qhchitietkcn.12.08
DESCRIPTION
QHTRANSCRIPT
TRNG AI HOC XY DNG HA NI
QUY HOCH KHU CNG NGHIP TP TRUNG1 QUY HOCH CHI TIT XY DNG kcn1.1 NI DUNG CA N QUY HOCH CHI TIT XY DNG KCN1) Nhim v v yu cu ca n quy hoch chi tit xy dng KCN:- Xc nh r phm vi ranh gii lp quy hoch;- Phn tch nh gi cc c im iu kin t nhin (a hnh, a mo, kh hu, thu vn, a cht, cnh quan t nhin...); hin trng dn c, lao ng; hin trng s dng t; hin trng h thng h tng x hi; hin trng mi trng cnh quan; hin trng h thng h tng k thut; hin trng mi trng...v cc d n chun b u t c lin quan n khu vc lp quy hoch. T rt ra cc nh gi v u, nhc im ca khu vc lp quy hoch v nhng vn cn gii quyt trong n.
- Xc nh tnh cht ca KCN ph hp vi cc quy nh ca quy hoch tng th cc KCN, trong xc nh r loi cng nghip no c b tr ti y v loi hnh cng nghip no khng c b tr ti y. Tuy nhin, vic kim sot quy hoch khng nn loi tr mt ngnh cng nghip no m bn thn n t chng minh c l an ton v c kh nng kim sot tc ng ngoi hng ro;- xut cc phng n c cu t chc khng gian (nu nguyn tc t chc, xc nh cc khu chc nng, mi quan h gia khu chc nng bn trong v bn ngoi khu cng nghip; xc nh, la chn phng n phn khu chc nng );- Quy hoch s dng t ai, gm: xc lp c cu s dng t theo phng n chn, c th ho b cc cc khu chc nng, trong c bit l tin hnh chia l t xy dng XNCN trong cc khu t dnh cho XNCN. Xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca tng t: Din tch, mt xy dng, chiu cao tng trung bnh, din tch sn, h s s dng t..;- T chc khng gian quy hoch kin trc: B cc khng gian kin trc ton KCN; b cc khng gian cc khu vc trng tm (khu vc trung tm iu hnh, dch v cng cng ca KCN, cc khu vc cy xanh); cc tuyn, cc im nhn v cc im nhn quan trng ( c bit l mt ng khai trin nhn t pha cc khu vc dn c k lin); cc yu cu v t chc v bo v cnh quan cho tng khu vc chc nng;- Quy hoch xy dng h tng k thut, gm: Quy hoch h thng giao thng; cp nc; cp in v chiu sng; chun b k thut (thot nc ma v san nn), thot nc thi v v sinh mi trng; nh gi mi trng chin lc;
- Tng hp kinh ph u t xy dng; kinh ph u t xy dng theo phn k u t v danh mc cc hng mc u tin u t. Tnh ton sut u t tng v sut u t h tng k thut;- xut cc yu cu v qun l quy hoch xy dng: Phn vng qun l kin trc cnh quan, trong quy nh cc ch tiu kin trc quy hoch v quy m din tch, quy m xy dng, tng cao ti thiu, ti a, mt xy dng v cc quy nh khc v kin trc cng trnh; quy nh v ch gii ng , ch gii xy dng v hnh lang bo v cc tuyn h tng k thut;- xut iu l qun l xy dng KCN.2) H s trnh duyt quy hoch chi tit xy dng KCN:a) Phn bn v: V c bn, c th tin hnh trin khai cc th tc u t xy dng, n quy hoch chi tit KCN thng c lp vi t l 1/500. i vi cc KCN c quy m ln, thng c phn lm hai giai on: Lp quy hoch chi tit t l 1/200, sau lp quy hoch chi tit t l 1/500 cho cc khu vc d kin xy dng giai on u.
Cc bn v n quy hoch chi tit xy dng KCN gm:- Bn v tr v gii hn khu t, t l 1/5000-1/10000;- Bn hin trng v kin trc, cnh quan v nh gi qu t xy dng, t l 1/500 -1/2000;- Bn hin trng h thng h tng k thut, t l 1/500 -1/2000;- Cc phng n c cu s dng t, phn khu chc nng, hnh thi pht trin khng gian..;- Bn quy hoch tng mt bng s dng t, t l 1/500 -1/2000;
- Bn t chc khng gian kin trc cnh quan;- Cc bn quy hoch h thng h tng k thut (quy hoch giao thng; quy hoch cp nc; quy hoch thot nc thi v v sinh mi trng; quy hoch cp in, t l 1/500 -1/2000;- Bn ch gii ng , ch gii xy dng v hnh lang bo v cc tuyn HTKT, t l 1/500 -1/2000;- Cc bn v thit k th (phi cnh tng th, tiu cnh, mt ng khai trin); lp m hnh;- nh gi tc ng mi trng (s b).b) Phn vn bn: Thuyt minh tng hp, thuyt minh tm tt, cc vn bn php l c lin quan, t trnh, quyt nh ph duyt v iu l qun l xy dng. H s thu nh trnh duyt.
3) Cc ti liu lin quan n quy hoch: c th thc hin c n quy hoch KCN, phi thu thp cc ti liu sau:
a) Cc ti liu php l c lin quan:
- Lut Xy dng;
- Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v quy hoch xy dng;
- Quyt nh, Thng t ca B Xy dng lin quan n vic lp, thm nh, ph duyt v qun l quy hoch xy dng;- Thng bo ca chnh quyn a phng v tho thun a im u t xy dng KCN;
- Quyt nh ca chnh quyn a phng ph duyt Nhim v thit k quy hoch chung KCN. Hin nay quy hoch chi tit xy dng KCN khng phi lp nhim v quy hoch v c tin hnh lp 1 bc t l 1/2000 hoc t l 1/500.b) Ti liu c lin quan n iu kin t nhin v x hi:
- Bn o c nn do cc c quan c thm quyn lp theo h to VN-2000, kt hp vi vic iu tra thc t l c s cho vic nh gi hin trng s dng t v h tng k thut;- Cc ti liu v kho st thm d a cht, iu kin kh hu, l lt..;- Cc ti liu v dn s, vic lm, di sn vn ha, khu vc cn bo v..;c) Ti liu c lin quan n pht trin vng hoc th:- S v tr KCN trong vng hoc th;- nh hng pht trin khng gian c lin quan n khu vc trong s quy hoch vng hoc quy hoch tng th th - bn t l 1/10.000 hoc 1/5000;- Bn nh hng pht trin h tng k thut c lin quan n khu vc quy hoch - bn t l 1/10.000 - 1/5000;- Cc quy nh kim sot pht trin vng hoc th c lin quan n khu vc;d) Ti liu c lin quan n c th cng nghip:- Cc ti liu v loi hnh cng nghip v quy m ca chng;- Cc ti liu v nhu cu v loi hnh vn chuyn trong KCN;- Cc ti liu v nhu cu cung cp in, nc, thng tin bu in;- Cc ti liu lin quan n cht thi v vic x l cht thi;- Cc ti liu d kin v s lng v c im lao ng trong KCN;- Cc ti liu c lin quan n vic qun l iu hnh KCN;- Cc d kin v pht trin theo giai on ca KCN.e) Cc ti liu c lin quan khc: Cc d n u t xy dng c lin quan; Cc Quy chun, Tiu chun thit k c lin quan; Ti liu c lin quan n chi ph xy dng KCN; Cc cng vn, kin ca cc c quan qun l chuyn ngnh, chnh quyn v ngui dn ti a im xy dng KCN, gp i vi n quy hoch KCN...
1.2 Cc khu CHC NNG CA KCN
1) Khu trung tm qun l iu hnh KCN:Khu vc ny bao gm vn phng ca Ban qun l iu hnh KCN thuc Cng ty kinh doanh h tng k thut KCN, c quan thu v, hi quan, phng chy, cc cng trnh cng cng dch v nh trung tm giao dch thng mi, nh trin lm v trng by sn phm, ngn hng, bnh vin, trung tm o t v dy ngh, bi xe v din tch cy xanh.
Khu vc trung tm qun l iu hnh KCN chim ln hn 1% din tch KCN ty theo kh nng s dng chung cc cng trnh cng cng dch v ca cc khu vc ln cn.
Khu trung tm ca KCN thng c b tr ti hng vo chnh ca KCN. Chng c th tp trung trong mt khu vc hoc c th b tr phn tn trong KCN trong trng hp quy m ca KCN qu ln. Cc cng trnh trong trung tm c th b tr nhiu tng hoc cao tng to im nhn khng gian cho li vo chnh ca KCN. Mt xy dng ti khu vc ny thng 30-35% .
2) Khu vc cc XNCN:y l khu t d kin b tr cc XNCN ca khu KCN.
Trong cc KCN v khu ch xut, din tch t xy dng XNCN (bao gm c kho tng) chim ti thiu 55% din tch ton KCN. Trong cc khu cng ngh k thut cao din tch t xy dng cc XNCN sn xut th nghim chim 25-30%. Khu t XNCN c chia thnh cc l t cho tng XNCN.
Mt xy dng trong cc l t xy dng XNCN thun (net to) ti a i vi t xy dng nh my, kho tng theo bng sau. Cc cng trnh cng nghip nhiu tng c khuyn khch xy dng tit kim din tch t xy dng.
Bng 5 : Mt xy dng thun (net-to) ti a i vi t xy dng XNCN, kho tng Chu cao XD cng trnh trn mt t (m)Mt xy dng ti a (%) theo din tch l t
Nh hn v bng 5000m210000m2Ln hn v bng 20000m2
Nh hn 10707060
13706555
16706052
19705648
22705245
25704943
28704741
31704539
34704337
37704136
40704035
Ln hn 40704035
Ghi ch: Mt xy dng trn l mt xy dng ti a, mt xy dng thc t ca l t xy dng XNCN cn ph thuc vo khong xy li cch l gii ca tuyn ng ngoi hng ro XNCN; ph thuc vo khong cch m bo phng chng chy n gia cc cng trnh trong l t XNCN v khong cch ti hng ro ngn cch vi XNCN ln cn.3) Khu t cho cc cng trnh nghin cu:Khu vc ny ch c trong cc khu cng ngh k thut cao, thng chim 25-30% din tch khu t.
Cc cng trnh trong khu vc thng c chiu cao 3-5 tng, c b tr xen k cc cng vin, h nc nhm to mi trng thun li cho vic nghin cu. Mt xy dng trong khu t 30-35%.
4) Khu vc cc cng trnh cung cp m bo k thut:Ti y c cng trnh cp nc, trm bin th, cng trnh x l cht thi...Din tch chim t ti thiu 1% din tch KCN.
