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PÖYRY FINLAND OYJAAKONKATU 3, P.O.BOX, FI-01621 VANTAA, FINLANDDIRECT +358 10 33 [email protected] © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENTAUTOMATION ENGINEERING AT PÖYRY 14.03.2016
MARCH 15, 2016IPP FINLAND, AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL 2
• Pulp mill projects• Paper mill projects• Chemical mill projects• Rebuild projects• Relocation projects• Maintenance design
• Finnish (native), English, German
• Over 20 years of experience in automation projects in various positions
• Process control engineering, Automation engineering management, Automation procurement,Instrumentation, Control engineering, Factory acceptance tests (FAT), Instrument installationsupervision, Field engineering, Commissioning and start up services
• Studies, Automation investment cost estimates, Maintenance design
Know-how of our People
CV of Automation and Electrical Department Manager
Heikki Jääskeläinen, tel: +358 40 835 7661Department Manager, Automation and Electrical, Engineering Centre, FinlandB.Sc. Helsinki institute of Technology, Network Engineering
Consultancy experience
Areas of expertise
Languages
Relevant projectexperience
Onnellisimmat ammatitTime-lehti listasi ammatteja, joissa ihmiset ovat onnellisimmillaan. Tässä viisi ammattia,joissa ihminen on onnellisimmillaan:
· 1. Rehtori– Oppilaiden mielestä rehtori saattaa olla pelottava ja etäinen, mutta rehtoreina työskentelevät
henkilöt nauttivat työstään. Rehtorit kehuvat erityisesti kollegoiden välisiä suhteita jakannustavaa työilmapiiriä.
· 2. Keittiömestari– Keittiömestarit tuntevat onnellisuutta työstään. Keittiömestarin työssä on mahdollisuus
luovuuteen ja oman vision toteuttamiseen, työ on melko itsenäistä.· 3. Lainaneuvottelija
– Pitkät työpäivät kilpailullisessa työympäristössä ja kannustava palkkaus motivoivatlainaneuvottelijoita.
· 4. Automaatioinsinööri– Automaatioinsinööreinä työskentelevät ihmiset arvostavat sitä, kun he voivat auttaa muita
ihmisiä.· 5. Tutkimusassistentti
– Tutkimusassistentit kokevat tyydytystä siitä, että saavat nähdä tutkimusten ja testaustentuloksia. Onnellisuutta lisää myös itsenäisen työskentelyn mahdollisuus.
Lähde: Time, Talouselämä
MARCH 15, 2011EC FINLAND, AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL 3
COMPANY PRESENTATION
March 2016
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
STARTED AS A ONE MAN’S DREAM…
PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION
“Being close to customers, employing talented people andexecuting projects perfectly has been our formula for success for
over 50 years.”
Dr. Jaakko Pöyry, Founder1924 – 2006
Dr. Jaakko Pöyry, Founder1924 – 2006
“Being close toclients, employing
talented people andexecuting projectsperfectly has been
our formula forsuccess.”
MARCH 20165
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
Clients
UniqueLifecyclePartner
UniqueLifecyclePartner
LocalRelation-
ships
LocalRelation-
ships
World-class
expertise
World-class
expertise
TODAY DELIVERING CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING GLOBALLY
Pöyry is an international consulting andengineering company, dedicated toserving clients across the world’s energyand industrial sectors
· 6,000 experts· 10,000+ projects delivered annually· Solid track record in pulp and paper· Leading hydro and power market engineers· EUR 575 million net sales in 2015
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 6
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING POWER HOUSE
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 7
Connecting deep insight and competence across our selected sectors
• Forest IndustryManagement Consulting
• Hydropower• Renewable Energy• Thermal Power• Nuclear Energy
• Transmission &Distribution
• Energy ManagementConsulting
• Pulp & Paper• Chemicals & Biorefining• Mining & Metals
• Transportation• Water• Real Estate (Buildings)
ENERGY
INDUSTRY
INFRASTRUCTURE
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
PROJECT LIFECYCLE SERVICES
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 8
Operations supportOperational Improvement
O&M ManagementOutsourced Operations
Project implementationSite Supervision
Project / ConstructionManagement
EPCMEPS / EPC
Engineering servicesTechnical ConsultingConceptual DesignBasic EngineeringDetailed Engineering
Management consultingStrategyMarketsTransactionsOperational ExcellenceBiofutures
Consulting. Engineering. Projects. Operations
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
EXCHANGING INSIGHT AND KNOWLEDGE
· Understanding the big picture – megatrends affecting the businessenvironment
· Experts connected through a global network – insight of the local conditions
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 9
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MANAGEMENT CONSULTING
7 Global Management Consulting Practices:
· Energy Market Analysis and Design· Energy Companies· Forestry, Biomass and Wood Industry· Biorefining, Paper and Packaging· BioFutures· Operational Excellence· Transactions
Providing strategic advice across the valuechain underpinned by deep expertise, marketinsight and understanding
PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATIONMARCH 2016
10
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ENERGY
4 Global Competence Lines:
· Hydropower· Thermal Power & Renewable Energy· Nuclear Energy· Transmission & Distribution
