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6/88) atmufwGif ppftpkd;&u uruxjyKI zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwfwrf;wif&mY jynfoltusKd;udk o,fydk;aqmif&Gufrnf@ vlr_a&;tzGJ@wpfcktaejzifhom rSwfyHkwifcJhaomfvnf; wu,fhvufawG@wGifrl ppftm%m&Sif oufqdk;&Snfapa&;twGuf w&m;0ifygwDwpfcktoGif zefwD;+yD; EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk@ 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSrf;jyifae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufykdif; &efukef+rdK@/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;&Sdjynfcdkif+zdK; A[dkXmecsKyfwGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif jynfcdkif+zdK; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD;u EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh vlxkqENtay:rlwnf+yD; tzGJ@0if(22)oef;ausmf&Sdaom jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@udk EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;aumif;zGJ@pnf;rnf[k t&dyftjrGuf ajym=um;cJhonf?

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10

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qD;olrsm;tm; qef@usif=u/ EdkifiHawmf.jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmuf,SufaomjynfyEkdifiHrsm;tm; qef@usif=u/ jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsr_ef;=u [lIjzpfonf? jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;.vkyfief;onf tqdkyg tcsuf(4)csufudk udkifqGJIppftpdk;&tm; xdyg;vmolrSefor#udk tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;&efyif jzpfonf?

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touf(18)ESpftxuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyfuawmfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@wGif twif;t"rR 0ifa&mufapcJhonf?9 xdk@jyif rdom;pktzGJ@0ifrsm; jyefvnfpdppfay;onf[kqdkI &Gmol&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udkvnf; jynfckdif+zdK;toif;0if av#mufv$mrsm;udkjznfh&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJh=uonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrSm a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufoef;acgifpm&if; aumufcHonf[kqdkI jynfolvlxkudk jynfckdif+zdK;toif;odk@ vdrfvnfoGwfoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?10

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jzpfyGm;aeaom jynfwGif;ppfrsm;a=umifh jynfolvlxkrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyf. twif;t"rRay:wmqJGjcif;udk r=umc% &ifqdkifae&onf? aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifjzpfygu(odk@) jynfckdif+zdK;toif;odk@0ifa&mufygu a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif ay:wmxrf;aqmif&jcif;rS vGwf+idrf;cGifh &&Sd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh vli,ftrsm;pkonf jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifjzpf&efpdwftm;xufoefcJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf weoFm&Dwdkif;/ avmif;vHkòrd@e,f/ a&csrf;/ awmifwGif;arSmf/ jyif;awmponfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyf cr& (401)u ay:wmzrf;qD;pOfjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0if 12 OD;/ trsKd;orD; 37 OD;ESifh useftrsKd;om; 17 OD;/ pkpkaygif; 66 OD;udk zrf;qD;rdcJhonf? xdkudpPudk òrd@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u c&dkifjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@xH wdkif=um;awmif;qdkojzifh jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;ESifh trsKd;orD; 37 OD;udk jyefv$wfay;cJhonf?12

xdk@jyif jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifuwfjym;&Sdv#if rnfolrqdk EdkifiHtwGif; vGwfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmEdkifonf? toif;0ifu'fjym;udk EkdkifiHom;rSwfykHwifwckuJhodk@ tokH;jyKEdkifonf? rdom;pktzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;rsm;. aetdrfrsm;wGif ntdyfwnf;ckdv#ifvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf wnf;cdkEdkifonf?13 txl;ojzifh jynfckdif+zdK;toif;0ifu'fjym; udkifaqmifxm;jcif;a=umifh tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdolrsm;rSm jrefrm¶dk[if*smrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrm¶dk[if*smrsm;taejzifhjynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym;rsm;udk jyoEdkifygu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;wGif vGyfvyfpGm c&D;oGm;vmEdkifonf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonfh ¶dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;onf jynfwGif; c&D;oGm;vma&;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHom; pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm; r=umc% awG@}uHK&onf? xdka=umifh jynfckdif+zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym; vuf0,f&Sdjcif;onf ‚if;wdk@twGuf c&D;oGm;vma&;udk ydkrdkvG,ful acsmarG@apcJhonf?14

jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0ifrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd tdrf,mjcHajrrsm;udkvnf; tzdk;tcenf;enf;jzifh aqmufvkyfaexdkifcGifh &&Sd=uonf?15 txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;taejzifh jynfckdif+zdK;twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;. aetdrfrsm;wGif w,fvDzkef;v_dif;rsm;wyfqifay;jcif;/ (um;r&Sdaomfvnf;)wpfvv#if "gwfqD*gvH (60) xkwfay;jcif;/ EkdifiHjcm;c&D;pOfrsm;apvGwfjcif;/ pojzifhtzGJ@ 0ifr[kwfolrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeonfudk awG@&onf?16 +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK; tr_aqmifrsm; e,fajrpnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOfrsm;xGuf&mwGifvnf; jynfe,frS pufbD;rsm;ESifhqdkifu,frsm; axmufyHhay;cJhonf?17 EkdifiHjcm;c&D;pOfrsm;wGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK;tqifhqifhrS tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; vli,fa&;&mudpP&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumtawG@t}uHK &&Sda&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odk@apv$wfay;cJhonf? 1995 ckESpfrS 1997 ckESpftwGif; jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;rS toif;om; OD;a&(160)OD;udk tm&SESifh Oa&my&Sd EkdifiHaygif; (20)ausmfodk@ tacgufta&twGuftm;jzifh (65)acgufydk@aqmifapv$wfcJhonf?18

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=oZmvGrf;rdk;r_ rsm;pGm&Sdaeonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tajccHynmtqifhjzpfaom pmoifausmif; pkpkaygif; (40521)ausmif;ESifh tqifhjrifhynmtqifhjzpfaom wuUodkvfESifh aumvdyfaygif; (64)ck &Sdonf? tajccHynmtqifhwGif q&m/ q&mraygif; (240878)OD;ESifhausmif;om; ausmif;olaygif; (7783400)OD; &Sd+yD;/ tqifhjrihfynmtqifhwGif q&m/ q&mraygif;(10232)OD; ESifh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &Sdonf?19 tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;odk@ wm0efwpfcktaejzihf r0ifrae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonfudk,fydkifqENrygyJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzihf zdtm;ay;cHcJh&olrsm;jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@taejzihf toif;odk@0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcJhygu ausmif;rSxkwfypf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGJrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdkcGifh rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGJatmifrSwf jynfhrSDatmifray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh +cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfudkifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf?20

Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (3)&ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; jrif;+cHtpdk;&enf;ynmaumvdyfrS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&eftm%mydkifrsm;u zdtm;ay;+cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? c&kdif jynfcdkif+zdK;tm%mydkifrsm;. trdef@t&[kqdkum tqdkygaumvdyfrS enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0ifykHpHrsm;udk wapmifv#if (200)usyfE_ef;jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;cscJhonf? tu,fIjynfcdkif;+zdK;toif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdkygu pmar;yGJ0ifa&mufajzqdkcGifhrjyK[kvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdkcJhonf?21 tcsKd@aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdkt& jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;odk@ r0ifa&mufv#if jynfwGif;jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfhwdkufokH;pGJcGifhrsm;/ um,avhusifhcef;oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponfhtcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&_H;onf[k qdkonf?22

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ausmif;om;vli,fwpfOD;csif;pD. ynma&;qdkif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;onf jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+yD; toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk rufvHk;wpfcktaejzifh toHk;jyKcJhonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;&mwGif ynma&;ESifh c&D;oGm;vma&udpPrsm;Y vG,ful acsmarG@ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfcdkif+zdK;tm%mydkifrsm;u rufvkH;rsm;ay;cJhonf? txl;tcGifhta&;wcktaejzifh jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;wGif wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonfh jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk EdkifiH&yfjcm;odk@ ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGifhjyKrnf[k ynma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trdef@xkwfjyefcJhonf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0ifjzpf&ef qENr&Sdaomfvnf; ynma&;ESifh tjcm;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uonf?

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jref*k%fjrifhukr%Donf jynfckdif+zdK;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpfonf? 1995ckESpfqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHhydk;r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHI “jref*k%fjrifh” ukr%Dudk wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$Jay;onfh '*Hkòrd@opfajrmufydkif; yifvHk&wemaps;}uD;&Sd qdkifcef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESifh vpOfiSm;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGJESifhe0w (,ck tez)u v$Jay;onfh ajreDukef;aps;rSvnf; usyfoef; 200 &&SdcJhonf? xdk@a=umifhjynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHyd kift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufcJh&m wpfESpftwGif; usyfaiG 36 ukaÉausmfESifh qdkifcef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csDI&&SdcJJhonf?29 1995 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv jynfckdif+zdK;ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;aom


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21

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22

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rGefjynfe,f&Sd armfv+rdKif/ usKdufxdkESifh oxkH+rdK@rsm;wGif jyKvkyfaom vlkxkvla0;yGJrsm;wGifvnf;jynfolvlxkudk twif;tusyfzdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJhonf? xdkvlpkvla0;yGJrsm;odk@ oGm;&mvrf;wGif um;ay:rS jyKwfusjcif;/ tarmqdk@jcif; ponfh xdcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh vl(3)OD; aoqkH;cJhonf?102