5) t giao thng:
t giao thng trong KCN bao gm din tch ng, qung trng, ga, cc trm bc d...
Din tch giao thng khng k giao thng trong ni b khu t xy dng XNCN chim ti thiu 8% din tch ton KCN.
6) t cy xanh:t cy xanh trong KCN bao gm din tch t cy xanh s dng cng cng, cy xanh chuyn dng (cy xanh cch ly). Din tch chim t ca chng khng nh hn 10% din tch KCN.
Din tch cy xanh trong khu cng ngh cao chim 25-30% din tch khu t.
Trong cc khu vc cy xanh c th cho php b tr bi xe, cc cng trnh dch v cng cng nhng din tch chim t khng vt qu 5%.
Bng 6 : Thnh phn c cu cc b phn chc nng trong khu cng nghip
Khu cng nghip v khu ch xutKhu cng ngh cao
Loi tT l chim t Loi tT l chim t
Khu trung tm iu hnh, cng trnh cng cng dch vkhng nh hn 1%Khu trung tm iu hnh, cng trnh cng cng dch v2-4%
Khu vc cc XNCN, kho tngkhng nh hn 55 %Khu vc cc XNCN25-30%
Khu vc nghin cu25-30%
Khu cc cng trnh cung cp v m bo k thutkhng nh hn 1%Khu cc cng trnh cung cp v m bo k thut1-2%
Giao thngkhng nh hn 8%Giao thng12-15%
Cy xanh s dng cng cng, cy xanh cch lykhng nh hn 10%Cng vin cy xanh25-30%
Hnh 2.10 : S phn khu chc nng trong khu cng nghip
1.3 Cc nguyn TC CHUNG QUY HOCH kcn
Khi quy hoch KCN cn phi tun theo cc nguyn tc sau:- KCN phi c quy hoch ph hp vi quy nh v loi hnh cng nghip theo quy hoch tng th pht trin cc KCN.- KCN phi c quy hoch ph hp vi quy hoch chung ca th, theo cc nh hng v giao thng, h thng h tng k thut, khong cch ly vi khu dn c v cnh quan th- B tr cc b phn chc nng ca KCN phi ph hp vi c cu chim t ca chng, to iu kin thun li cho vic t chc giao thng i ni, i ngoi trong KCN, ph hp vi yu cu v iu kin v sinh, phng ha, cng nh yu cu v cnh quan ca th. - Cc loi l t xy dng XNCN cn c la chn hp l v quy m v hnh dng, c kh nng thay i quy m linh hot ph hp vi nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip cng nghip m khng dn n cc thay i ln h thng giao thng v h tng k thut trong KCN. - m bo yu cu vn chuyn hng ha cho tng XNCN cng nh vic i li ca cng nhn, la chn hp l dng vn chuyn, t chc mng li ng, b rng ng...- Tn dng iu kin a hnh t nhin hn ch san lp v tn dng c cnh quan t nhin. m bo dc san nn v t chc hp l hng thot, h thng cng thu nc ma kt hp h iu ha trnh xy ra ng lt.- H thng cp in, thng tin bu in, cp nc v thu nc thi phi c tip ni vo tng l t xy dng cng trnh mt cch thun li.- Cht thi rn phi c thu gom v x l. XNCN v cng trnh c mc c hi ln phi b tr ti cui hng gi ch o, hn ch n mc cao nht nhim mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng cng nh vn hnh. - m bo t l din tch cy xanh v t chc trng cy xanh hp l nhm nng cao cht lng v mi trng v cnh quan trong KCN.- D kin phn k xy dng thun li cho vic u t xy dng v khai thc h thng h tng k thut cng nh hon thin KCN.Nh phn trn trnh by, ch u t ca d n KCN l cng ty pht trin h tng k thut KCN. Cc cng ty kinh doanh bt ng sn ny thu c li nhun t:- Cho thu l t XNCN c gn vi h thng h tng k thut - Cho thu tr s vn phng giao dch- Ph khai thc v bo qun cc tin ch cng cng- Cho thu nh xng...
Do vy nhim v v ni dung ca mt n quy hoch KCN khng ch p ng cc yu cu v qun l, k thut v cnh quan mi trng c Nh nc quy nh m cn phi to iu kin nhanh chng thu hi vn v c hiu qu kinh t cho nh u t.
Doanh thu ln nht l doanh thu cho thu din tch cc l t xy dng XNCN. V vy xt v li ch ca nh u t th t l din tch khu vc l t XNCN cng ln bao nhiu cng tt by nhiu.
Hin ti gi thu t trong cc khu cng nghip c y h thng h tng k thut c gi t 40 - 65 USD/m2 trong vng 30-50 nm. Gi ny cha bao gm cc ph dch v km theo, tu vo mi a phng v tng v tr ca l t.
Chi ph u t ca nh u t b ra xy dng h tng k thut KCN hin nay vi sut u t khong 3,65 t ng/ha cho KCN c quy m nh di 100ha (thi gi nm 2007), khong 3,4 t ng/ha cho KCN c quy m trung bnh t 100-300 ha, khong 3,1t ng/ha cho KCN vi quy m ln, trn 300 ha. Trong chi ph xy dng chim khong 85%, 15% chi ph cn li dnh cho trang thit b.T l chi ph cho cc hng mc u t trong KCN c th thy trong bng sau. Vic gim chi ph n b v chi ph san nn rt c ngha trong vic gim chi ph u t xy dng KCN. Qua c th gim gi thu t, hp dn hn cc doanh nghip u t vo KCN, c bit l cc doanh nghip va v nh trong nc.Bng 3.3 : Bng cc hng mc u t xy dng h tng k thut trong KCN
TTCc hng mc u tT l chi ph u t ca cc hng mc (%)
1n b, gii phng mt bng22 - 24
2San lp, chun b mt bng12 - 15
3Thot nc ma4 - 6
4Xy dng h thng giao thng20 - 22
5Xy dng h thng cp nc9 - 11
6Xy dng h thng x l nc thi, rc thi6 - 10
7Xy dng h thng cp in10 - 13
8Cc chi ph khc6 -10
Trc khi thit k quy hoch KCN cn thit phi xc nh Vin cnh ca KCN. y l s d bo hay tng lai mong mun ca KCN, c cc nh qun l, nh u t chia s v cc doanh nghip cng nghip quan tm. Nhng vin cnh mong mun i vi mt KCN c th l:- Mt KCN c cht lng cao v h thng giao thng vn chuyn nh tip cn thun li vi u mi giao thng quc gia v th bn ngoi; - C cht lng cao v c s h tng k thut, qua vic cung cp n nh v cht lng in, nc, thng tin; - C iu kin mi trng c quan tm, c din tch cy xanh v hot ng hiu qu ca h thng thu gom, x l nc thi v cht thi rn; - Mt KCN c kh nng thu ht cc nh u t, nh gi thu t c tnh cnh tranh...
1.4 Quy hOCH S DNG T
1) L t xy dng XNCN
a) L t c bn:Quy hoch chia cc l t xy dng XNCN trong quy hoch tng mt bng s dng t KCN l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht ca n quy hoch KCN. N l c s b tr h thng giao thng v h thng h tng k thut trong cc bc tip theo.
Tuy cc XNCN c quy m chim t ht sc khc nhau, nhng thun tin cho vic chia l, ngi ta quy cc nhu cu khc nhau ca cc XNCN theo mt hoc vi l t c bn. Vic xc nh l t c bn trong mt KCN ch yu ph thuc vo quy m v loi hnh ca cc XNCN d kin u t KCN.
Cn c theo hng dn quy nh danh mc cc ngnh ngh cng nghip khuyn khch u t, hn ch u t hoc cm u t vo cc KCN (xem Bng 1) v tnh cht ca KCN c ph duyt trong quy hoch tng th d kin cc loi hnh cng nghip s u t vo KCN.
Quy m ca cc XNCN trong KCN thng c cn c theo s lao ng trong cc doanh nghip. T s lng lao ng v ch tiu chim t ca mt lao ng theo loi hnh cng nghip ngi ta c th d tnh c nhu cu v t cho cc doanh nghip cng nghip.
Bng 7: Ch tiu chim t ca 1 lao ng theo mt s ngnh cng nghip
Loi hnh cng nghipCh tiuLoi hnh cng nghipCh tiu
m2/ngiNgi/ham2/ngiNgi/ha
Cng nghip ch tc10893CN k thut cao15166
- CN ch bin thc phm13375- Bn dn47213
- CN dt, may mc v da42238- My tnh20050
- CN ch bin g16561- Phm mm20050
- CN bt giy, in, xut bn15664- Thng tin47213
- Ha cht, PVC24740- Ha chnh xc25040
- CN kim loi s ng44023- Gm chnh xc10793
- Lp rp, CN my v thit b90111- Vt liu kim loi27836
- Sn xut khc36278- Thit b chnh xc, robot81123
Trong KCN, t xy dng nh my thng c chia thnh 4 loi l: loi nh 0,2-0,5ha; loi trung bnh 1-2ha; loi ln 3-4ha v loi c bit.
Hnh 2.11 trnh by mt kh nng to thnh cc l t chun t h thng m un 150m x 100m, vi khong cch hai tuyn ng l 300m.
Tuy nhin cc loi l trn ch ph hp cho cc doanh nghip cng nghip c quy m t 20 cng nhn tr ln. i vi cc doanh nghip cng nghip nh vi quy m di 20 lao ng c th p ng bng cch:
- Tp trung chng thnh mt khu vc trong KCN hoc tch ring chng to thnh KCN hoc cm cng nghip ring bit cho cc doanh nghip va v nh. - Chia cc l t c bn thnh cc l t nh hn vi quy m 0,1-0,25ha, quy quanh mt sn trong lm ch quay xe v bi d hng, qua khng lm phc tp mng li ng trong KCN.
- Xy dng cc nh xng cho cc doanh nghip cng nghip thu.
b) Kch thc l t: thun tin cho vic b tr cc cng trnh trong l t, kch thc l t nn c hnh dng vung vn v c t l hai cnh 1/1 n 1/2. Vic xc nh quy m l t XNCN, c bit l chiu su l t c nh hng quyt nh n vic b tr mng li ng giao thng trong KCN.
c) T l ca cc loi l t:Mc d vic chia l t trong n quy hoch ch mang tnh cht nh hng, doanh nghip thu t c th thu mt hay nhiu l vi quy m khc nhau, nhng nu vic nh hng khng st vi thc t c th dn n vic phi iu chnh cc tuyn giao thng v h thng h tng k thut. V d: trong mt KCN cc l t u c quy m phn ln l 1 - 2 ha, trong khi cc doanh nghip thu t li c nhu cu ch yu vi l t 0,2 - 0,4 ha th c th dn n phi xy dng b sung thm cc tuyn ng v h thng h tng mi tip cn cc l t. hn ch nhng thay i qu ln, trong qu trnh thc hin d n u t xy dng KCN cn tin hnh cc iu tra thm d kh nng u t ca cc doanh nghip vo KCN v trong qu trnh thit k quy hoch phi xut cc gii php giao thng linh hot cho php thay i t l ca cc loi l t.
