-like FFs never measured
• Only one measurement for neutron magnetic FF
• Inconsistencies between data and pQCD expectations
Nucleon Time-like FFS are basically unknown• no independent extraction of both TL FFs has been performed
• FF measurements are based on total cross section, under some theoretical assumption on their ratio
DANAE
Next steps and Conclusion
Wait for the INFN decision about the DANE energy upgrade to undertake further study
PROTON: modulus and phase measurement feasible NEUTRON: modulus measurement feasible if the test of the KLOE calorimeter on the neutron beam gives a positive answer
What do we have to do next?• 1st tracking system : is it possible to use the KAIT detector?• Neutron polarization measurement
With DANTE and DANAE one will produce
The FIRST accurate measurement of the proton time-like form factors |GpE |
and | Gp
M|
The FIRST measurement of the outgoing proton polarization, to get the relative phase between |Gp
E| and | GpM|
The FIRST measurement of the two photon contribution from the proton angular distributions asymmetry
The FIRST accurate measurement of the e+e n-nbar cross section
The FIRST measurement of the neutron time-like form factors |GnE | and | Gn
M|
The FIRST measurement of the strange baryon form factors
An accurate measurement of the cross section of the e+ e hadrons, that provide information on possible narrow structures close to the N-Nbar threshold.
Letter of Intent
Study of deeply bound kaonic nuclear states
at DANE2AMADEUS Collaboration
March 2006
111 scientists from 33 Institutes of 13 Countries signed the Letter of Intent
FISICA DEI NUCLEI
=> Explore dense nuclear states with K- bound states
Cold and dense microscopic nuclear systems a New Paradigm - so far untouched
AMADEUS HIGH PRECISION - HIGH STATISTICS STUDY
OF COLD DENSE NUCLEAR STRUCTURES
A BROAD BAND NUCLEAR PHYSICS PROGRAM ON A UNIQUE FACILITY
IN THE WORLD
The case of AMADEUSThe case of AMADEUS Problem
How the spontaneous and explicit chiral symmetry breaking pattern of low energy QCD changes in the nuclear environment
Approach
New type of in-medium hadron mass spectroscopy
Method
Producing deeply bound states from which to deduce the hadron-nucleus potential and the in-medium hadron mass
How the hadron masses and interactions changes in the nuclear medium
Deeply bound kaonic nuclear statesDeeply bound kaonic nuclear states Deeply bound kaonic nuclear states in presence of a strong KN attractive potential were firstly suggested by Wycech
S. Wycech, Nucl. Phys. A450 (1986) 399c
A “new paradigm” in strangeness nuclear physics can be considered the work “Nuclear bound states in light nuclei” by Y. Akaishi and T. Yamazaki
Phys. Rev. C65 (2002) 044005
Strong attractive I=0 KN interaction favors discrete nuclear states bound100-200 MeV and narrow 20-30 MeV
shrinkage effect of a K on core nuclei
AMADEUS philosophy/ strategyAMADEUS philosophy/ strategy
The only way to confirm, or deny, the exotic states is to perform a good measurement using a high performance detector on the most suitable accelerator
a measurement NOT performed until now
complete determination of all formation and decay channels
binding energies, partial and total widths, angular momenta, isospin, sizes, densities, etc
Detection of charged particles, neutrons and photons up to about 800 MeV/c in 4 geometry
Requirements satisfied by the performance of the KLOE detector
K- + 4He (ppnK-) + n
The (pnnK-) kaonic cluster may decay through the following channels:
(ppnK-) + d + np + pp + d
+ np with the and ’s decaying according to PDG.
Strange tribaryon formation
KLOE – EMC
KLOE –Drift Chamber
Possible setupfor AMADEUSwithin KLOE:
Cryogenic targetInner trackerKaon trigger
AMADEUS setup within KLOEAMADEUS setup within KLOE
Inner tracker detector
kaon trigger made of2+3 scintillating fibers layers,inside a vacuum chamber
half-toroidal cryogenictarget cell
vacuum chamber
thin-walledbeam pipe
AMADEUS setupAMADEUS setupsecond versionsecond version
Cryogenic toroidal target cell:
working temperature: 5 -10 Kworking pressure: < 2 bar
thin-walled design: 75µm Kapton, with aluminum grid reinforcement (grid transmission > 85 %)
inner diameter: 110 mm outer diameter: 210 mm inner length: 120 mm
outer length: 200 mm
production rate for charged kaon pairsR = L b = 1500 s-1
peak
lum
inos
ity
3 ×
10-3
0 cm
2
prod
uctio
n cr
oss
sect
ion
10
33 c
m-2 s
-1
produced K± per month: 31 × 108 (80% duty cycle assumed)
40% are stopped in the cryogenic He gas target (15% liq. He density, ~ 5 cm thick) 12.5 × 108 K- 4He atoms per month
for 10-3 cluster formation yield: 12.5 × 105 kaonic clusters formed in one month
Efficiency of tracking & identification K± & detection of decay products ~ 105 events per month (~ 1000 pb-1)
0.49
bra
nchi
ng ra
tio fo
r K±
Results of preliminary MonteCarlo simulations for Results of preliminary MonteCarlo simulations for AMADEUS setup with optimized degrader and cryotargetAMADEUS setup with optimized degrader and cryotarget
15 Settembre 2006
Pantaleo Raimondi è il nuovo direttore scientifico della Divisione AcceleratoriClaudio Sanelli resta il Direttore Tecnico.
Dobbiamo ringraziare Miro Preger per la direzione della DA negli ultimi due anni….e ringraziamo anche Pantaleo per aver deciso di stare con noi.
