qartveli mamluqebi egviptesisic, xdebodnen muslimu-ri dinastiebis mmartve-li elitis semadgeneli...

egvipteSi mraval saocrebaTa mnaxveli gaocebas mainc ver dafaravs, roca Zvel

kairoSi, salah salimis prospeqtze, ramdenime kilometrze gadaWimul Zvel sasaf-

laos – didsa da mcire karafas – Cauvlis gverdiT. aq ganisvenebs Sua saukuneebis

egviptis politikuri da kulturuli elita. did karafaze islamis adreuli xani-

dan XVI saukunemde gardacvlilebma hpoves samudamo bina. mcire karafaze ZiriTad-

ad osmalTa xanis, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis, saflavebia. aq yovel nabijze saflavis qve-

bad qceula qveynis warsuli. aq, akldamebs Soris patara qoxebSi, wynarad cxovrobs

naxevar milionamde Tanamedrove egvipteli. mSvidad Tanaarseboben miwad qceuli,

erT dros Zlierni ama qveynisani da kairos dabali fenebi.

mcire karafaze mamluqTa saflavebicaa, maT Soris – qarTveli mamluqebisa,

romlebic bedis ukuRmarTobiT moxvdnen egvipteSi.

axlo aRmosavleTis araerTi saxelmwifos

msgavsad, samxedro monobis sistema egvipte-

Sic arsebobda. mamluqTa samxedro Senaer-

Tebs vxedavT egviptis aiubian gamgebelTa

armiebSi. qarTveli da Cerqezi mamluqebi

hyavda saxelganTqmul saladins (1171-1293).

1250 wlis 1 maiss samxedro monebma, mamlu-

qebma, mokles egviptis mmarTveli aiubianTa

dinastiis ukanaskneli sulTani da Seqmnes

mamluqTa pirveli damoukidebeli sasulT-

no egvipteSi, romelmac 1517 wlamde iarseba.

1250-1382 wlebSi egviptes marTavdnen upi-

istoria

qarTveli mamluqebi egvipteSigoCa jafariZe

40

ratesad Turquli modgmis yivCaRi mamluqebi e.w. bahrelebi, xolo

1382-1517 wlebSi – upiratesad Cerqezi mamluqebi, e.w. burjelebi.

mamluqTa sasulTnos sxvadasxva eSelonSi (sulTnebis garda) iyvnen

qarTvelebic. amaze metyvelebs maTi rTuli islamuri saxelebi, ro-

melTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sityva qurji, rac arabulad qarTvels

niSnavs. maTgan yvelaze saxelovani iyo asandamur saif ad-din qurji,

romelic erTi laTinuri qronikis Tanaxmad, `iyo qristiani, Sobi-li qristiani mamisa da dedisgan, miwaze, romelsac ewodeba saqarT-velo~. XIV s-is pirvel aTwleulSi mas ekava maRali Tanamdebobebi

sasulTnoSi. misi aqtiuri iniciativiT da monawileobiT 1302 w. mox-

da evropel tamplierTa ordenis bazis likvidacia kunZul arvadze,

saporto qalaq tartusis maxloblad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qarT

veli mamluqi amiras wyalobiT jvarosnebma levantis sanapiroze

dakarges ukanaskneli forposti da maT sabolood amoekveTaT

fexi siriidan. is asandamur mamluqTa rigebSi warmatebiT ebrZoda

siriaSi 1299 w. SeWril ilxanTa laSqars. gardaicvala 1321 w.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani saqarTvelos arsebobis dros jer kidev

ar xdeboda qarTveli monebis didi raodenobiT dineba egvipteSi –

amis pirobebi ar arsebobda. maSin monaTvaWroba epizodur xasiaTs

atarebda. mere ki viTareba Seicvala….

XV saukunis miwurulidan didi xnis manZilze mware bedi arguna

RmerTma politikurad daSlil-daqucmacebul saqarTvelos. is ori

mrisxane mtris – osmaleTis imperiisa da sefianTa iranis piris pir

aRmoCnda. samxedro-politikurma da ekonomikurma daqveiTebam,

uTanasworo brZolam garemomcvel islamur samyarosTan, osmale-

mamluqi arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs monas, adamians, romelic vinmes mflobe-lobaSia. Sua saukuneebis islamur samyaroSi, indo-eTidan espaneTamde, far-Tod gavrcelda samxedro monobis sistema. adgilob-rivi muslimi gamgeble-bi iZendnen axalgazrda aramuslim monebs, amus-limebdnen, sagangebod amzadebdnen profesional meomrebad da samxedro saqmeSi iyenebdnen. gansa-kuTrebuli unaris mam-luqebi dawinaurdebodnen armiaSi an xelisufleba-Sic, xdebodnen muslimu-ri dinastiebis mmarTve-li elitis Semadgeneli nawili. zogjer samxedro monebi – mamluqebi Tavis xelSi iRebdnen Zalauf-lebasac da qmnidnen saku-Tar dinastiebsac.

qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

goCa jafariZe

kairo, Zveli sasaflao karafa, sadac erTmaneTs erwymis saflavebi da sacxovrebeli saxlebi.