Hnh 2.11. Kh nng t chc linh hot cc l t XNCN theo l t chun 150x100m
V d: xc nh l t c bn trong KCN Bc Thng Long (H Ni) ngi ta d kin cc doanh nghip CN c kh nng u t vo y gm cc doanh nghip CN in t, ng c in, ph tng t. Quy m thng c ca loi hnh CN ny Nht (nc s u t n 80% l t XNCN ca KCN) ch yu 1-2ha. V vy loi l t chnh c la chn cho KCN Bc Thng Long l 1,5 ha vi kch thc l 150 x 100m. Ti KCN Nam Thng Long (H Ni) khi lm d n, ch u t tin hnh thit lp danh sch cc t chc doanh nghip cng nghip c nhu cu thu t ti KCN. C 103 doanh nghip xin thu t vi tng nhu cu thu t l 40,7ha. Nh vy mi doanh nghip ch thu l t vi din tch trung bnh khong 4000m2. S doanh nghip c nhu cu thu l t c din tch 2000-5000m2 chim 80%. Ch c mt doanh nghip xin thu l t vi din tch 1ha. V vy ngi ta i n quyt nh: ti khu vc pht trin giai on u ca KCN, s c chia l vi a s l loi l t c din tch 0,2- 0,5ha.Trong cc KCN v ang c xy dng, loi loi l t c quy m trung bnh (1- 2 ha) thng c nh hng chia vi c cu chim 50-70%, do cc KCN ny u hng vo cc doanh nghip CN nc ngoi. ph hp vi quy m ca cc doanh nghip cng nghip trong nc, cc d n KCN cn ch tng t l ca loi l t c quy m nh ( 0,2 - 0,5ha).
Cc l t XNCN c t tn (k hiu) thun tin cho vic qun l. K hiu l t thng c tn theo cc cm. Cm l mt khu vc c gii hn bi cc trc ng hoc l mt khu vc b tr cc XNCN c cng c im, tnh cht (cm XNCN in t, cm XNCN c kh...). Cc cm c th c k hiu t A n Z. Cc l t trong cm A c k hiu A-1, A-2...Cc cm v cc l t c thng k v ghi km theo ch tiu v din tch, mt xy dng, tng cao trung bnh. y l c s thit lp bng ch tiu kinh t k thut ca n quy hoch xy dng KCN v iu l qun l xy dng trong KCN.Bng 8 : Bng ch tiu kinh t k thut ca n quy hoch xy dng KCN TTK hiu
Chc nngDin tch t (m2 hoc ha)Din tch xy dng (m2 hoc ha)Din tch sn (m2)Mt xy dng (%)Tng cao trung bnh
1TTt trung tm iu hnh
2XNCNt XNCN
2.1XNCN.ACm XNCN A
A.1L t A.1
A.2L t A.2
...
2.2XNCN.BCm XNCN B
...
3CXt cy xanh
3.1CX1
3.2CX2
...
4HTKTt h tng k thut
5GTt giao thng
Tng cng
Hnh 2.12: V d v vic phn chia v k hiu l t trong KCN Thng Long (hnh a) v KCN Ni Bi (hnh b)
2) Trnh t c bn thc hin quy hoch tng mt bng s dng t:
a) Bc 1: Phn chia cc khu chc nng, ph hp theo c cu v nhu cu chim t ca chng. Vic phn khu chc nng thng cn c vo:
- Cc li ra vo chnh tip cn vi giao thng ngoi hng ro KCN. Khu vc trung tm iu hnh v trung tm dch v cng cng ca KCN thng c b tr k lin vi cng ra vo chnh ca KCN tin cho vic qun l iu hnh v giao dch. Khu vc kho tng cn c b tr cnh li ra vo KCN.
- D kin v quy m pht trin giai on u. Cc khu vc chc nng ca KCN phi c b tr ng b, c bit l khu vc cng trnh cung cp v m bo k thut, m bo ngay trong giai on u KCN c th hot ng bnh thng.
- Hnh dng khu t xy dng KCN. Dnh din tch thun li nht b tr khu vc xy dng cc XNCN. Phn din tch c hnh dng phc tp b tr din tch cy xanh hoc khu vc h tng k thut.
- Yu cu b tr cy xanh. Khng nn b tr qu tp trung din tch cy xanh m phn tn ng u trong KCN v c lin kt vi nhau.
- Yu cu v kin trc cnh quan th. Ch hn ch nh hng n kin trc cnh quan th ca cc cng trnh h tng k thut, kho tng v pha sau ca cc l t xy dng XNCN.
- Ranh gii ca cc khu vc cm xy dng. Thng thng l cc ranh gii phm vi bo v cc tuyn mng, cc tuyn in cao th
b) Bc 2: Chia khu t xy dng cc XNCN thnh cc loi l t theo loi hnh v quy m ca cc XNCN d kin u t vo KCN, m bo c tnh linh hot v kh nng la chn quy m l t. C th b tr cc l t XNCN thnh cc cm c cng tnh cht, quy m, hoc hnh thnh cc khu hn hp, nu gia cc XNCN c lin quan vi nhau v mt sn xut v x l cc cht thi c hi. Khng b tr cc l t c quy m nh cnh cc tuyn ng chnh, v cc li ra vo qu dy s nh hng n vn tc giao thng ca cc tuyn ng chnh. Khng b tr li vo cc l t t cc tuyn ng ca th.
c) Bc 3: B tr cc tuyn ng giao thng to iu kin thun li cho vic chia l khu t cng nh t chc giao thng vn chuyn cho ton KCN.
d) Bc 4: D kin b tr cng trnh trong cc khu vc chc nng v tng l t c th xc nh c mt xy dng, chiu cao tng trung bnh t tnh ton s b din tch sn. y l cc s liu c th thit lp cc quy nh kim sot trong iu l qun l KCN.
e) Bc 5: Xc nh ch gii ng , ch gii xy dng (khong xy li) v cc yu cu v kin trc cnh quan th.
f) Bc 6: Tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut (cch thc tnh v lp xem Bng 8).3) Cc gii php quy hoch s dng t:Quy hoch s dng t trong KCN thng gn lin vi vic quy hoch h thng giao thng trong KCN.
V c bn c hai gii php quy hoch s dng t trong KCN theo hnh thc b tr h thng giao thng: Quy hoch theo kiu c v quy hoch theo kiu linh hot. Mc d ch xut pht t hai dng thc c bn ny song do iu kin c th khc nhau ca mi khu t m KCN c hnh thc t chc khng gian khc nhau.
a) Quy hoch theo kiu c:Gii php quy hoch kiu c c hnh thnh bi cc tuyn giao thng pht trin vung gc vi nhau to thnh. Cc tuyn ng to thnh cc trc khng gian v cc l t XNCN c b tr dc theo cc trc khng gian ny. y l gii php quy hoch c p dng rng ri v thun li cho vic chia cc l t v to cho KCN c mt b cc khng gian trt t. H thng cc tuyn ng vung gc cng rt thun li cho vic t chc giao thng v b tr h thng h tng k thut. Ngoi cc tuyn ng lin tc c th b tr cc tuyn ng ct cho cc nhm XNCN c quy m nh.
Hnh 2.14: KCN ng Jakacta, quy m 320ha, 1996, loi hnh cng nghip in t, ph tng t, c quy hoch theo kin cGii php quy hoch kiu c c mt nhc im ln l cc cng trnh trong KCN ch c t hp ring bit trong tng l t, t c kh nng lin kt vi nhau. Hnh thc khng gian kin trc c th t c trong tng ring l t XNCN, nhng trong tng th KCN khng gian kin trc rt n iu. Do phn ln cc KCN u s dng gii php quy hoch ny nn chng dng nh tng t nh nhau v khng gian kin trc, khng c bn sc. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta ch c th phn bit c chng qua tn a danh ca KCN. Nhc im ny c th khc phc bng cch t chc h thng khng gian m (cy xanh, mt nc, qung trng ) nh l yu t lin kt khng gian trong tng khu vc cng nh trong ton KCN v to nn cc c trng ring v khng gian kin trc cho KCN.
Hnh 2.15: KCN Bin Ha 2 - Mt trong nhng KCN thnh cng nht Vit Nam vi gii php quy hoch kiu c
b) Gii php quy hoch theo kiu linh hot:Kinh nghim quy hoch cc Business Park cho thy khng nht thit cc KCN ch c mt hnh thc quy hoch theo kiu c, tu theo c im, tnh cht ca KCN v iu kin a hnh c th. Mt s cc cng trnh c th lin kt thnh cc nhm lm phong ph thm hnh thc b cc khng gian ca KCN.KCN Nam Thng Long l mt minh ho rt r s tng phn ca hai gii php quy hoch ny. Phn pha ng ca KCN c gii php quy hoch kiu c, khai thc ti a vic phn chia l t cho cc doanh nghip cng nghip. Phn pha Ty c quy hoch theo dng linh hot. Gii php quy hoch ny c tng tng t nh trong gii php quy hoch Business Park Aztec Bristol, Anh. Mt tuyn ng hnh van c t chc nh l h thng giao thng chnh, lin tc ca ton KCN, chia khu t quy hoch thnh hai khu vc: mt khu vc cho cc doanh nghip sn xut cng nghip k thut cao v mt khu vc cho cc doanh nghip nghin cu cng ngh k thut cao. T tuyn ng vng ny pht trin ra cc tuyn ng nhnh to thnh cc im khng gian - cc qung trng b tr cc cng trnh, tng t nh cch t chc khng gian th. Cc cng trnh c lin kt vi nhau v khng gian m khng b rng buc vo ranh gii phn chia l t. Pha trong ca tuyn ng hnh van l mt h thng khng gian m gm cy xanh v mt nc len li gia cc cng trnh to mi trng thun li cho cc hot ng nghin cu.
Tuy nhin gii php quy hoch theo kiu linh hot c th lm phc tp cho vic phn chia l t v ch c th p dng thnh cng vi iu kin vic t chc khng gian kin trc phi c qun l thng nht ti tn l t xy dng.