Providing clients with clean and effectiveenergy solutions
Strong track record in designing andimplementing complex energy projectsinvolving innovative technologies
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 11
Consulting. Engineering. Projects. Operations
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY
INDUSTRY
2 Global Competence Lines:
· Pulp & Paper· Chemicals & Biorefining
Strong track record in forest industry,expanding services in chemicals &biorefining
Broad service offering; delivering solutionsfor complex new investment projects andrebuilds of existing plants
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 12
Consulting. Engineering. Projects. Operations
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REGIONAL OPERATIONS – DELIVERING TO CLIENTS LOCALLY
· Broad range of engineering, technicaladvisory and environmental services
· Delivered across energy, industry,transportation and water sectors
· Experts understanding specific localsituation, underpinned by globalcompetence and insight
· Multi-domestic presence and officeslocated in easy reach of client’s operations
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 13
Consulting. Engineering. Projects. Operations
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LOCAL PRESENCE
MARCH 2016PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION 14
· 5 Regions– Northern Europe– Central Europe– Asia-Pacific– North America– Latin America
· 7 Key Countries– Finland – Austria– Sweden – Thailand– Germany – Brazil– Switzerland
COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY PÖYRY - COMPANY PRESENTATION
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
GlobalCompetence Lines
RegionalBusiness Lines
StrategicAdvisory
ManagementConsulting
Energy Industry Regional Operations
Strategic adviceand transaction
support forselected sectors
Engineering for complex processes,feasibility studies and process based
technology
Broad range of servicescovering engineering and
technical advisory
World’s capital andresource intensive
industries
Competence driven global business insectors with attractive opportunities
Generic offering in selectedkey countries
MARCH 201615
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OUR VISION
MARCH 2016PÖYRY HEXA IMAGES 16
Our vision is to be the trusted partner, delivering smartsolutions through connected teams.
Consulting. Engineering. Projects. Operations.www.poyry.com
AUTOMATION ENGINEERING
AUTOMATION ENGINEERING AT PÖYRY14 March 2016Heikki Jääskeläinen
COPYRIGHT © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
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AUTOMATION ENGINEERING AT PÖYRY
· We provide– Pre-engineering for an Investment– Basic Automation Engineering– Detail Automation Engineering– Commissioning and Site Services– Energy efficiency studies– Measurement services– Operational efficiency services– Maintenance related services
· For– Green field new investments– Brown field new investments– Production line rebuilds– Production line relocations– System upgrades
PÖYRY FINLAND OY, ENERGY PROJECTS
AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGMARCH, 2016TUOMO HAANPÄÄ
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AUTOMATION & ELECTRIFICATION (A&E), MAIN FOCUS
· Feasibility studies and pre-engineering– A&E concept design– A&E specifications for main equipment ITT’s– Extend estimations– Cost estimations
· Implementation projects, EPCM– Management and coordination of A&E discipline in power plant projects
– Schedules– Resources– Cost and man-hour follow-up
– A&E systems and equipment procurement– ITT’s– Negotiations and tender evaluations– Contracts
– Basic engineering– Typically in “Balance of Plant” (BOP) area– Supervision in main equipment areas
– Delivery supervision– A&E packages in main equipment deliveries– A&E systems and equipment
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ENERGY PROJECTS / A&E ENGINEERING 22
AUTOMATION & ELECTRIFICATION, MAIN FOCUS
– Detailed engineering– Carried out by other Pöyry units (Tampere, Kouvola …)
– Site services– Supervision of A&E installations– Commissioning assistance→ Full EPCM package– In co-operation with other Pöyry units
· Technical advisory services (TAS)– Process automation– Control and instrumentation– Power distribution– Process electrification
· Owner’s engineering services (OE)– For power plant projects
· In conclusion →– A&E project management, basic engineering and procurement services ’in-house’– Detailed engineering for bigger implementation projects is typically carried out by other Pöyry
units
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THERMAL IN FINLAND - LOCATION AND RECENT EPCMPROJECTS
MARCH 2016ENERGY PROJECTS / A&E ENGINEERING 23
Offices· Pöyry Finland Oy, Energy (PÖYRY head office Vantaa, Imatra, Tampere)
On-going projects· Turun Seudun Energiantuotanto Oy, CHP project (Naantali, Finland)
Recent completed EPCM projects· Fortum Power and Heat CHP project, Järvenpää, Finland· Fortum SIA CHP project, Jelgava, Finland· Fortum Suomenoja 2 CCGT-CHP project, Espoo, Finland· Stora Enso Ostroleka CHP project, Ostroleka, Poland,
aka ”Narew-project”· Porin Prosessivoima CHP project, Pori, Finland· Vantaan Energia Oy, JV1-project,Vantaa, Finland· Lahti Energia Oy, KYVO2-project, Lahti, Finland· UPM Schongau Gmbh, CHP project,
Schongau, Germany· Stora Enso Maxau CHP project, Maxau, Germany· Stora Enso Langerbrugge CHP project,