41

Tis mier saqarTvelos sazRvao sanapiros blo-

kadam da mwvave deficitma sagareo vaWrobaSi

noyieri niadagi Seqmna saqarTveloSi monaTvaW-

robis ganviTarebisaTvis.

islami krZalavs muslimis monad gayidvas.

TviT muslimTa qveSevrdomi qristianebis da-

monebac ki akrZalulia. TiTqos osmalebisa

da yizilbaSebis Semosevebi da lekebis Tare-

Si (`lekianoba~) ara kmaroda, CvenSi qarTve-

li qristiani feodalebi sakuTar yma-glexebs

yiddnen. isini ver daicves uuflebo mSobleb-

ma, ver daicva sustma saxelmwifom da verc

eklesiam – tyveebiT movaWreTa SeCvenebiTac ki.

monaTvaWrobam, romelsac qarTvelebi `tyvis

syidvas~ eZaxdnen, saqarTveloSi uaRresad sa-

SiSi xasiaTi miiRo. saqarTvelo gaxda erT-er-

Ti mTavari donori qveyana, saidanac Sevsebas

iRebda rogorc osmaleTis imperiis, ise sefianTa iranis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.

osmaleTis imperiaSi didi moTxovna iyo cocxal saqonelze: rogorc mamakaceb-

ze – `sazarbazne xorcze~, ise lamaz qalebze – osmalo didebulTa haremebisTvis.

qarTveli monebis didi nawili iyideboda egvipteSic, romelic 1517 wels daipyro

osmaleTis sulTanma selim I-ma da Tavis safaSod aqcia. osmalTa batonobis pirvel

saukuneebSi egviptes ganagebda sulTnis mier 1-2 wliT daniSnuli osmalo faSa, ro-

melic eyrdnoboda divans, sabWos – sakanonmdeb-

lo da aRmasrulebel organos. faSa xelmZRvane-

lobda egvipteSi dislocirebul Svid samxedro

korpuss, maT Soris mamluqTa korpussac. imis-

Tvis, rom loialuri gaexadaT, osmalebi aZlevd-

nen mamluqTa Tavkacebs sanjak-begis an, mokled,

begis (beis) samxedro rangs. XVII saukuneSi mamlu-

qebi daeuflnen mniSvnelovan administraciul da

samxedro poziciebs yvela doneze. paralelurad

sustdeboda osmalo faSas Zalaufleba. XVI-XVII

ss-Si qarTveli monebi TandaTan gamoCndnen Svid

samxedro korpusSi, gansakuTrebiT ianiCarTa So-

ris, romelsac upiratesoba hqonda sxvebTan Se-

darebiT.

egvipteSi gayidul ymawvils iZenda romelime

mamluqi didebuli, romelic misTvis xdeboda

yvelaze axlobeli adamiani, patroni, mama, xolo

masTan erTad SeZenili sxva monebi – misi Zmebi. mo-

nas amuslimebdnen, aswavlidnen islamis normebs,

istoria

selim I

suleiman aRa anafis sasaxle

42

arabulsa da Turquls da, rac mTavaria, samxedro saqmes. is yalib-

deboda ubadlo mxedrad da SesaniSnav meomarad. ukve mowifuls,

wver-ulvaSi rom amouvidoda, patroni monobidan aTavisuflebda

da iwyeboda faTerakebiT aRsavse misi cxovreba.