Hnh 2.16: KCN Nam Thng Long, H Ni, din tch 200ha, quy hoch 1997.
Hnh 2.17: S gii php quy hoch theo kiu c v linh hot trong KCN
Khu cng nghip Lin Chiu Nng
Khu cng nghip Nhn Trch 2 ng Nai
Hnh 2.18: V d gii php quy hoch theo kiu c
Hnh 2.19: Mt s ch khi b tr l t XNCN trong khu cng nghip
1.5 Quy HOCH H THNG CY XANH V KIN TRC CNH QUAN KCN
1) Quy hoch h thng cy xanh:Cy xanh trong KCN mang li nhiu hiu qu thit thc, trc ht l gp phn ci thin iu kin vi kh hu (gim cc c hi sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut nh bi, ting n, lm mt v sch khng kh ) v lm p cnh quan trong KCN.
Nhim v c bn ca quy hoch h thng cy xanh trong KCN l m bo c cu chim t ca din tch cy xanh, la chn loi cy v b tr chng.
H thng cy xanh trong KCN c hnh thnh bi h thng cy xanh KCN (bn ngoi cc l t xy dng) v h thng cy xanh bn trong cc l t xy dng.
Theo quy chun xy dng din tch cy xanh KCN phi m bo chim khng nh hn 10% din tch KCN. i vi khu cng ngh cao din tch cy xanh chim 25-30% din tch khu t.
H thng cy xanh KCN bn ngoi l t xy dng gm 3 thnh phn c bn: Cy xanh s dng cng cng; cy xanh dc theo tuyn ng v cy xanh chuyn dng.
a) Cy xanh s dng cng cng: cy xanh ti cng vin, vn hoa, vn do v cc khong m cng cng (bao gm c din tch mt nc). Cy xanh s dng cng cng c b tr phn tn trong KCN, lm gim bt mc tp trung xy dng cng nh mc c hi trong KCN. T chc cy xanh thng c gn lin vi vic hon thin khu t qua b cc cc tuyn ng i b, cng trnh kin trc - iu khc, b tr h nc, t chc chiu sng...
b) Cy xanh ti cc tuyn ng: thng c phn b ti ti di phn cch gia hai di ng xe chy v ti hai bn va h. Cy xanh b tr ti di phn cch ng c s dng cho cc tuyn ng chnh KCN, thng l loi cy c hoc cy bi nhm m bo an ton giao thng. Cy xanh hai bn h ng c trng kt hp gia cy bi, c v cy ly bng mt. Cy ly bng mt c th trng st l ng hoc trng st hng ro cc l t. Cn ch rng trong tnh ton c cu s dng t, ngi ta quy nh din tch cy xanh dc theo cc tuyn ng khng c tnh vo t cy xanh m vn thuc vo t xy dng ng.
c) Cy xanh chuyn dng: ch yu l cy xanh cch ly c b tr theo cc yu cu gim tc hi ( bi, ting n...) i vi khu vc dn c ln cn. Cy xanh ti khu vc ny thng l h thng kt hp gia cy bi v cy c tn, c b tr vi mt ln. Chiu dy ti thiu ca hnh lang cy xanh cch ly 20m. Trong khu vc ny c th cho php b tr cc bi xe, cng trnh cng cng dch v, nhng din tch chim t khng vt qu 5%.
Ti mt s KCN c hnh lang bo v tuyn in cao th hoc mng. Ti y c th trng cc loi cy bi, cy c tng din tch cy xanh trong KCN.
gp phn ci thin iu kin vi kh hu, b tr cy xanh trong KCN cn tun theo nguyn tc sau:
- Din tch trng cy xanh cng nhiu cng tt.
- Do tnh cht c th lm gim nhit khng kh nn cy xanh c b tr sao cho c th to thnh hnh lang thng gi mt cho ton KCN. Cc tuyn, mng cy xanh cn b tr song song vi hng gi mt ch o ca khu vc
- Vic trng cy phi c b cc c th ngn gi lnh v ma ng (i vi KCN pha Bc Vit Nam) v ngn cn lan truyn cc cht nhim hoc chng n.
-H thng cy xanh trong KCN phi lin tc v gn kt vi h thng cy xanh bn ngoi KCN.
Hnh 2.21: H thng cy xanh trong KCN (KCN Tn ng Hip, Bnh Dng v KCN Nam Thng Long, H Ni)
2) T chc khng gian quy hoch kin trc KCN:
Khng gian kin trc trong KCN hnh thnh bi 2 nhn t: H thng khng gian m (open space - thng c gii hn bi cc cng trnh); H thng cc yu t cnh quan t nhin (cy xanh, mt nc..) v cnh quan nhn to (cc kin trc nh, tng i, qung co, chiu sng..) c t chc theo cc quy lut thm m trong cc khng gian m.Ni dung t chc khng gian quy hoch kin trc KCN thng tp trung gii quyt cc vn sau:
a) B cc khng gian kin trc ton KCN:
Lin quan ch yu n vic la chn gii php quy hoch kiu c hay kiu linh hot; phn b hnh thi khng gian cc khu vc chc nng ca KCN, c bit l khu trung tm iu hnh v khu vc XNCN...b) B cc khng gian cc khu vc trng tm, cc tuyn, cc im nhn quan trng:
Lin quan ch yu n vic xc nh cc trc t hp khng gian chnh ca KCN.Trong KCN thng ly cc khng gian m lm trc t hp. H thng cc trc t hp ny c to thnh bi cc khng gian m theo dng tuyn v cc khng gian m dng im.Cc khng gian m dng tuyn thng c vai tr quyt nh trong t hp kin trc cnh quan ca KCN. Chng c th l khng gian ca cc tuyn ng hay din tch cy xanh b tr thnh cc di. y c th coi l cc knh th gic ni kt cc chui cnh quan, to thnh mt khng gian cnh quan chung v cng chnh l trc khng gian lin kt vi cc khng gian ca tng XNCN trong KCN.
Cc khng gian m dng im lm tng s a dng hnh thc t chc khng gian, ph v s n iu ca cc khng gian dng tuyn thng hay ch ng trong khng gian ca cc KCN. Chng c th to nn cc c trng ring bit ca KCN, phn bit c KCN ny vi KCN kia. Cc khng gian m dng im c th c hnh thnh do:
- M rng cc giao l thnh cc qung trng vi cc o vng xe c trng cy xanh, vi phun nc.
- T chc cc l t sao cho khi b tr cc cng trnh c th to thnh cc khng gian sn trong vi hai hoc ba mt kn. Ti y c th b tr bi xe kt hp vi trng cy. Khng gian ny c th nm dc theo tuyn ng hoc l im kt thc ca mt ng ba ng.
- T chc cc din tch mt nc t nhin v nhn to va c chc nng l h iu ha thot nc ma va c vai tr ca mt khng gian m. Chng c th lu chuyn mm mi theo dng tuyn v va l im nhn mnh v khng gian. T chc khng gian mt nc khng ch c p dng trong quy hoch cc khu dn dng m hin c p dng trong nhiu KCN.
Cc tuyn, cc im nhn quan trng ca KCN khng ch c xc nh t bn trong KCN m cn c xc nh t bn ngoi KCN vi ngha l KCN phi ng gp cho cnh quan chung ca th v khu vc. Trong cc n quy hoch KCN, ngi ta thng th hin cc mt ng khai trin nhn t pha cc trc ng quc l, ng th hoc khu vc bn ngoi ca KCN. c) Cc yu cu v t chc v bo v cnh quan (t nhin v nhn to) KCN:
Thc cht y l ni dung ca cng tc hon thin khu t xy dng, bao gm: Khai thc cc yu t t nhin nh iu kin a hnh, mt nc hoc t chc mt nc nhn to, trng cy, t chc chiu sng, b tr phng tin thng tin th gic, t chc cc cng trnh kin trc nh nh tng i, vi phun nc, cc khu ngh ngoi tri...Cc nhn t cnh quan t nhin v nhn to ny s lm phong ph thm cc khng gian m ca KCN v gn lin khng gian ca KCN vi kin trc cnh quan xung quanh.
Gii php quy hoch h thng cnh quan t nhin v nhn to thng c xut theo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Trong trng hp trong KCN c ni cao khng th san lp, cn tn dng to cnh quan. y l mt trong nhng nhn t xc nh cc trc t hp ca KCN, song phi ch n v tr ca ni c th che hng gi mt.
Hnh 2.22: Cc dng khng gian m trong KCN
- H nc t nhin v nhn to lun to ra cm gic v s thng thong v t nhin. Khng gian m ny phi c b tr sao cho d dng tip cn. ng vin ca cc h nc cn c ranh gii xc nh v to s a dng khng gian trong KCN. Cc cng trnh xy dng bn h nc nn c hnh thc kin trc p v quy m khng nn qu ln v c th ln t khng gian ca h.- Bn cnh vic b tr tha mn cc yu cu v iu kin vi kh hu, cy xanh vi mu sc ca chng cn c b tr nh mt nhn t t hp. Ty theo yu cu lm nn, gii hn khng gian m c th b tr theo tng mng. Cy xanh c th b tr thnh cc di lin kt cc khng gian trong KCN thnh mt h thng khng gian chung hoc c th lm im nhn bng mt hoc cm cy c lp cho mt khng gian m. - T chc chiu sng v b tr cc phong tin thng tin th gic (bin bo, tn hiu...) khng ch p ng nhu cu phc v an ton giao thng, bo v m phi c b tr sao cho to kh nng nh hng, c tnh trang tr, tham gia tch cc vo b cc khng gian ca tng khu vc v trong ton KCN.- Cc cng trnh tin ch th, tng i, cng ra vo, vi phun nc, bin hiu qung co... l nhn t cnh quan cn khai thc, c bit ti ni tp trung ng ngi nh li vo ca KCN to nn c trng khng gian ring ca KCN.
d) Cc yu cu v t chc v bo v cnh quan cho cc XNCN trong KCN:
Khng gian quy hoch kin trc ca KCN khng th hon thin nu thiu s tham gia ca kin trc cnh quan trong cc l t XNCN. Mc d s can thip ca Ban qun l KCN vo vic t chc kin trc cnh quan bn trong cc l t XNCN l iu khng thc t ( cc quy nh c th v hnh khi, hnh thc kin trc cng trnh, quy nh mu sc v cc yu cu v vt liu xy dng cng trnh...), nhng khi quy hoch KCN phi xut cc gii php v quy nh kim sot cho tng l t XNCN, to iu kin cho vic qun l, nhm hn ch n mc thp nht nh hng xu v kin trc cnh quan, bao gm:- Quy nh cao va h, cao nn xy dng;- Cm th kin trc cnh quan trong KCN khng ch ti cc im nhn trong KCN m cn t pha cc khu dn c ca th. S mt m quan th do cc KCN gy ra thng c cp ti t im nhn ny. Ti phn bin ca KCN tip gip vi khu dn c, cn b tr cng chnh v khu trc XNCN hng v pha khu dn c. Qua ngn c vic ph by pha sau ca cc XNCN vi h thng kho tng, cc cng trnh ph tr, bi nguyn liu, bi rc thi c hnh thc xu, xa l v iu kin v sinh mi trng thp.