Langerbrugge, Belgium· UPM Caledonian Paper mill CHP project, Scotland UK· UPM Chapelle BFB boiler plant, Chapelle Darblay, France· UPM Biofuel BF boiler plant, Shotton, Wales UK
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STAGES OF PROJECTS
Procurement of main machines
Investmentdecision
Implementationstarts
Comissioningstarts
Productionstarts
Detail engineering
MEI Installation
Production
0 14 2420
Civil Construction
Power plant 15…20 month
Paper mill 15…18 month
Bio product plant 22…26 month
Chemical Island 12…40 month
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VIRTUAL MILL
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DETAIL ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS IN A PAPER MILL PROJECT
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PRE-ENGINEERINGCOPYRIGHT © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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PRE-ENGINEERING
· Conceptual study· Pre-study· Pre-engineering· Basic engineering· Pre-feasibility study· Feasibility study· Extended feasibility study· Main study· Front end engineering
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PRE-ENGINEERING
· The basic solutions for mill automation– automation and IT design criteria– systems : DCS, QCS, WIS, other systems– level of the automation : field devices– the basic solutions for implementation : cabling techniques
· Size and locations of automation and control rooms (space reservations)· Calculation of investment for automation· In some cases also part of the basic engineering is done during the pre-engineering
– Instructions and standards for procurement and engineering
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ISA 95 FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHY OF ACTIVITIES
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THE BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR MILL AUTOMATION
· Level 4: Business Planning and Logistics– Applications for Sales and Distribution– Applications for Materials Management and Purchasing– Applications for Maintenance– Applications for Financial Management– Applications for Human Resources Management and Payroll– Applications for Information Management, Data Warehousing– Applications for Collaboration
· Level 3: Manufacturing Operations Management– Production Management (PPMS)– Process Information Management (PIMS)– Dynamic Asset Management (AMS)– Document Management
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THE BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR MILL AUTOMATION
· Level 2: Monitoring, Supervisory and Automated Control– Distributed Control System (DCS)– Machine Control Systems (MCS)– Supervisory Quality Controls
– Quality Control System (QCS), Web Inspection System (WIS), Web Monitoring System(WMS), Machine Monitoring System (MMS),…
– Product Management, Warehouse and Logistics Systems– Physical Access Control System (PACS)
· Level 1: Sensing and Manipulating the Production Processes– Sensors and Transmitters– Final Control Elements, Remote-operated Control and On-off Valves– Discrete Switches– Analyzers
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THE BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR MILL AUTOMATION
· Infrastructure and Communications– Networks– User Interface
– Control Rooms– Administrative Functions Interface– Manufacturing Operations Management User Interface– CCTV Systems
– Computing– Storaging and Back-ups– Communications
– Manufacturing Operations Management Communications– Voice Communications
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AUTOMATION AND CONTROL ROOMS
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CALCULATION OF INVESTMENT FOR AUTOMATION
· If the cost estimate accuracy is requested to be less than ±5 %, some enquiries shall beprepared;– DCS (Distributed Control System)– QCS (Quality Control System)– PIMS (Process Information Management System)– PPMS (Paper Production Management System)– ICT (Information and Communication Technology)
· Calculation is based on loop and circuit amounts and Pöyry cost files– Standard instruments– DCS– Installation
· Special instruments are listed and priced separately
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CALCULATION OF INVESTMENT FOR AUTOMATION
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CALCULATION OF INVESTMENT FOR AUTOMATION
Automaatio5 %
Electrical11 %
Others13 %
Buildings16 %Piping
7 %
Machines47 %
5% 850 MEUR = 42 MEUR
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BASIC ENGINEERINGCOPYRIGHT © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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BASIC ENGINEERING
· General Automation Engineering– Co-ordination– Engineering Instructions and Standards– Procurement Services
· Safety of Automation– Hazard and Risk Analysis– Safety Requirements Allocation– Overall Safety Requirements
· Process Control System Design (DCS)– General Process Control System Engineering– Control and System Room Design
· Field Equipment Design– Measurement and control methods– Process data acquisition– Equipment selection– Process connection design
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CO-ORDINATION
· Checking and approving of the design, drawings and documents to ensure compliancewith the set project standards and criteria
· Communication with other disciplines– Project management– Process engineering– Mechanical and piping engineering– Civil engineering– HVAC engineering– Electrical engineering– ICT engineering (under automation engineering management)