XVIII saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda qarTvel mamluqTa ra-

odenoba, maTi roli da mniSvneloba egviptis samxedro-politikur

asparezze. isini xSirad amxobdnen da qveynidan aZevebdnen xolme

osmalo faSas. aRar uxdidnen sulTans dakisrebul gadasaxadebs,

eurCebodnen osmaleTis sulTans da ibrZodnen imisTvis, rom os

maleTisgan CamoeSorebinaT egvipte. am saukuneSi 6 qarTveli mam-

luqi begi ganagebda am qveyanas. esenia:

muhamed beg katamiSi – egviptis faqtobrivi gamgebeli XVIII s-is

30-ian wlebSi, romelic mokles 1736 wels. is iyo pirveli qarTveli,

romelmac sakuTari saxli (baiT) daafuZna egvipteSi. aseTi saxle-

bi, romlebSic patronis ojaxis wevrebi erTiandebodnen, Sediod-

nen agreTve nayidi mamluqebi da Zalze xSirad patronis moadgile

(qaTxuda, qaSifi) mamluqi xdeboda saxlis meTauri da ara patronis

vaJi.

ibrahim qaTxuda alkazdaRli, kazdaRlis saxlis meTauri da

ianiCarTa korpusis xelmZRvaneli, egviptis gamgebeli 1749-1754

wlebSi. ibrahim qaTxuda flobda manamde arnaxul Zalauflebas,

romlis drosac kairosa da egvipteSi ar iyo amboxebebi, sufevda

simSvide, xolo provinciebSi – sayovelTao uSiSroeba. egvipte-

li mematianis al-jabarTis daxasiaTebiT ki, `is iyo Wkviani, eSma-


suleiman aRa anafis sasaxle

qaTxuda an qahia niSnav-da moadgiles. is rangiT meore piri iyo egvipte-Si dislocirebul iani-CarTa korpusSi, faq-tobrivad ki korpusis xelmZRvaneli.

kazdaRlis saxli daa-fuZna XVII s-is bolos anatolielma Turqma mustafam kazdaRidan. mis saxlSi araerTi qarT-veli iyo da sabolood XVIII s-Si moxda misi gaqarT veleba. sityva alkazdaRli miuTiTebs kuTvnilebas am saxli-sadmi.

43

ki, moxer xebuli, rbili da imavdroulad

sastiki, mowyale, guluxvi, didsulovani,

momTmeni, gambedavi, mamaci da SorsmWvrete-

li~. ibrahim qaTxuda iZenda mraval mamlu-

qs, romelTa Soris umetesoba qarTveli

iyo. swored misi qarTveli mamluqebi da am

mamluqTa qarT veli mamluqebi ganagebdnen

egviptes XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi.

saxelganTqmuli ali beg alqabiri

(didi), afxazeTSi dabadebuli qarTveli

mRvdli s, daviTis, vaJi, qristianobaSi iose-

bi, 14 wlisa SeiZina ibrahim qaTxudam romlis

karzec dawinaurda. is gaxda Saix albala

di (rac iyo umaRlesi Tanamdeboba mamluqTa oligarqiaSi) da egviptis gamgebeli

1768-1772 wlebSi. ali begis garemocvaSi bevri qarTveli da qristiani iyo. am dros

mamluqTa oligarqiaSi – BbeiliqaTSi asaxeleben TerTmet qarTvels: cxra begsa da

ianiCarTa korpusis or xelmZRvanels. misi rva mcvelidan oTxi qarTveli iyo. ali

begi aujanyda osmaleTis sulTans, moWra sakuTari moneta, Sewyvita mis xazinaSi

gadasaxadebis gagzavna da damoukidebeli egviptis Seqmna daisaxa miznad. man sa-

fuZvlianad Searyia osmalTa batonoba egvipteSi. gamoCenili amerikeli mamlu-

qologi d. kreseliusi ali begis epoqaSi xedavs Tanamedrove egviptis fesvebs.

proosmaluri orientaciis ismail beg alqabiri, ibrahim

qaT xudas mamluqi da siZe, Saix al-baladi 1777-1778 da 1786-1791

wlebSi. man ise gaamagra kairo, rom ambobda, axla qalic rom daj-

des gamgeblad, mas veravin verafers daaklebso. gardaicvala

Savi WiriT.

egviptis Seix al-baladi ibrahim beg alqabiri (SinjikaSvi-

li) martyofeli mRvdlis vaJi, yvelaze didi figura egviptis

bolo meoTxedis istoriaSi, kaci, romelsac ar uyvarda Sida-

konfliqtebi da mSvidobianad agvarebda maT. masTan erTad 1775-

1798 wlebSi (SualedebiT) qveyanas ganagebda aseve qarTveli mu

rad begi, romelic Tbilisidan gaitaces. is jer stambolSi, mere

ki kairoSi gayides. oriveni iyvnen ali beg al-qabiris mamluqisa

da siZis muhamed beg abu-zahabis mamluqebi.