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Edk0ifbmvtwGif; &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif; erfhcrf;+rdK@wGif jyKvkyfaom tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;wGif &yfuGufwGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;udk wpftdrfv#ifwa,mufE_ef; rwufrae& wufa&muf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJhonf? tdrfajcenf;aom &yfuGufrsm;rS wpftdrfv#if (3)a,mufE_ef; rwufrae& wufa&mufcJh&onf? Tppftpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;wGif Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;/ rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m 0wfpkH rsm;udk 0wfqifcGifhr&yJ &kd;&dk;t&yf0wfrsm;0wfqif+yD; t&yfom;toGifjzifhvdkufygcJhonfrSm xl;jcm;r_wpfck jzpfcJhonf?1062003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif rE Wav;wdkif;/yk*H+rdK@Y usif;ycJhaom Road Map axmufcHyGJwGifvnf; jynfe,fESifhwdkif; toD;oD;rS jynfcdkif+zdK;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u rwufrae& qifhac:cJhonf?tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;onf tcsdefukef tvkyfysufonfhtjyif rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifp&dwfjzifh qENrygbJwufa&mufcJh&onf? wufa&muf&ef ysufuGufjcif; odk@r[kwf jiif;qefaom 0efxrf;rsm;udktm%mydkifrsm;u '%faiG aumufcHcJhonf?107

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jynfckdif+zdK;toif;. vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;odk@ ar#mfvifhxm;onfh ta&twGuftwdkif;wufa&mufvmolOD;a& tjynfht0 r&Sdaomfvnf; wufa&mufvmolta&twGuftm; r=umc%csJhum;ajymqdkI tpdk;&ydkif¶kyfjrifoH=um;ESifh toHv$ifhXmersm;odk@ owif;ydk@avh&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf rdwWDvm+rdK@&Sd tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;odk@ wufa&mufcJhonfh ta&twGufonf(20000)ausmfcef@om&Sdaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u (60000)ausmf wufa&mufcJhonf[kxkwfjyefcJhonf?109 1994 ckESpftwGif;u &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif jyKvkyfaom twkta,mifppftpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufolta&twGufonf aomif;*%ef;r#om &Sdaomfvnf; ppftm%mydkifrsm;u 2 odef;ausmfcef@ wufa&mufcJhonf[k csJ@um;I ausnmcJhonf?110

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ppftpdk;&. twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJrsm;/ qef@usif&_wfcsyGJrsm;twGuf jynfolvlxkudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh zdtm;ay;+cdrf;ajcmufI wufa&mufapcdkif;cJhonfomru jynfolydkifaps;qdkifrsm;udkyg jynfcdkif+zdK;tm%mydkifrsm;u t"rRydwfcdkif;cJhonf? 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvtwGif; yJcl;+rdK@tm;upm;uGif;Y usif;ycJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrsm;wGif wufa&mufvmonfh vlxktrsm;pkonf yJcl;wkdif;&Sd +rdK@e,ftm;vkH;rS wpftdrfwpfa,muf rjzpfraevdkuf&ef trdef@ay;cH&olrsm;jzpfonf? wufa&muf&ef ysufuGufolrsm;onf usyfaiG(1000)udk'%faiGtjzpf ay;aqmif&onf? Ttwkta,mif nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;yaepOftwGif;yJcl;+rdK@&Sd vBuf&nfqdkifrsm;tygt0if qdkiftm;vkH;udkvnf; ydwfxm;&ef trdef@xkwfcJhonf?114