- T chc cc khong xy li cch cc l gii trng cy xanh, qua c th che bt hoc lm sinh ng hn hnh thc kin trc n iu v hnh khi v mu sc ca cc cng trnh cng nghip.
- T chc khong xy li cch hng ro ca hai XNCN k lin. y khng ch n thun l khong cch m bo an ton phng ha m c th coi nh im ngh v th gic, ngn c cm gic v s ko di dng nh v tn ca cc cng trnh cng nghip. Quy nh ny km theo vi quy nh khng s dng cc tng ro bo v dng tng c ti pha mt trc l t XNCN.
- Doanh nghip cng nghip thng s dng tng v mi cng trnh sn cc bin qung co. Quy nh v b tr bin qung co c mc ch ngn cc bin qung co qu to, ni dung khng ph hp hoc mu sc qu le lot lm xu cnh quan chung, mt tp trung v c th gy ti nn giao thng.
Qung trng chnh ca KCN vi biu tung ca KCN v cng trnh trung tm iu hnh
Trc ng chnh KCN vi h thng cy xanh v li i b trn h ng
XNCN vi h thng tng ro thong pha trc.
Cng trnh cng nghip vi h thng cy xanh, mt nc
Hnh 2.22: Mt s v d v t chc h thng cnh quan trong KCN
1.6 Quy hOCH H THNG H TNG K THUT KCNH thng h tng k thut trong KCN bao gm h thng giao thng, cp nc, san nn v thot nc ma, x l nc thi v rc thi v cp in (h thng thng tin bu in c xc nh theo chuyn ngnh ring).
S thu ht cc doanh nghip cng nghip vo thu t trong KCN ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng ca h thng h tng k thut. iu ny c th dn n mt nghch l l vic nng cao cht lng ca h thng giao thng v h tng k thut i hi phi tng chi ph u t v dn n phi tng gi thu t.
Quy hoch, thit k h thng h tng k thut l cng vic ca chuyn gia t vn thit k h tng k thut th. Trong ti liu ny ch gii thiu nhng khi nim c bn nht, qua hn ch nhng mu thun khng ng c gia gii php quy hoch kin trc v gii php quy hoch h thng h tng k thut. Ngoi ra, vic nm c cc khi nim chung v h thng h tng k thut cho php ngi t vn kin trc (thng thng l ch nhim n) c kin thc nht nh phi hp c hiu qu vi cc nh t vn chuyn ngnh khc khi thc hin n.1) Quy hoch h thng giao thng:a) Khi nim chung v h thng giao thng KCN:Giao thng vn chuyn trong KCN l phn giao thng bn ngoi cc t xy dng. H thng ny ni vi h thng giao thng ca th bn ngoi hng ro KCN v ni vi h thng giao thng trong ni b cc l t xy dng XNCN. KHU CNG NGHIP
XNCN
H thng giao thng th Giao thng bn trong KCNGiao thng bn trong XNCN
Giao thng bn trong cng trnh
Giao thng ngoi hng ro KCNGiao thng bn ngoi XNCNGiao thng bn ngoi nh
KCNCNG TRNH
Hnh 2.21: S phn chia cc bc giao thng trong KCN
Trong KCN cc phng tin vn chuyn sau thng c s dng: ng b, ng sng v ng st. Vic la chn cc phng tin vn chuyn cn c vo :
- Mc pht trin ca h thng giao thng vn chuyn trong khu vc;- Khi lng v loi ca hng ha cn vn chuyn;- Khong cch vn chuyn;- Khong thi hn vn chuyn cn m bo;- Kh nng bc d;- Chi ph vn chuyn;- Thi hn s dng cc phng tin vn chuyn.
Bng 9: Nhu cu i hi i vi loi phng tin vn chuyn
Nhm vn chuynKhi lng vn chuync im sn xutDng XNCNGii php thng c la chn
INh
25-40ng. T/nm- Sn phm nh, c gi tr, nhiu sc lao ng th cng
- Hng thc phm cho nhu cu trc tipCng nghip my chnh xc, cng nghip hng m ngh
Sn xut sa, biang b
IITrung bnh
40- 200 ng. T/n- Sn phm nng v hi cng knh
- Hng tiu dng, tr hng lng thc, thc phm phi bo qun luCN sn xut my v thit b in
CN dt, CN ch bin gng b
ng st
IIILn 200-1000ng.
T/n Sn xut sn phm nng
Sn xut sn phm c nhu cu ln v nguyn liu CN luyn kim, in, cng nghip khai thc nguyn vt liung st
ng thy
IVRt nh
< 25ng.T/n- Sn phm c gi tr cao phi tiu th ngay
- Sn phm phi c gi i nhanh nhtCN sn xut thuc
CN bo, tp chng b
ng hng khng
Mt gii php b tr giao thng hp l c nh gi ch yu trn phng din:
- Hp l trong vic t chc vn chuyn hng ha v ngi, hn ch c giao ct gia cc lung vn chuyn, tip cn thun li ti tt c cc l t cng nh phn chia cc l t;
- Gim bt c cc cng trnh phc v giao thng;
- Tit kim t xy dng;
- Bo m an ton khi vn chuyn;
- Ph hp vi vic pht trin theo giai on;
- Ph hp vi vic t chc h thng h tng k thut khc, c bit l t chc san nn v thot nc ma.
- C chi ph xy dng cng nh vn hnh t nht.
b) Ni dung quy hoch h thng giao thng KCN:
- Xc nh khi lng vn chuyn trong KCN;- La chn phng tin vn chuyn;
- Xc nh cc li ra vo chnh ca KCN, t chc cc u mi giao thng nh qung trng, cc nt giao thng cng cao hoc khc cao vi h thng giao thng bn ngoi KCN;- T chc h thng giao thng trong ni b KCN, bao gm xc nh cc tuyn ng chnh, ng nhnh (n hng ro cc l t xy dng), sn, bi xe tp trung, cc mt ct ng v cc ch s k thut khc ca ng nh bn knh cong, dc, vn tc cho php ca cc phng tin vn chuyn ch yu, cu to nn ng, cc ch s k thut ca cu, cng v cc cng trnh phc v giao thng ni v ngm...);- Xc nh cc ch gii ng ca h thng giao thng;- Xc nh din tch chim t, mt ng v khi ton ch ph xy dng ng;c) Cc c s quy hoch h thng giao thng KCN:- H thng giao thng bn ngoi KCN, kh nng tip cn v t chc li vo chnh trong KCN.
- Nhu cu v c im vn chuyn trong KCN v hng cng nh ngi. - c im v iu kin a hnh khu t, lin quan n vic t chc san nn v thot nc ma.
- Gii php quy hoch tng mt bng s dng t v kin trc cnh quan KCN (lin quan n vic la chn l t, b tr l t v gii php quy hoch theo kiu c hay linh hot...)- Chi ph xy dng ng, chi ph cho bo dng v qun l.d) Giao thng vn chuyn bng ng st:Vn chuyn bng ng st rt ph hp vi nhu cu vn chuyn vi khi lng ln. Tuy nhin trong iu kin Vit Nam vic vn chuyn bng ng st thng b hn ch do h thng ng st cn cha c pht trin.Vic xc nh xy dng tuyn ng st chuyn dng dn vo KCN ph thuc vo khi lng vn chuyn hng ha hai chiu, khong cch ti cc tuyn ng st quc gia v iu kin a hnh.Trong bng di y ngi ta xc nh ch s v khi lng vn chuyn hng ha ti thiu, nu thp hn th s dng ng st s khng kinh t.Bng 10: Mc khi lng hng ha ti thiu XD tuyn ng st chuyn dng
Loin v tnhChiu di ng st ni ti ga (km)
1351015
Cng nghip nng
Nh myNghn t/nm5080120160200
toa xe/ngy m711182028
Cm cng nghipNghn t/nm110140170180250
KCNNghn t/nm140170200250300
toa xe/ngy m1923283541
Cng nghip nh
Nh myNghn t/nm4070100140180
toa xe/ngy m610141925
Cm cng nghipNghn t/nm70100130170200
toa xe/ngy m1014182128
KCNNghn t/nm90120150200250
toa xe/ngy m1216202835
Vic vn chuyn hng ha bng ng st cho KCN c th din ra theo cc kh nng sau:
- ng st c t chc vo trong KCN v XNCN. y l gii php vn chuyn thun tin nht, song i hi chi ph xy dng cc tuyn ng st t ga vo KCN v km theo l nhu cu v din tch t xy dng.- Hng ha xut c vn chuyn ra khi KCN ti cc Trung tm giao lu hng ha. Trung tm giao lu hng ha l ni tip nhn phn phi hng ha, hoc tp trung hng ha ng vo cc container vn chuyn i ni khc. Cc Trung tm giao lu hng ha thng c b tr ti cc u mi giao thng nh cc nh ga, cng sng, bin hoc cng hng khng. Trong nhiu trng hp hng ha cng c ng thnh cc container ngay ti trong cc XNCN hoc ti KCN. Gii php vn chuyn th 2 l gii php hay c s dng trong cc KCN hin nay Vit Nam.ng st Vit Nam c hai loi kh ng 1m v 1,435m. Cc ch s c bn v ng st c th tham kho theo bng sau:Bng 11: Mt s ch tiu k thut ca ng st
Quan h chiu rng t xy tuyn ng, theo s tuyn ng v kch thc ng ray
Chiu rng ng rayS di ngChiu rng ri t xy dng ng st (m)
1,00018
212
1,435112
216
Hnh lang bo v ng st
Nn ng pNn ng oNn bnh thng
Cch chn Taluy p 5mCch nh Taluy o 5mCch ng ray 5,6m
ng st trong KCN thng c dng xuyn qua, dng vng, dng ct hoc kt hp cc dng k trn. La chn dng t chc ca cc tuyn ng st ph thuc vo quy m vn chuyn hng ha, c im ca tuyn ng st quc gia chy bn ngoi khu t v din tch t xy dng.- T chc ng st dng xuyn qua v dng vng thng s dng cho KCN c nhu cu vn chuyn ln. y l hnh thc t chc thun tin cho vic bc d v chuyn ch vi thi gian nhanh nht. Tuy nhin dng t chc ny c nhu cu chim t ln do phi m bo bn knh vng ca cc tuyn ng st.