erekle II-is elCi manuCar kaWkaWiSvili, romelic 1786 wels ewvia egviptes da Sexv-

da mamluqTa oligarqias – ibrahimisa da murad begis mimdevrebs, Tvrameti mamlu-

qi begidan, romlebic aujanydnen osmaleTis sulTans, ibrahimisa da muradis gar-

da, ixseniebs kidev aT qarTvels. garda amisa, XVIII s. bolo aTwleulSi qarTvelebi

iyvnen martyofeli selimi – ianiCarTa korpusis aRa, rangiT mesame piri egviptis

xelmZRvanelobaSi, gvarad ZananaSvili; sulaiman aRa anafi, aseve martyofeli,

gvarad knotiSvili, ibrahim begis mamidaSvili, misi moadgile da imavdroulad

kairos zarafxanis gamge da sxv.

istoria

mamluqi murad begi

ali begis, ismail begisa da ibrahim qaTxudas saflavebi

44

ukve Tanamedroveebi bevr tyuil-marTals werdnen

mamluqTa Sesaxeb. magram yvelas gadaaWarba frangma gan-

manaTlebelma konstantin-fransua volneim, romelic

1783 wlis damdegs estumra egviptes. man Tavisi mogzau-

robis Sesaxeb dawera sakmaod tendenciuri wigni, rom-

liTac napoleon bonaparte ecnoboda egviptes, vidre

dalaSqrav da mas 1798 wels. volnei werda, rom `mamlu-

qebs, romlebsac Zalze adreul asakSi yidian, iSviaTad Tu

axsovT TavianTi warmomavloba an TavianTi qveyana; anda

Tu axsovT, malaven amas...~

volneis, romelmac arc Turquli icoda da arc arabu-

li da zedapiruli urTierToba hqonda mamluqebTan, xSi-

rad eSleboda da mcdar informacias awvdida mkiTxvels.

bevri mamluqis qarTul warmomavlobaze werdnen egvipte-

li mematiane al-jabarTi, levanteli komersanti, berZeni

saviura luziniani, danieli karsten niburi, erekle II-is

elCi – qarTveli manuCar kaWkaWiSvili da sxv. es informa-

cia am avtorebma miiRes sakuTriv mamluqTagan, romlebmac volneis mtkicebis mi-

uxedavad, kargad icodnen saidan iyvnen da ar malavdnen TavianT warmomavlobas.

SeiZleba warmovidginoT kairos monaTa bazarze gasuli qarTveli mamluqi be-

gebi, romlebic monebis SeZenis dros upiratesobas Tanamemamuleebs aniWebdnen,

Tundac imitom, rom mSobliur enaze dalaparakebodnen maT, Tundac imitom, rom

Semdeg aseve mSobliur enaze raime saidumlo gaendoT maTTvis.

volnei werda, rom mamluqebs, `erTmaneTisTvis ucxoebs, ar gaaCndaT is buneb-

rivi kavSirebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo danarCeni kacobriobisaTvis~. frangma

mogzaurma maT uwoda xalxi mSoblebisa da Svilebis gareSe, `visTvisac warsulma

araferi gaakeTa da visac arc Tavad gaukeTebia raime momavlisTvis~.


murad begis sasaxle

mamluqebis SeiaraReba, XVI s.

45

magram es ase ar iyo... jer erTi, isini ibrZodnen egviptis

damoukideblobisaTvis da meorec, qarTveli mamluqebi ar

iviwyebdnen arc mSoblebsa da arc axloblebs saqarTveloSi.

ali beg al-qabirma daavala Tavis erTgul qarTvel mam-

luqs ali beg at-tantavis afxazeTSi moeZebna da egvipteSi

Caeyvana Tavisi mama, mRvdeli daviTi, romelmac Tan alis

dac da meore disSvili waiyvana.