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46

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rGefjynfe,f&Sd armfv+rdKif/ rk'kHESifh oHjzLZ&yf+rdK@e,frsm;wGif jynfolvlxktm; tvm;wlppfoifwef;rsm; ydk@cscJhonf? 2004 ckESpfwGif rGefjynfe,f&Sd jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;tm; jynfcdkif+zdK;wyfrSL;wpfOD;/ aus;&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH+zdK;a&;aumifpDOuUXrsm;rS acgif;aqmifESpfOD;/jynfckdif+zdK; vlxkqufqHa&;t&m&SdESpfOD;ESifh tiftm;q,fOD;pD yg0ifonfh wyfpdyfwpfckpDudk}uD;=uyf&aom wyfpdyfrSL; 10OD; yg0ifonfh jynfol@ppfwyf&if;wpfck zGJ@pnf;&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf?oifwef;om;tm;vHk;onf udk,fa&;&mZ0ifESifhywfoufonfh tcsuf (22)csufyg ykHpHwpfckudkjznf hpGuf&onf?153 xdk@jyif 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvtwGif;Y &efukefwdkif;/ ta&S@ydkif;c&dkif cr& (656)v#yfppftif*sifeD,mwyf wyfe,frSL;u 2007 ckESpfonf ta&;ygaomumvjzpfI ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifuefhuGufonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmv#if ESdrfeif;&ef ta&S@ydkif;c&dkiftwGif;&Sd +rdK@e,frsm;rS wpf&yfuGufv#if jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@rS (15)OD;/ &yfuGufat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpDtzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpfonfh &mtdrfrSL;/ q,ftdrfrSL;rsm;rS (15)OD;/ pkpkaygif; (30)OD;us yg0ifrnf@ v#Kd@0SuftzGJ@wpfckudk zGJ@pnf;xm;&ef !$ef=um;cJhonf?154

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jynfcdkif+zdK;ESifh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;u usL;vGefonfh tjcm;aom t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? 2007 ckESpf/ rwfvtwGif;Yvnf; yJcl;wkdif;/ jynf+rdK@ pnfawmfr*Fvm&yfuGufwGif aexdkifonfh vli,fwpfOD;udk ppftpdk;&u tcGifhta&;ay;xm;onfh pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm;u tm%mjyI 0dkif;0ef;xdk;}udwfcJhonf? xdkvli,fudk rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqdkonfh pGJcsufjzifh rw&m;axmifcscJhonf? tvm;wlpGm rauG;+rdK@/ atmifaZ,sm&yfuGufwGif aexdkif onfhjynfolwpfOD;udkvnf; rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqdkonfh ta=umif;jycsufjzifh oufqdkif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u ajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm; pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;u ‚if;wdk@ESifhroufqdkifyJ 0ifa&muf xdk;}udwfcJhonf?184

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jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0if vl&rf;um;rsm;onf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;ygrusef w&m;vufrJh t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhonf? 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif yJcl;wdkif; jynfwuUodkvf "gwkaA'yxrESpf ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfol armif&JEdkifudk +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u jynf+rdK@ a'ge+cH&yfuGuf&Sd ,kZeabmf'gaqmifodk@tjyefwGif ta=umif;rJh rw&m;&dkufESufcJhonf?188 xdk@twl 2004 ckESpfwGif jynfwuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;ESpfOD;tm; jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifvl&rf;um;wpfpkrS wdkufcdkufcJhojzifh aq;¶Hkwufa&mufI aq;ukor_ cH,lchJ&onf?189 &ckdifjynfe,frS tpPvmrfbmom0if ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfol &m&Spf'l[,f (Rashid Duhal)udkvnf;2005ckESpf/ =o*kwfvwGif vl&rf;um;wpfpkrS 0kdif;0ef; ¶dkufESufcJhonf? xdkvl&rf;um;rsm;rSm jynfckdif+zdK;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf&a=umif;ESifh Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef xdkausmif;om;tm; wdkufcdkufcJhonf[k ,lq&a=umif; rsufjrifoufaowpfOD;rS xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? &m&Spf'l[,fonf t¶dkufESufcH&+yD;oHk;&uft=umwGif&&SdcJhonf'%f&mrsm;jzifhyif aoqHk;cJhonf?190

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tr$m;udpPwckr#om jzpfaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf um;wdkufr_a=umifh jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&&SdcJholwpfOD;tm; xdkum;wdkufr_usL;vGefaom a'ocHjynfcdkif+zdK;twGif;a&;rSL;u w&m;pGJqdkjcif; rjyKap&ef +cdrf;ajcmuffcJhonf?191 tvm;wlpGm jy\emwckckay:aygufvmwdkif; oufqdkif&m wm0ef&Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;u Oya'vrf;a=umif;t& wm0ef,lajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm; wm0efydkif;t& oufqdkifr_r&Sdonfh jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@rsm;/ pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;u yg0ifywfoufaeonfudkvnf; awG@&onf?2007 ckESpf {+yDvtwGif;Y rE Wav;+rKd@/ atmifajromZH&yfuGufwGif aexdkifaom touf(24)ESpft&G,f vli,fwpfOD;udk qdkifu,fvrf; ajymif;jyefarmif;cJhonfhtwGuf ,mOfpnf;urf;Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnfhtpm; jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u rif;rJhqefqef &kdufESufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkvli,fonf '%f&mjyif;xefpGm&&Sd+yD; aq;&kHwuf ukor_cH,lcJh&onf?192