- T chc ng st dng ct thng hay s dng cho cc KCN c nhu cu vn chuyn khng ln, khng i hi cao v thi gian bc d hnh thc t chc n gin, khng chim nhiu t.
Thng thng trong mt KCN ch c mt s XNCN c yu cu xy dng tuyn ng st vo n tn pha trong l t. Nhng XNCN ny cn c b tr ti pha tip cn thun li vi tuyn ng st chnh ca KCN gim chiu di ng cng nh hn ch cc giao ct gia ng st v ng b trong KCN. Giao ct gia ng st v ng t chnh trong KCN cn t chc khc cao .
Hnh 2.25: S cc dng t chc ng st trong KCN
e) Giao thng vn chuyn bng ng b:Vn chuyn bng ng b l phng tin vn chuyn thng dng nht Vit Nam hin nay. Giao thng ng b khng i hi nhiu v iu kin a hnh, tit kim t xy dng v c kh nng p ng yu cu vn chuyn v khi lng, thi gian cng nh a im. Giao thng vn chuyn ng b bao gm giao thng vn chuyn hng ha v giao thng vn chuyn ngi (giao thng cng cng, ng xe p v ng i b).
H thng ng b trong KCN c phn thnh cc loi: ng t, ng xe p v ng i b. ng t trong KCN gm: - ng chnh KCN: l tuyn ng vn chuyn chnh ca KCN, ni vi h thng giao thng bn ngoi. Thng thng tuyn ng ny c b rng t nht l 4 ln xe vi mi ln xe rng 3,75m. B rng lng ng ti thiu 15m. Tc tnh ton 60km/h. - ng nhnh trong KCN: l tuyn ng phc v cho mt khu vc nht nh ca KCN. Tuyn ng ny thng c 2 - 4 ln xe (mi ln xe rng 3,5 m) vi b rng lng ng 7m - 14m. Tc tnh ton 40km/h.- ng ni b trong cc l t XNCN hoc trong ni b mt khu t. Bn knh cong ca ng t ph thuc c im v ti trng ca xe. Xe t c nhiu loi kch thc khc nhau. Bng di y tng hp kch thc ln nht ca xe t thng dng.
Bng 12: Kch thc ln nht ca xe t
Chiu di xe v ti trngBn knh cong ca ng
Loi xeChiu di
(m)Ti trng ln nht (T)Loi xeBn knh (m)
Xe vn ti hai cu1116Xe vn ti c 2-3 r moc25-30
Xe vn ti 2-3 cu1222Xe but11-24
Xe vn ti c rmoc1832Xe vn ti c ti trng qu 4 ln15-20
Xe vn ti v xe con n 4 tn8-15
Chiu rng xe : 2,50mChiu cao xe: 4,00m
Cu to cc lp nn ng ph thuc vo cp ng. V d di y nu cu to nn ng ca cc tuyn ng trong KCN Nam Thng Long:
Cu to lng ng: - Lp mt ng bng hn hp t phan nng dy 4cm;- Lp kt dnh hn hp t phan nng dy 6cm;- Lp b tng nha ht th dy 20cm;- Lp mng hc dy 30cm;- Ct m cht tng lp dy 20cm.Cu to va h:
- Va h lt gch dy 5cm;- Va xi mng dy 3cm;- nghin dy 15cm;- Ct en m cht tng lp dy 20cm.
thot nc ma, ng thng lm dc vi dc ti thiu 2% v pha cng thu nc.
ng xe p v ng i b: B rng ca mt ln xe p c ly bng 1,5m; B rng ca mt ln i b c ly bng 0,75m. Thng thng lung ng i b, xe p c b tr cnh lung ng t. Khong cch an ton gia lung ng t v ng i b, xe p l 0,75m. m bo an ton cho ngi i b, cc tuyn i b ct ngang cc ng t chnh trong KCN c th b tr li i b vt ng bng cu cn hoc trong cc tuynen .
Mt ct ng hay b rng ng thng thng c t hp t :
- B rng ca cc ln xe t chy, mi ln rng 3,75m hoc 3,5m;- Di ngn cch gia cc di xe ti cc tuyn ng chnh. Di ngn cch thng c chiu rng 2-6m;- Va h ng thi cng l hnh lang ca h thng h tng k thut. Trn va h t chc trng cy xanh. Khi xc nh chiu rng va h phi cn c vo cch b tr h thng h tng k thut chn ngm di t. Theo kinh nghim thc t, chiu rng va h ti cc tuyn ng chnh phi c chiu rng ti thiu 4,5m mi khng gian b tr ht cc tuyn h tng k thut. Trong trng hp b tr thm cc mng thot nc ma, chiu rng va h ti cc tuyn ng chnh c th phi rng 7-8m. Vic s dng cc tuynen b tr h thng h tng k thut c th cho php lm gim chiu rng ca va h.
Gii hn ca b rng ng vi cc di k trn l l gii hay ch gii ng .
Ch gii ng l ng ranh gii c xc nh trn bn quy hoch v thc a phn nh ranh gii gia phn t xy dng cng trnh v phn t dnh cho ng giao thng, cc cng trnh k thut h tng, khng gian s dng cng cng khc. Ch gii ng l mt trong nhng c s quan trng cho vic lp cc chng ch quy hoch cng nh qun l trong xy dng KCN v th. Trong th, cng nh trong KCN thng gp l gii l ch gii ng .
L gii hay ch gii ng c xc nh thng qua h ta ca bn . Cc im xc nh l gii thng l cc gc ca ng, cc im chuyn hng ca ng. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta cn xc nh l gii thng qua cc ta ca tim ng m rng v hai pha.
Bng di y thng k mt s dng mt ct ng thng hay c s dng trong cc KCN
Bng 13: Mt s dng mt ct ng trong KCN
Loi ngB rng ngLng ngDi phn cchVa h v di cy xanh
ng chnh KCN40m11,25m ( 3 x 3,75 )x22,5m (3,5m)Mi bn rng 7,5m (7m)
30m15m ( 4 x 3,75 )Mi bn rng 7,5m
25m15m ( 4 x 3,75 )Mi bn rng 5m
ng nhnh (ng ph) KCN23m14m (4 x 3,5)Mi bn rng 4,5m
16m7m ( 2 x 3,5)Mi bn rng 4,5m
Hnh 2.26: V d mt ct ng chnh v ng ph trong KCN
Vic chuyn ch cng nhn n lm vic ti cc KCN thng theo hai dng:
- Mt s XNCN c quy m ln t chc a n cng nhn bng h thng xe ch cng nhn ring bit. Hnh thc ny ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam hin nay khi phng tin giao thng cng cng cha pht trin.
- Chuyn ch bng h thng xe but cng cng. Trong trng hp ny cn phi b tr h thng cc bn xe. Khong cch cc bn xe khng qu 800m, phc v trong bn knh khng qu 400m, tng ng vi 5 pht i b. Cc bn xe but c b tr ti cc ni giao nhau ca cc tuyn ng.
H thng giao thng ng b trong KCN khng ch n thun m bo vn chuyn nhanh chng, an ton, lin h thun tin gia cc khu vc chc nng m cn phi gn lin vi cc yu cu chia l t v t chc kin trc cnh quan trong KCN. Tng t nh gii php quy hoch s dng t, h thng ng t trong KCN c hai dng c bn: theo kiu c v kiu linh hot.
Mt s thng s kinh t k thut ca h thng giao thng trong n quy hoch KCN :
- Din tch chim t ca ng (ha hoc m2);- T l chim t ( %);- H s mt ng: Tng s chiu di ng trn tng din tch KCN, n v tnh: km/km2.
Hnh 2.27: S t chc giao thng ng b trong KCN
2) Quy hoch h thng thot nc ma v san nn:a) Khi nim chung v h thng thot nc ma trong KCN:
H thng thot nc ma trong KCN thng bao gm h thng knh, mng, h,cng thu nc, trm bm tiu nc... c nhim v thu gom, chuyn nc ma, l trong KCN hoc cc lu vc thot nc c lin quan, thot ra h thng thot nc chung ca th, khu vc, trnh c ngp lt v hn ch c vic san lp.
b) Ni dung quy hoch h thng thot nc ma v san nn:
- Xc lp h thng thot nc ma(mng li, cao ton b h thng, ming x, v tr, cng sut v quy m chim t ca trm bm, h iu ho);- Xc nh cao xy dng ti cc im giao ct ng, dc ng; thit k quy hoch chiu cao (san nn);- Xc nh ranh gii, khi lng khu vc o p...
c) Cc c s quy hoch h thng thot nc ma v san nn :- Hin trng khu t, c bit l hin trng h thng cc knh, mng tiu nc, ranh gii cc ng phn thy;- Ti liu v lng ma trung bnh hng nm, l lt, kh nng tiu nc v cao mc nc ca cc sng, mng ln cn;- Bn quy hoch h thng thot nc ma theo quy hoch tng th. y l cc ti liu xc nh hng tiu nc, phn chia lu vc v cc cao san nn c lin quan n khu vc quy hoch;- Gii php quy hoch s dng t v h thng giao thng ca n.
d) Quy hoch h thng thot nc ma:
Gii php thot nc ma trong KCN c thit k trn nguyn tc:- Tch hon ton khi h thng thot nc thi;- Thot nc ma nhanh chng;- T chy kt hp vi h thng h iu ha phng ng lt cc b;- Khi tnh ton cho KCN chu k ngp lt thng c ly bng 5 nm (mc nc tnh ton).H thng thot nc ma thng bao gm: cc tuyn mng h, cng thot nc v h iu ha.H thng mng h rt hay c s dng trong KCN. Chng c kh nng tiu nc nhanh, c bit l thot nc mt, gim c cao san nn do dc thy lc nh, d dng hn trong vic thng tc v no vt. Cng vi h iu ha h thng mng gp phn ci to mi trng, cnh quan trong KCN. Tuy nhin nhc im ca h thng mng h c din tch chim t ln. H thng mng c tit din ch nht hoc hnh thang, c xy dng bng BTCT hoc k .