1776 wels ismail begs da sxva qarTvel mamluq begebs mSob-

lebi ewvivnen kairoSi. 1778 wels ibrahim beg Sinjika Svilma

Zma da siZe miipatiJa egvipteSi. maSasadame, mamluqebs arc

mSoblebi daviwyebiaT da arc dedmamiSvilebi. ara marto

axsovdaT, aramed zrunavdnen kidec maTze! asaCuqrebd-

nen da samSobloSi abrunebdnen. egviptel murad aRas Zma

estumra egvipteSi, romelsac ukan dabruneba Seugvianda.

amis gamo muradma gorel feodals, Tavis yofil batons,

oTar amilaxvars werilobiT moubodiSa da SesTxova: `axla

es aris Cveni Txovna, rom Cemi bermama da Cemi Zmebi Tqven

safarvelqveS gaaZlebinoT. Cemi bermama da Cemi Zmebi

gebralebodeT, Tqveni gultkbiloba iyos magaTzeda~.

suleiman aRa anafi erekle II-s sTxovda, rom misi Zma ivane solomon avaliSvilis

ymobidan gamoeyvana da samefo ymad gadaeyvana, raTa ukeTes pirobebSi ecxovra,

Tavisi qveynidan da saqristianodan rom ar gadakarguliyo. imave TxovniT iSuamd-

gomla erekles winaSe ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilma, romelsac ivane knotiSvili da,

Sesabamisad, suleiman aRac mamidaSvilebad ergeboda.

martyofSi, SinjikaSvilebis ubanSi, dRemde dgas koSki, romelic adre lekebis

TareSisgan icavda sofels. is ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilis mier egviptidan gamogzav-

nili fuliTaa agebuli. man, muslimma, fuli imisTvisac gamogzavna martyofSi,

rom iq eklesia aeSenebinaT. Seebrala moxuci deda, romelsac salocavad sxvagan

siaruli uWirda.

qarTvel mamluqebs guli im Tanamemamuleebzec SestkiodaT, monebad rom iyi de-

bodnen egvipteSi. vinc sxvadasxva mizeziT maT rigebSi ver moxvdeboda, ukan ab ru-

nebdnen da sagzao xarjebsac aZlevdnen. amas werda suleiman aRa anafi erekle II-s.

mamluqebi Zalze xSirad erTi Taobis warCinebulebi iyvnen. mamluqis vaJi, Cveu-

lebriv, mamluqi ar xdeboda, politikur cxovrebaSi ar monawileobda da amitom

arc mematianeebi iCendnen mis mimarT yuradRebas. Tumca, saerTo wesidanac arse-

bobda gamonaklisi. TavisuflebaSi dabadebuli da begebis xarisxSi aRzevebuli

mamluqTa vaJebic arian cnobili. Tundac ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilis vaJi marzuki.

1811 wlis 1 marts is kairos citadelSi muhamed ali faSas mier mowyobil mamluqTa

xocva-JletaSi moyva. Wirisuflebs eSinodaT daxocilTa gvamebTan misvla. es mar-

to marzukis qarTvelma dedam gabeda. Svili amoicno da faSas nebarTviT adamia-

nurad dakrZala. mere es ambavi zemo egvipteSi ltolvil ibrahim begs Seatyobines.

istoria

SinjikaSvilebis koSki martyofSi

46

al-jabarTi wers, Tu rogor ganicada man

Svilis sikvdili. xanSi Sesuli ibrahimi

sudanSi gadaixvewa da 1816 wlis damdegs

movi da kairoSi misi sikvdilis ambavi. mis-

ma qarTvelma colma isev muhamed ali fa-

Sasgan gamoiTxova nebarTva, qmris cxedari

gadmoasvena da vaJiSvilis gverdiT dakr-

Zala kairoSi. Turme col-qmruli siyva-

rulic yofila mamluqebSi, rom araferi

vTqvaT Svilebis siyvarulze.

egvipteSi moxvedrili qarTveli monebi

muslimdebodnen da arabulsa da Turquls

euflebodnen. amave dros qarTulsac ar

iviwyebdnen. magram adreul asakSi gayi-

dulT qarTuli wera-kiTxva ar ecodinebodaT. roca saqarTveloSi werilebs ag-

zavnidnen, uWirdaT kargi mwerlis monaxva. `ukacravaT nu CamomarTmevT, am wignSi

Tu met-naklebi eweros, misiras (anu egvipteSi – g.j.) kargi mwerali ar ariso~ –

ubodiSebda Tavis werilSi mamluqi murad aRa oTar amilaxvars.

colebs bevri monaTa bazarze arCevda, qarTvels an Cerqezs. darwmunebuli var,

rom qarTveli dedebis wyalobiT, mamluqTa STamomavlebs, pirvel Taobas mainc,

qarTuli aucileblad ecodinebodaT.