Programma di DAFNE nel 2006-7
1) Presa dati di FINUDA: Settembre 2006 - Aprile 2007
2) Tre mesi di fermata DAFNE per modificare la sezione d’interazione
3) Presa dati di SIDDHARTA: Settembre2007 – Marzo 2008
2008? 2009? 2010? ecc. ecc.
Do we need short bunches?
With large crossing angle X and Z
quantities are swapped: Very important!!!Sz
Sx
Both cases have the same luminosity,(2) has longer bunch and smaller x
1) Standardshort bunches
2) Crossing angle
Overlapping region
Sx
Sz
Overlapping region
Luminosity considerationsIneffectiveness of collisions with large crossing angle is illusive!!!Loss due to short collision zone (say l=σz/40) is fully compensated by denser target beam (due to much smaller vertical beam size!).
cross2 2 cross x
z
lN N l 2 /
Number of particles in collision zone:
1 2 0
x y
N N fL
4
e 2 y
1yy x y
r N
2 ( )
1y 1 0 y 1y34 36 2 1
e y x y
N f E(GeV) I(A)L 1 2.167 10 1.2 10 cm s
2r (cm)
No dependence on crossing angle! Universal expression: valid for both - head-on and crossing angle collisions!
I. Koop, Novosibirsk
Tune shiftsRaimondi-Shatilov-Zobov formulae:(Beam Dynamics Newsletter, 37, August 2005)
2 2 2x z xtan ( / 2)
e xx
2 2 2 2 2 2z x z x y
yey
2 2 2y z x y
r N
2 tan ( / 2) tan ( / 2)
r N
2 tan ( / 2)
Super-B:
e xx 2 2
z
yey
y z
2r N0.002
r N0.072
2 2 2z x xtan ( / 2) 100 m 2.67 m
2 2 2z x
y
tan ( / 2)8000!!!
One dimensional case for βy >>σx/θ. For βy <σx/θ also, but with crabbed waist! I. Koop, Novosibirsk
Vertical waist has to be a function of x:
Z=0 for particles at –x (- x/2 at low current)
Z= x/ for particles at + x (x/2 at low current) Crabbed waist realized with a sextupole in phase with the IP in
X and at /2 in Y
2Sz
2Sx
z
x
2Sx/
2Sz*
e-e+Y
Crabbed waist removes bb betratron couplingIntroduced by the crossing angle
Synchrotron modulation of ξy (Qualitative picture)
ξy(z-z0)
Relative displacementfrom a bunch center
z-z0
Head-on collision.Flat beams. Tune shiftincreases for halo particles.
Head-on collision.Round beams. ξy=const.
Crossing angle collision.Tune shiftdecreases for halo particles.
Conclusion: one can expect improvement for lifetime of halo-particles!
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50
200um,20mm200um,15mm100um,15mm
I [mA]
L [10^33]
With the present achieved beam parameters (currents, emittances, bunchlenghts etc)
a luminosity in excess of 1033 is predicted
With 2Amps/2Amps more than 2*1033 is possible
M. Zobov
Present achieved currents
Modifica della zona d’interazione per avere 10**33 cm-2s-1 a fine 2007
È in corso il progetto e sarà presto scritta una nota interna dei LNF
Se la DA ci riesce sarà un grande successo! Di Pantaleo ma anche dei LNF!
In questo caso la nuova collaborazione KAD ( KLOE-AMADEUS-DANTE) potrebbe entrare in macchina con un apparato migliorato nel 2008-10 per lavorare sulla e raccogliere > 40 ft-1
Modifica DAFNE nel 2011 per andare in alta energia mantenendo l’alta luminosità sulla
PROGRAMMA DI RICERCA PER DAFNE
1) FINUDA 1 ft-1 NEL 2007 2) fermata di tre mesi PER MODIFICARE DAFNE3) SIDDHARTA a fine 20074) completamento SIDDHARTA prima metà del 2008
NON SAPPIAMO COSA FARE NEL 2008 CON DAFNE
E’ IMPORTANTE PROGRAMMARE QUALE ESPERIMENTO
Secondo P.Raimondi avremo 1033 cm-2s-1 tra 12 mesi
Cruciale per il futuro del laboratorio
….questo programma ha la massima priorità!
Vi ricordo che :
Il progetto SPARC è in corso di completamento e dovrebbe entrare in funzione entro un anno
Il LASER da 2 TW del progetto FLAME è stato ordinato e arriverà entro 18 mesi
Il protosincrotrone del CNAO sarà assemblato e messo in funzione nei prossimi due anni
Il progetto CTF3 al CERN è in corso di completamento per entrare in funzione nei prossimi due-tre anni
Studi sul futuro Linear Collider
Studi sulla futura possibile SuperB-factory
Il progetto SPARX a Torvergata- presto la decisione
La luce di Sincrotrone in espansione
Sviluppo di Radiofrequenze in banda X nei LNF. (SPARC e DANAE)
Dobbiamo avere un piano per il dopo 2008 nel caso il metodo Pantaleo funzionasse come previsto:
1) Alta luminosità in DAFNE nel 2008-9 : alta energia con DANAE - 20112) FEL nei raggi X : SPARCX, inizio nel 2008
3) La super B-factory? (a Roma ovviamente) appena possibile………
Secondo me dobbiamo disegnare DANAE con il metodo Pantaleo.Minimi cambiamenti, alta energia nel 2011
CONCLUSIONI
Il Laboratorio è molto attivo
Come direttore vorrei che l’INFN avesse DANAE nel suo programma dandogli priorità a breve scadenza, una volta stabiliti i costi.
In questo modo ritengo probabile avere nuovi collaboratori stranieri, perché sarebbe un “long range program”, in un laboratorio europeo
New DANAE preliminary design report In summer 2007 to go to the EU