H thng cng c b tr dc theo cc tuyn ng, thu nc ti tng lu vc trong KCN. Cng c hnh thc cng bn hoc cng trn bng BTCT. Cng trn thng c ng knh 400 n 2500mm, la chn theo tnh ton thot nc. Cng c dc dc i = 1/D (D ng knh cng thot nc). su nh cng cch mt t ti thiu 0,7m i vi trng hp chi ti trng ng ln (v d nh tuyn cng qua ng) v ti thiu 0,3m vi trng hp khng chu ti trng ng ln. Dc theo cc tuyn cng b tr h thng ging thm no vt v bo dng. Trong cc bn v quy hoch, dc theo tng tuyn cng c ghi cc thng s v ng knh cng, dc dc, chiu di ca tuyn cng. Ti im u v cui tuyn cng c ghi ch v cao nn v cao nh cng hoc y cng.
H iu ha ngoi chc nng cnh quan cn c chc nng iu ha nc ma v x l nc ma t u. H thng h iu ha kt hp vi h thng tiu nc chnh lm gim ng k kch thc cng cng nh tng kh nng tiu thot nc. Kh nng iu ha ca h ph thuc vo dung tch iu ha ca h. Theo kinh nghim thc t th lng nc ma gi li trong h iu ha sau mi trn ma n 24 gi, din tch h iu ha thng chim 4 - 5% din tch ca KCN v chiu cao lng nc iu ha thng 0,8 n 1m.
Bn cnh vic tnh ton v quy hoch cc tuyn mng, cng v h iu ha cn xc nh r hng thot nc v lu vc tiu nc ca tng l t xy dng to iu kin cho vic xy dng h thng thot nc trong tng l t sau ny.
Hnh 2.30: V d v s t chc thot nc ma trong KCN
e) Quy hoch san nn: Quy hoch san nn cn c gi l quy hoch chiu cao khu t xy dng.Nguyn tc c bn ca quy hoch san nn l m bo thot nc ma cho bn thn KCN vi chi ph san nn thp nht, ng thi ph hp vi cao san nn chung ca khu vc c nh hng trong quy hoch tng th.Thit k san nn KCN cn m bo yu cu sau:- Tn dng n mc ti a a hnh, bo v lp t mu, cy xanh hin c;- dc ca nn i > 0,004 m bo thot nc t chy. Thot nc ma nhanh nhng khng mt t b ra tri, si mn;- Hn ch n mc ti a khi lng o p t;- Ph hp vi cc cao nn c khng ch ca cc khu vc ln cn.Mt s vn c bit ch khi thit k quy hoch san nn:- Vt liu san lp phi l loi vt liu c cu kt tt to iu kin nhanh chng n nh nn p, c bit trong trng hp c chiu cao p ln. Ct l vt liu thch hp s dng lm vt liu san nn.- Trc khi san hoc lp nn phi thu gom ton b lp t mt. y l lp t mu, c coi nh mt loi ti nguyn. Phi xc nh v tr cha lp t mu tm thi trong giai on hon thin KCN lp t ny c s dng ph li cc din tch trng cy trong KCN.- hn ch vic san lp cng nh s thay i cnh quan mi trng khng nht thit phi s dng gii php san nn ton b trong KCN m c th s dng cc gii php san nn cc b. c im c bn ca gii php san nn cc b l ch san nn khu t xy dng cc XNCN, ni mt xy dng > 20%, cc hnh lang cho cc tuyn h tng k thut v giao thng, c bit l ng st v nhng ni c nguy c b ngp lt. Cc khu vc cn li khc c th tn dng cao nn t nhin b tr. Ngay trong mt khu vc san nn khng nht thit phi c cng cao . C th t chc thnh cc khu vc c cao nn khc nhau theo dng bc tit kim chi ph san nn.
Cng nh trong n quy hoch v h thng giao thng, trong bn v quy hoch h thng thot nc ma v san nn c cc bng thng k khi lng xy dng h thng thot nc ma, khi lng san p v khi ton cc chi ph xy dng.
3) Quy hoch h thng cp nc:a) Khi nim chung v h thng cp nc :
H thng cp nc trong KCN thng bao gm: nh my lc nc, cc tuyn cp nc chnh v phn phi, hng cu ho, trm bm tng p, b cha nc sch...b) Ni dung quy hoch h thng cp nc:
- Xc nh tiu chun v nhu cu cp nc cho KCN;
- La chn ngun nc;- La chn quy m, v tr xy dng nh my lc nc, cng ngh x l nc;- T chc h thng cp nc n tng l t xy dng m bo tho mn cc yu cu v cht lng, p lc v lu lng nc cp; t chc cp nc cha chy.c) Cc c s quy hoch h thng cp nc :- Ngun cp nc: h thng cp nc ca th hoc h thng cp nc ring khai thc ngun nc mt hoc nc ngm;- Nhu cu dng nc v yu cu v cht lng nc ca cc loi XNCN trong KCN;- Gii php quy hoch s dng t v h thng giao thng ca n.
d) Quy hoch h thng cp nc :- Nhu cu dng nc trong KCN c tng hp t nhu cu nc sn xut, nc sinh hot, cng cng, nc ti ra, nc cu ha v nc d phng. Nhu cu dng nc trong KCN ti thiu khong 40m3/ha ngy.m. V d: mt KCN vi quy m 200ha c nhu cu dng nc (k c nc d phng 25%) khong 10.000m3/ngy.m.Trong trng hp KCN phi xy dng nh my lc nc ring, nhu cu v din tch t cho nh my lc nc c th ly theo bng di y. Cng on x l nc thng thng gm: Lm thong ( i vi nc ngm), lng, lc v kh trng. Bng 14: Nhu cu t xy dng nh my lc nc
Cng sut nh my lc nc
(1000m3/ngy/ m)Din tch chim t
(ha)
1 - 50,5
5 - 101
10 - 302
30 - 603
60 - 1204
120 - 2505
Mng nc cp chnh thng c thit k theo mng li vng m bo an ton cao.
Trong cc bn v quy hoch h thng cp nc, ti nt ca mng li cc tuyn ng thng c nh s th t, ghi r lu lng nt. Dc theo cc tuyn ng c cc ghi ch v ng knh, chiu di tuyn ng v cc hnh thc u ni ng.
Cc ng cp nc thng lm bng thp hoc gang do. ng knh ng ng cp nc chnh c kch thc 100 - 600mm. T h thng tuyn ng chnh c cc ng cp nc phn phi dn vo cc l t XNCN. Cc tuyn cp nc thng c b tr dc theo tuyn ng t, di lng ng hoc trong hnh lang k thut. Chng c th c b tr tch bit hoc b tr kt hp vi cc tuyn k thut khc trong tuyn tuynen ngm. Ti cc nt giao nhau ca tuyn cp nc chnh c cc ging thm. Ti cc im cao ca tuyn ng c van x kh v ti im thp ca mng li c van x cn.
m bo cc yu cu v cha chy, trong h thng cp nc cn b tr b cha nc d phng v tr ly nc cha chy. Cc tr cha chy t cch nhau khng qu 150m, ti tuyn ng c ng knh ti thiu 100mm.
Hnh 2.28: V tr v s t chc tuyn cp nc trong KCN
Hnh 2.29: S nh my cp nc trong KCN
4) Quy hoch h thng thot nc thi v v sinh mi trnga) Khi nim chung v h thng thot nc thi KCN:
H thng thot nc thi KCN bao gm cc mng li thot nc, cc cng trnh trn mng li nh ging thm, trm bm chuyn bc v cng trnh x l nc thi...c nhim v thu gom ton b nc thi KCN chuyn n trm x l nc thi x l ph hp vi cc quy nh ca Nh nc v v sinh mi trng.
Nc thi trong KCN bao gm: nc thi sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut; nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ngu nhin, v d nh nc ma thu hi ti mt s khu vc c th gy nhim ngun nc nh kho xng du, bi ph thi...
Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi cng nghip ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng ngh sn xut, nguyn liu tiu th, quy m sn xut... v rt a dng. Cc ch tiu c trng nht ca nc thi thit k cc cng trnh x l v qun l h thng l: nhit , mu sc, mi v, trong, pH, hm lng cht l lng, BOD ( nhu cu xy ha sinh ho), COD ( nhu cu xy ha ha hc) v cc ch tiu c trng ca tng loi hnh cng nghip.
Mc , yu cu x l nc thi ph thuc vo c tnh nc thi v ngun tip nhn nc thi. Qu trnh x l nc thi trong KCN thng c chia thnh 2 cp:
- Cp x l nc thi th nht: Do trong KCN c nhiu loi nh my vi c tnh nc thi khc nhau nn tt c cc nh my trong KCN phi x l s b nc thi t ti mt tr s chung trc khi x nc thi vo h thng nc thi ca KCN. Vic kim sot nc thi ti cp ny do Ban Qun l iu hnh KCN thuc Cng ty kinh doanh h tng k thut KCN chu trch nhim.
- Cp x l nc thi th hai: Nc thi c x l ti nh my x l nc thi ca KCN, ph hp vi tiu chun " Gi tr gii hn v nng cht nhim trong ngun nc -TCVN 5945-1995". Ban Qun l KCN a phng v cc c quan chc nng c lin quan ca Nh nc s kim sot cht lng nc thi ti giai on ny v quyt nh cho php hay khng cho php nc thi cng nghip c x vo h thng thot nc ca th.
Bng 15: Mt s tiu chun chnh x nc thi cng nghip ( theo TCVN 5945-1995)
Thng sn vGi tr ti hn khi x vo
Nc c dng lm ngun nc sinh hotNc dng cho ti tiu, tm, giao thngCng ca th
Nhit 0C404045
pH6 - 95,5 - 95 - 9
BOD5 mg/l2050100
CODmg/l50100400
SS (cht rn l lng)mg/l50100400
b) Ni dung quy hoch h thng thot nc thi v v sinh mi trng:
- Xc nh tiu chun v tnh ton khi lng nc thi, cht thi rn;- Thit k h thng thot nc v x l nc thi;- Chn hnh thc thu gom, phn loi rc thi; xc nh quy m im tp kt v x l cht thi rn.
c) Cc c s quy hoch h thng thot nc thi v v sinh mi trng :- Ngun x nc thi, trong xc nh nc dng lm sinh hot hay ti tiu...- Dch v thu gom rc thi v kh nng tiu hu rc thi ca th;- Gii php quy hoch s dng t v h thng giao thng, cp nc v thot nc ma ca n.
d) Quy hoch h thng thot nc thi: - Khi lng nc thi c th tnh s b ti thiu bng 80% lng nc cp.
- Cng thot nc bn c dc dc i = 1/D ( D ng knh cng thot nc). su nh cng cch mt t ti thiu 0,7m i vi trng hp chi ti trng ng ln v ti thiu 0,3m vi trng hp khng chu ti trng ng ln. Cng thot nc bn bng BTCT vi ng knh t 300,400,500mm.