samSoblodakarguli gamuslimebuli qarTveli mamluqebi islamis normebiT

akrZaluli Rvinis smas ar eridebodnen. murad begs Tavis sasaxleSi SesaniSnavi ve-

naxi (maRlari) hqonda, ramac ganacvifra frangebi. darwmunebuli var, is Rvinosac

wuravda. rusi oficeri pleSCeevi ixseniebs ali begis erT mamluqs, mxiarul qarT-

vel zul fikar begs, romelic islamuri akrZalvis miuxedavad, siamovnebiT svamda

kviprosul Rvinos da mere SezarxoSebuli mReroda kidec.

egvipte-ruseTis diplomatiuri urTierTobebis saTaveebTan swored qarTve-

li mamluqebi idgnen. XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi osmalTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebas rom

apirebdnen, aleqsandriaSi ruseTi konsulis tonusis orWofuli qceva ar moswon-

daT da imperator ekaterine II-s Txoves, iseTi konsuli `ganewesebinaT~ aleqsand-

riaSi, `maTi qveynisa rom iyo da maTi ena icoda~.

da mainc, ra iyo samSoblo qarTveli mamluqebisTvis?

samSoblo maTTvis, upirveles yovlisa, iyo is sofeli da is mxare, sadac dai-

badnen da fexi aidges. im dros, adreul asakSi, qarTveli biWunebidan cotas Tu

eqneboda saSualeba Tavisi soflis gareT gasuliyo. mSobliuri patara sofe-

li, patara kuTxe samudamod aRibeWdeboda mamluqTa cnobierebaSi. amasTan iyo

`didi saqarTveloc~, romlis ambebi, sxvadasxva oficialuri da araoficialuri

wyaroebiT, mamluqTa oligarqiam kargad icoda; erekle II-sTan da mis SvilebTan


mamluqTa Jleta kairos citadelSi 1811 wels

47

axlo urTierToba hqonda da maTgan iRebda mfarvelo-

bas axloblebisTvis saqarTveloSi mamluqTa elita. So-

reuli samSoblo da Tundac sakmaod Soreuli warsuli

mudmivad axsenebda Tavs mamluqebs da bevrs ukan dab-

runebis survils aRuZravda.

xsenebulma selim aRa ZananaSvilma, ibrahim Sinjika-

Svilis Tanasoflelma, saqarTveloSi mamuli SeiZina.

viRac xelmrudeni mis dapatronebas Seecadnen. egvip-

tidan saqarTveloSi gamogzavnil werilSi selimi

Seecada namusze Seegdo isini: `Tqven Cems mamulSi ra

xeli gaqvT, iqneba RmerTma xeli momimarTos da mec

Cems qveyanaSi mosvla meRirsos~.

1765 wels erekle II-m gamosca kanoni, romliTac tyve-

obidan dabrunebuli saqarTveloSi Tavisufali xdeboda. maSin bevri dabrunda

ukan, maT Soris egvipteSi gayidulebic. magram umetesobas es ar eRirsa.

veRar ixila murad aRam verc Zma da verc bermama. 1799 wlis 24 Tebervals an-

tifranguli saqmianobisTvis mas Tavi mohkveTes kairos citadelSi. arc selim

aRa ZananaSvils moumarTa xeli RmerTma. 1811 wels muhamad alis risxvas sudanSi

gaeqca ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilTan erTad da iq aResrula. suleiman aRa anafi imaze

zrunav da, rom misi Zma saqristianodan ar dakarguliyo, xolo TviTon egvipteSi

gardaicvala. Zvel kairoSi, abajias ubanSi gadavawydi mis mier aSenebul saswav-

lebels da meCeTs, sadac misi saflavicaa. iqve misi vaJiSvilic ganisvenebs. egvipte-

Si dabadebuls saqarTvelo, albaT, mamis naambobidan Tu ecodineboda...

suleiman aRas saflavis garda zogierTi sxva qarTveli mamluqis saflavic

SemorCa kairoSi. imam allaisis quCaze, egviptis gamgebel muhamed ali faSas oja-

xis didebuli saZvalis maxloblad, erTmaneTis gverdiT ganisveneben ibrahim qaT-

xuda, ali beg al-qabiri da ismail beg al-qabiri. 2000 wlis 10 ianvars am stiqonebis

avtorma, im dros saqarTvelos saelCos despanma da saqarTvelos elCma prof. apo-

lon silagaZem TiTqmis 250 wlis Semdeg pirvelad qarTvelTagan mivakvlieT maT

samudamo gansasveneblebs da yvavilebiT SevamkeT isini.