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ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS AND STANDARDS
· Automation and instrumentation in machine deliveries· Auxiliary equipment for automation and instrumentation· Automation and instrumentation design criteria· Numbering procedure for automation and instrumentation· Cable standard· General instruction for automation and instrumentation symbols and identification· Marking and name plates for automation and instrumentation· Function blocks for functional diagrams· Automation and instrumentation commissioning instructions
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AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION IN MACHINE DELIVERIES
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AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN CRITERIA
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AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN CRITERIA
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AUTOMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN CRITERIA
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PROCUREMENT SERVICES
· Technical enquiry specifications· Participation in technical and commercial tender negotiations
– Minutes of meetings· Tender evaluation and comparisons· Equipment and material specifications for purchase requisitions and orders
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TECHNICAL ENQUIRY SPECIFICATIONS
· DCS (U)· ICT infrastructure (U)· Control and on-off valves (U)· HP control valves· Magnetic flowmeters (U)· Nozzles and orifice Plates· Vortex flowmeters (U)· Mass flowmeters· Consistency transmitters and pulp sampling
valves (U)· Pressure, dP and level transmitters (U)· Temperature sensors and transmitters (U)· Refractometers· Radiometric density measurements· Radiometric level measurements· pH transmitters (U)· Conductivity transmitters (U)· Pyrometers and lime kiln scanner· Special level measurements· Smelt bed cameras
· Flue gas analysers (SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, HCl,HF, CH4, C2H4, C3H3, O2, Dust, Temperature,Flow)
· Flue gas O2 analysers· Cooking and washing liquor analysers· Kappa, brightness and residual chemicals
analysers· Boiler water analysers (SiO2, pH, Conductivity,
O2)· Pulp sheet dirt count analysers· Pulp quality analysers· Ultrasonic flowmeters· Viscosimeter· Weighbridges· Gas detectors· CCTV system (U)· Junction boxes (U)· Network cabling and installation (U)· Instrument installation (U)
· U=Unit price based frame contract
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SAFETY OF AUTOMATION
· Hazard and Risk Analysis– Hazard and risk reports
· Safety Requirements Allocation– Hazard and risk reports with the safety integrity levels (SIL)
· Overall Safety Requirements– Specification for the overall Safety requirements (Specification of SIL functions)
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PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN (DCS)
· General Process Control System Engineering– Allocation of I/O’s for loops
– I/O list (amounts)· Control and System Room Design
– Specification for control and system room requirements for layout design– Control and system room layouts– Requirements and specification of floor and ceiling openings– Requirements and specification of control and system room HVAC– Cable tray arrangement drawings in control and system rooms
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CONTROL AND SYSTEM ROOM DESIGN
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CONTROL AND SYSTEM ROOM DESIGN
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FIELD EQUIPMENT DESIGN
· Measurement and control methods– Instrumentation of process flow diagrams
– PI-diagrams– Requirements and specification for field equipment
– Selection guide of field instruments and control valves by application type· Process data acquisition
– Process data acquisition for field equipment selection and sizing– Application list for process data
· Equipment selection– Field equipment type definition
– Device standard– Sizing of flow meters and control valves
– Calculation sizing sheets– Equipment specification for loops
– Specification for equipment in loops– Calibration list– Application list
· Process connection design– Requirements and specification for mechanical engineering
– Installation instructions for field instruments in process piping and machinery– Dimensional drawings of process connections and field instruments
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INSTRUMENTATION OF PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS => PI-DIAGRAMS
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PROCESS DATA ACQUISITION
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EQUIPMENT SELECTION
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PROCESS CONNECTION DESIGN
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DETAIL ENGINEERINGCOPYRIGHT © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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DETAIL ENGINEERING
· Safety of Automation– Engineering Instructions and Standards– Risk Assessment– Safety System Design– Permit Documents and Inspections
· Process Control System Design (DCS)– General Process Control System Engineering