- Trong bn v quy hoch, dc theo tng tuyn cng c ghi cc thng s v ng knh cng, dc dc, chiu di ca tuyn cng. Ti im u v cui tuyn cng c ghi ch v cao nn v cao nh cng hoc y cng.
Trong trng hp tuyn cng qu di dn n su chn cng ln th cc trm bm chuyn bc c s dng gim su chn cng. Cc tuyn cng thot nc bn c b tr dc theo cc tuyn ng.
Hnh 2.31: V d v s t chc h thng thot nc thi trong KCN
C 3 phng php x l nc thi s dng cho trm x l nc thi: X l c hc, x l ha-l v x l sinh hc. X l c hc c mc ch tch cc cht khng ha tan v mt phn cc cht dng keo ra khi nc thi. X l ha hc l a vo nc thi cht phn ng no gy tc ng vi cc tp cht bn, bin i ha hc to thnh cc cht khc khng gy c hi hay gy nhim mi trng. X l sinh hc l da vo s sng v hot ng ca cc vi sinh oxy ha cht bn hu c dng keo v ha tan c trong nc thi. Vic la chn mt trong cc phng php trn hay kt hp cc phng php cn c vo khi lng v tnh cht ca nc thi, yu cu mc phi x l, cng tc vn hnh v bo dng, chi ph xy dng v quy m chim t...
Hnh 2.32: S phng php mng xy ha ( hnh a ) v phng php bn hot tnh (hnh b )
Trm x l nc thi thng c xy dng ti v tr trung tm KCN (nhm gim bt su chn cng), gn ngun x, cui hng gi ch o v ph hp vi vic phn chia giai on xy dng. Quy m ca trm x l nc thi theo bng sau.
Bng 16: Nhu cu xy dng trm my x l nc thi
Cng sut nh my x l nc thi (m3/ngy- m)Din tch chim t theo phng php x l sinh hc nhn to (ha)
50001,0 - 1,3
100001,5 - 2,0
150002,0 - 2,5
200002,3 - 3,0
300003,5 - 4,3
Hnh 2.33: V d s mt bng trm x l nc thi trong KCN
e) Quy hoch x l cht thi rn:Khi lng cht thi rn thu gom ph thuc vo loi hnh sn xut ca cc XNCN, c th tnh ton s b vi ch tiu 0,4 tn/ha cho t XNCN v 0,2 tn/ha cho t cng cng dch v. T trng rc thi cng nghip 0,5T/m3 v rc thi sinh hot 0,45T/m3. Do hin nay cc th ca Vit Nam khng c h thng x l cht thi c hi nn cc nh my trong KCN phi t x l ly cht thi c hi, tun theo Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam. Cc rc thi khng c hi s c thu gom li v chuyn n bi rc thi ca th x l qua cc hp ng thu gom vn chuyn v x l rc thi vi cc Cng ty Mi trng th a phng.
5) Quy hoch h thng cp in:
a) Khi nim chung v h thng cp in KCN:
H thng cp in trong KCN bao gm trm bin th 110KV(220KV)/22 KV (trm ngun), trm pht in Diesel d phng v ng dy phn phi in (tuyn trung th 22KV v h th 0,4KV sinh hot, chiu sng ng). H thng phn phi in 22 KV s ni t trm bin th ca KCN n cc trm bin p chuyn dng 22/0,4 KV ca tng XNCN. Mi trm bin p ca XNCN c cp in bng hai tuyn dy to thnh mch vng m bo tin cy v cp in c ch bnh thng v trong c s c, ph hp vi h tiu th in loi 1(l h c cp in lin tc, vi cc thit b t ng ng ngun lm vic d phng). Cc tuyn dy phn phi in t ngm di t.
b) Ni dung quy hoch h thng cp in:
- Xc nh tiu chun v nhu cu dng in;- Thit k mng li cp in, trm bin p (ngun in, li in cao th, trung th v h th; B tr chiu sng ng ph, chiu sng cc cng trnh kin trc...c) Cc c s quy hoch h thng cp in :
- Ngun cp in cho KCN ( thng c ly t mng li in quc gia thng qua cc trm bin th 110KV hoc 220KV ).
- Gii php quy hoch s dng t v h thng giao thng ca n.
d) Quy hoch h thng cp in :
- Tnh ton nhu cu dng in: Nhu cu dng in cho KCN c th tham kho theo cc ch tiu trong bng di y. T cc ch tiu dng in,cn c theo quy m (ha hoc m2 sn) s tnh c nhu cu cp in ca cc ph ti. Nhu cu dng in KCN l tng cng nhu cu ca cc loi ph ti trn.
Bng 17 : Ch tiu dng in trong KCN
TTLoi h dng inCh tiu dng in (KW/ha)H s khng iu ha Kh
1XNCN v kho tng1
CN nng (luyn gang, thp, sx t, my ci, CN ha du, ha cht, phn bn), sn xut xi mng350
CN vt liu xy dng khc, c kh250
CN ch bin lng thc, thc phm, in t, my tnh, dt.200
CN giy da, may mc160
Cm cng nghip doanh nghip nh140
C s sn xut TTCN120
Kho tng50
2Trung tm KCN, vin nghin cu 300 (c th tnh 30W/m2sn)0,7
3Khu cc cng trnh cung cp v m bo k thut100 - 1501
4Chiu sng ng121
5Khu cy xanh, cng vin30 - 500,7
- Cc bn v quy hoch h thng cp in trnh by ton b s mng li cp in ca KCN, trm bin th vi cng sut trm, cc tuyn dy phn phi c ghi ch chiu di v tit din dy, h thng ct ... v c cc bng thng k khi lng v chi ph xy dng h thng cp in.
Hnh 2.34: V d s h thng cp in trong KCN
Hnh 2.35: V d s trm bin th ca KCN
5) Quy hoch tng hp ng dy, ng ng k thut:
Quy hoch tng hp ng dy, ng ng k thut c mc ch khp ni ton b cc tuyn h tng k thut, sp xp v tr cc tuyn h tng k thut theo phng ngang v theo phng ng, m bo vic lp t, vn hnh v sa cha cc tuyn khng nh hng ln nhau.
Khong cch theo chiu ngang v chiu ng ca cc tuyn k thut tun theo cc yu cu trong Bng 18.
Hnh 2.36: V d s tng hp ng dy ng ng k thut trn mt ct ngang ng. Bng 18: Khong cch ti thiu gia cc ng ng k thut trong mng li ngm khng nm trong tuynen hoc ho k thut (m)
Loi ng ngng ng cp ncCng thot nc thiCng thot nc maCp inCp thng tinKnh mng thot nc, tuy nen
Khong cch theo chiu ngang
ng ng cp nc0,51,00,50,50,51,5
Cng thot nc thi10,40,40,50,51,0
Cng thot nc ma0,50,40,40,50,51,0
Cp in0,50,50,50,10,52,0
Cp thng tin0,50,50,50,5-1,0
Tuynen, ho k thut1,51,01,02,01-
Khong cch theo chiu ng
ng ng cp nc-1,00,50,50,5
Cng thot nc thi1,0-0,40,50,5
Cng thot nc ma0,50,4-0,50,5
Cp in0,50,50,50,10,5
Cp thng tin0,50,50,50,5-
1.7 Quy hOCH PHN T XY DNGKCN c th pht trin theo tng giai on, ph thuc vo kh nng u t ca Cng ty kinh doanh h tng k thut KCN v nhu cu thu t ca cc doanh nghip cng nghip. Cc d nh v pht trin theo giai on cn phi c cp sm trong qu trnh quy hoch. m bo cho vic pht trin theo giai on c thun li, khi quy hoch cn ch cc vn sau:- Cc cng trnh h tng k thut, trung tm iu hnh... phi c b tr sao cho trong giai on u c th khai thc c ngay.- Khu t pht trin giai on u cn c tp trung thnh mt khu vc thun tin cho vic b tr h thng h tng k thut trong KCN.Trong thc t xy dng cc KCN Vit Nam, khu vc pht trin giai on u trong cc KCN thng c la chn sao cho c th khai thc tt nht h thng h tng k thut bn ngoi KCN, trc ht l h thng giao thng; Khu vc thun li cho cng tc n b gii phng mt bng.1.8 Cc yu cU V QUN L QUY HOCH XY DNG kcn to iu kin cho vic lp iu l qun l KCN, trong n quy hoch KCN cn xc lp yu cu v qun l quy hoch xy dng KCN. y l c s cho Ban qun l KCN v chnh quyn a phng qun l u t xy dng theo quy hoch v l c s cho cc doanh nghip cng nghip tin hnh lp cc d n u t xy dng.
Cc yu cu v qun l quy hoch xy dng c xc lp t cc gii php quy hoch s dng t, quy hoch cy xanh, kin trc cnh quan, quy hoch h thng h tng k thut, c trnh by thnh cc quy nh c th nh sau:
1) Quy nh v loi hnh cng nghip v mc v sinh cng nghip c b tr trong KCN v theo cc cm trong KCN.2) Quy nh v c cu s dng t hay cn c gi l quy nh phn chia cc khu vc chc nng. Quy nh ny xc nh quy m ca cc khu vc chc nng trong KCN theo hai ch tiu chnh: din tch chim t v t trng chim t.3) Quy nh v s dng t cho tng cc khu vc chc nng v cho tng cm cc XNCN.- Mt xy dng;- Chiu cao tng trung bnh;- T trng chim t ca din tch cy xanh....
4) Quy nh v cc khong xy li hay ch gii xy dng. Khong xy li c th ly nh sau:
- Khong xy li ca cc cng trnh cng nghip cch ch gii ca cc tuyn ng chnh th (quc l) xung quanh KCN ti thiu l 20m;- Khong xy li cch ch gii ng (l gii) trong KCN thng 10m vi ng chnh v 6m vi ng nhnh;- Khong xy li cch tng ro ca hai l t lin nhau l 6 - 8m;5) Cc quy nh v li ra vo v bi xe,6) Cc quy nh v quy hoch kin trc, cnh quan;7) Cc quy nh v h tng k thut, c bit l cc quy nh v thot nc ma, nc thi v v sinh mi trng.
Ghi ch: - Trc khi hc cn xem bi ging v Khi nim KCN v KCN trong cu trc th trong hc liu m.- Cc ti liu tham kho b sung xem trong cc mc Cng nghip, Doanh nghip - D n, Th vin ca trang web: bmktcn.com.10/2008. TS. Phm nh TuynPAGE
bmktcn.com - Quy hoch chi tit xy dng KCN- 49