sxvebs naklebad gaumarTlaT. piramidebis brZolaSi daRupulebs albaT erTi

saZmo sasaflao gauTxares, xolo nilosis gadacurvis dros damxrCvlebi niange-

bisa da Tevzebis lukma gaxdnen. 1775 wels ibrahim begma (SinjikaSvilma) winaswar

gaimzada akldama egviptis mamluqTa sulTan kait beis mavzoleumis gverdiT. mag-

ram dRegrZeli aRmoCnda – 1814 an 1815 w. gardaicvala devnilobaSi, sudanSi, da

misi saflavi sxvam gamoiyena. bevri veZebe Zvel kairoSi, mcire karafaze, mamluqTa

sasaflaoze, sudanidan gadmosvenebuli ibrahimisa da misi vaJis saflavebi, magram

amaod. JamTasvlam warxoca isini.

1800 wlis 7 aprils Savma Wirma imsxverpla ibrahim begis TanammarTveli murad

begi. Tbilisis midamoebSi dabadebuli zemo egvipteSi, sohajSi cnobili RvTisme-

tyvelis imam arifis gverdiT, erT-erT meCeTSi dakrZales. muradis colma, ̀ mamlu-

istoria

napoleonis mamluqebi

48

qTa dedad~ wodebulma qarTvelma

na fisam, yvelaze saxelganTq mulma

qal batonma XVIII saukunis bolo

meoTxedis egviptis istoria-

Si, qmris ga d mosveneba ganizraxa

kairo Si da akldamac ki moamzada

mis Tvis, ibrahim qaTxudas mavzo-

leumis gverdiT, magram Canafiqri

ver ganaxorciela. gava dro da 1816

wlis 25 aprils qmris adgilze dakr-

Zalaven mas. rac Seexeba muradis

saflavs, 2006 wlis oqtomberSi

kinojgufTan (reJisori merab koko-

CaSvili) erTad sagangebod gavemg-

zavre sohajSi, magram misi saflavi

aRar moinaxa, JamTasvlam aRgava pirisagan miwisa. samagierod, kairoSi, gizas ubnis

mTavari quCa, sadac zooparki da botanikuri baRia, iq, sadac odesRac muradis sa-

saxle idga, dResac muradis saxels atarebs.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijna tragikuli aRmoCnda mamluqebisTvis. zogi 1798-1801

wlebSi napoleon bonapartes winaaRmdeg brZolebSi daiRupa, zogi Savma Wirma Sei-

wira da zogsac egviptis faSam kairos citadelSi RalatiT mouRo bolo.

frangebis eqspansia egvipteSi, romelic

1798 wlis zafxulSi daiwo, miznad isaxavda am

qveynis aneqsias da yvelaze mokle saxmeleTo

gzis gaWras indoeTisken, romelic safrange-

Tis mTavari metoqis – inglisis kolonia iyo.

frangTa armia ricxobrivad aRemateboda mam-

luqebs, hqonda kargi SeiaraReba, gansakuTre-

biT – artileria da xelmZRvanelobda yvela

drois erT-erTi SesaniSnavi mxdarTmTavari –

napoleon bonaparte, romelmac kargad icoda

mamluqTa qarTuli warmomavloba. ̀ piramidebis

brZolis~ saxeliT cnobil generalur brZola-

Si (sof. inbabasTan, dRes kairos centrSi) man

daamarcxa mamluqebi da daikava kairo.

miuxedavad gamarjvebisa, napoleonze didi

STabWdileba moaxdina mamluqTa mxedrobam.

is werda: `mamluqTa muzaradze mbrwyinavi

mzis Suqi gansakuTrebul elfers aZlevda am

SesaniS nav mxedrobas… mamluqis guladoba da

simarjve Cvens aRfrTovanebas iwvevda. igi Se-

sisxlxorcebuli iyo Tavis cxenTan, romel-


kairoSi gizas ubnis mTavari quCa, romelic dResac muradis saxels atarebs

nafisa xaTunis saflavi kairoSi 49

ic TiTqos grZnobda mamluqis yovel survilsa da gulisTqmas; majaze Camobmuli

xmliT, igi zedized daclida xolme Tavis muSkets, 4 dambaCas, gverdidan Cauq-

rolebda mowinaaRmdegis razms da gasaocari siswrafiT da simarjviT SeiWreboda

mis rigebSi~.