· Installation design– Installation Engineering– Location Design– Maintenance design
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DETAIL ENGINEERING
Process Control Design· Process Description for Process Control Design
– Alternative 1– Process description– Interlocking, group start and sequence diagrams– Functional diagrams for instrument loops– Distributed Control System DCS graphic display sketches
– Alternative 2– Process description– Loop and circuit wise functional descriptions or diagrams– Distributed Control System DCS graphic display sketches
– Alternative 3– Process description– Loop and circuit wise process description– Distributed Control System DCS graphic display sketches
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LOOP WISE FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION FOR PROCESSCONTROL DESIGN
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FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM FOR PROCESS CONTROL DESIGN
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SAFETY OF AUTOMATION
· Engineering Instructions and Standards– Implementation procedure for Safety Related Systems (SRS)
· Risk Assessment– Specification of automation in hazardous and classified areas– Participation to hazard and risk analysis– Hazard and risk analyse reports with safety integrity levels (SIL)– Functional safety requirements
· Safety System Design– Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)– Documentation and participation in FAT, SAT and lifetime tests as related to safety system design– Installation and commissioning planning– Composing the operation and the maintenance instructions as related to safety system design
· Permit Documents and Inspections– Permit documents of safety related systems– Permit documents of automation in hazardous and classified areas– Permit documents of radioactive material in automation– Compiling the required documents for verification– Verification reports handling– Participation in verification meetings with authorities
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PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN (DCS)
· General Process Control System Engineering– Specification of DCS concept– Panel, cabinet and rack layouts– Wiring diagrams for panels, cabinets and racks– Cross connection layouts– Wiring diagrams for cross connection– Allocation of applications in process stations (controllers)– Allocation of I/O’s and signals to the DCS– Allocation of field bus segments
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CROSS CONNECTION LAYOUTS
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INSTALLATION DESIGN
· Installation Engineering– Typical installation drawings and general instructions– Field box and panel layouts– Wiring diagrams of field equipment to field boxes and panels– Wiring diagrams of field bus segments– Control equipment and box lists– Cable lists– Name plate and marking lists– Application list for installation
· Location Design– Location drawings for field instruments and boxes
· Maintenance design– Loop diagrams– Collection of the operation and the maintenance instructions of instruments
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TYPICAL INSTALLATION DRAWINGS AND GENERALINSTRUCTIONS
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TYPICAL INSTALLATION DRAWINGS AND GENERALINSTRUCTIONS
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WIRING DIAGRAMS OF FIELD EQUIPMENT TO FIELD BOXES ANDPANELS
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WIRING DIAGRAMS OF FIELD EQUIPMENT TO FIELD BOXES ANDPANELS
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WIRING DIAGRAMS OF FIELD EQUIPMENT TO FIELD BOXES ANDPANELS
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ALLOCATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS IN PROCESS PIPING (3D-MODEL)
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LOCATION DRAWING
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LOOP DIAGRAMS
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SITE SERVICESCOPYRIGHT © PÖYRY FINLAND OYALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED. THIS DOCUMENTOR ANY PART THEREOF MAY NOT BE COPIED ORREPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROMPÖYRY FINLAND OY
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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SITE SERVICES
· FAT (Factory Acceptance Test) for DCS– 4 …12 weeks– Application configuration checking in simulation situation– Base parameters for control loops
· Installation supervision– 6 … 12 month
· Loop checks (SAT Site Acceptance Test)– 6 … 12 weeks– Every signal will be tested (measurements, controls, binary signals
· Test runs and commissioning– 6 … 12 weeks– Tuning of the control loops
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CAREER AT PÖYRY AUTOMATION
PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
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CAREER AT PÖYRY AUTOMATION AND IELECTRICALDEPARTMENT
· Required skills– language important: English, Swedish, Germany, Russia, Portuguese, etc.– social skills– Team player skills– Open mind– perseverance in many details– tolerance of stress
· We offered– interesting international working environment– possibilities for international career– personal and professional development– versatile project assignments (changes after 12 … 24 month)– many contacts (client, suppliers, contractors, other designers)