napoleoni aRniSnavda, rom mamluqTa jarSi ibrZodnen arabi momTabareebic,

romlebic mxolod maSin utevdnen frangebs, roca oTxi mamluqi erT frangze

modioda. mamluqebi ki piriqiT, yovelTvis agdebulad uyurebdnen frangebs. na-

poleonma aRiara, rom ukeT momzadebuli erTi mamluqi amarcxebda erT frangs,

xolo as mamluqs hqonda Sansi gaemarjva as frangTan brZolaSi. magram oras-oras

kaciani razmebis Sejaxebisas gamarjvebis Sansi ukve frangebis mxareze iyo. bur-

Juaziuli safrangeTis armiis samxedro organizacia didad aRemateboda mamluq-

Ta feoda lu ri laSqrisas. miuxedavad amisa, mamluqTa samxedro xelovnebam ise

moxibla napoleoni, rom Tavad Seqmna korpusi mamluqebisa, romlebic Tan waiyvana

safrangeTSi 1799 wlis agvistoSi. maT rigebSi Wabuki qarTveli mamluqebis mcire-

ricxovani jgufic iyo. isini monawileobdnen evropaSi napoleonis yvela samxedro

kampaniaSi. maTgan yvelaze metad Tavi gamoiCina TbilisSi dabadebulma, saarakod

mamacma Sahinma, pirvelma mamluqma, romelmac safrangeTis sapatio legionis or-

deni daimsaxura austerlicis brZolaSi.

tragikulad dasrulda mamluqTa batonoba egvipteSi. 1811 wlis 1 marts egvip-

tis gamgebelma muhamed alim kairos citadelis sasaxleSi miipatiJa qalaqSi dis-

locirebuli ricxobrivad SeTxelebul mamluqTa 480-kaciani razmi. miRebis

Semdeg mamluqebi qalaqSi gasasvlelad citadelis karibWisgan daiZrnen da iq

galavnis kedlebze ganlagebulma muhamed alis albanelma meomrebma maT zarbazni-

sa da Tofis cecxli gauxsnes. gadarCa mxolod erTi mamluqi – saxelad hasani, ro-

melic citadelis kedlidan cxeniT, didi simaRlidan gadaxta Zirs da Tavi Seafara

sirias. mere muhamed alis brZanebiT gaJlites kairoSi mcxovrebi mamluqebi, rom-

lebic adre Camoscildnen samxedro saqmes. gadarCenilebma sudans Seafares Tavi,

istoria

brZola piramidebTan, 1798 wlis 21 ivlisi

50

sadac dongolasTan mcire teritoria daipyres da gaWirve-

biT irCendnen Tavs. maT Soris iyvnen ibrahim begi da selim

aRa ZananaSvili. muhamed alim arc iq moasvena isini da maT wi-

naaRmdeg didi armia gagzavna. mamluqTa umetesoba brZolaSi

daeca da mogvianebiT, sruli morCilebis pirobiT, mciredni

Tu Seiwyala faSam.

muhamed ali faSam, romelmac gaanadgura mamluqTa sam-

xedro organizacia, daindo axalgazrda monebi (maT Soris

araerTi qarTvelic), romlebic mis samsaxurSi Cadgnen da

monawileobdnen muhamed alis TaosnobiT axali egviptis mSe-

neb lobaSi. im damoukidebeli egviptisa, romlis safuZvel-

sac XVIII saukunis II naxevris mTel manZilze qmnidnen qarTve-

li mamluqebi.

didi xnis win erTi qarTveli Jurnalisti gulistkiviliT

werda samSoblodan iZulebiT gayvanili da Sindaubrunebeli

qarTvelebis Sesaxeb – sad wavidneno Cveni biWebi.… es sityvebi

mudam maxsenebda Tavs, roca oTxi aTeuli weli axlo aRmosav-

leTis gzebze davdiodi da uneburad warmovidgendi XVI-XVIII

saukuneebSi stambolis bazrebze gayidul qarTvel gogo-bi-

Webs, samudamod rom dakarges mSobliuri kera da gaiTqvifnen

sam kontinentze gadaWimuli osmaleTis imperiis mravaleTni-

kur mosaxleobaSi, maT Soris – egvipteSi. arcTu iSviaTad

kairos quCebSi SexvdebiT xolme adamianebs, romelTac qarT-

velebisgan ver gamoarCevT. maT ZarRvebSi albaT saqarT-

velodan gayidul qarTvelTa sisxli Cqefs.


hasani, 1811 wlis 1 martis Jletas gadarCenili erTaderTi mamluqi, xteba citadelis kedlidan

napoleoni kairoSi

51

qartveli mamluqebi egviptesisic, xdebodnen muslimu-ri dinastiebis mmartve-li elitis semadgeneli...

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