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65

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jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf bmoma&;tcef;tem;rsm;/ 0wfjyKqkawmif;yGJrsm;wGifvlrsm;udkiSm;&rf;I tpDtpOfwus qufwdkufaESmuf,Sufr_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? &efukefwdkif; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf 2004 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 13 &uf ae@rSpI tygwfpOf t*F gae@ 0wfjyKqkawmif;yGJrsm;udk &efukef+rdK@wGif jyKvkyfcJhonf? jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk bk&m;ay:odk@ wufcGifhr&atmif wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;/ tr#a0aomtcg atmf[pfaESmuf,Sufjcif;rsm;/ wefjyefqkawmif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? xdk@jyif0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk udk,fxdvufa&muf usL;vGefonftxd taESmuft,Sufay;cJhonf?

bk&m;ay:wGif 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk aESmuf,Suf&mwGif ppftpdk;&vufudkifwkwfjynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@onf txl;ojzifh w&m;r0iftESdyfcef;rsm;rS tESdyforrsm;/ &yfuGuftwGif;vdkifpifrJh t&ufa&mif;olrsm;/ csJxDa&mif;olrsm; pojzifh w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm;jzihf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKaeolrsm;udk tvSnfhus ac:,ltokH;jyKcJhonf? bk&m;ay:odk@wufvmoltcsKd@udkvdktyfv#if wm;qD;&rnfjzpf+yD; !$ef=um;xm;onfhtwdkif; vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ udk,fhudk,fudk jynfol[kajymqdk&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ owif;ayguf=um;ygu jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,ljcif;cH&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;wdk@tm; }uD;=uyfonfh jynfcdkif+zdK;wm0efcHrsm;u rSm=um;cJhonf?220

2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; a&$wd*kHbk&m;ay:wGif tygwfpOft*F gae@ 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh bk&m;wm0efus &Jrsm;u t=urf;zuf&kdufESufr_rsm;/bk&m;ajcawmf&if;wGif atmf[pfaESmuf,Sufr_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? 0wfjyKqkawmif;ol tzGJ@0if


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vli,fwOD;udkvnf; t=urf;zuf &dkufESufcJhonf?221 arvydkif;wGifvnf; &efukef+rdK@ ajcmufxyf}uD;bk&m;odk@ tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@0ifrsm; oGm;a&muf0wfjyK qkawmif;aepOf ppftpdk;& vufudkifwkwfrsm;u wefjyefqkawmif;r_rsm;jyKvkyfum taESmuft,Sufay;cJhonf? ,if;vufudkifwkwfrsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh olr.cifyGef; rkdufu,ftJ&pfwdk@. ESpfa,mufwGJykHyg wD&Syfrsm;0wfqif+yD; tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@0if 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeolrsm;ab;Y xdkifI “jynfytm;udk;ykqdef&kd; tvdkr&Sd/ jrefrmjynfudk jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;awGom tkyfcsKyf&ygvdk./ jrefrmjynfrSmtqdk;jrif0g'DawG uif;&Sif;&ygvdk.”pojzifh toHus,favmifpGm atmf[pfI wefjyef taESmuft,Sufay;cJhonf? xdkr#omru 0wfjyKqkawmif;t+yD; bk&m;ay:rSjyefqif;csdefwGifvnf; bk&m;apmif;wef;wGif xdkvltkyfpkrsm;u tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@0ifrsm;udk t"rRqGJac:ojzifh &kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfyGm;cJhonftxd tajctaeqdk;&Gm;cJhonf?222 tvm;wlpGm rE Wav;wdkif;/ jyifOD;vGif+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'D pnf;&kH;a&;aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm; aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&Gm&Sd aemifcrf;}uD;bk&m;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGufqkawmif;aecsdefwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;u wHjrufpnf;rsm;jzifh eH&Hrsm;ESifh =urf;cif;rsm;udk &dkufESufI ,kwfrm=urf;wrf;pGm aESmuf,SufcJhonf?223

1996 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvY jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qkH; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;cHcJh&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek uG,fvGefonfh (1)ESpfjynfhajrmuf txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfckudk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf? xdktcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufvmaomvlxktwGif;odk@ teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkpdrf@0if xdk;azgufap+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rdef@cGef;ajym=um;onfhtcg c&rf;csOfoD;rsm;jzifhypfayguf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u !$ef=um;cJhonf? 1996 ckESpf {+yDv jrefrmhESpfopful;ae@wGifvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdrfodk@ oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwfqdk@xm;cJh+yD;/ vrf;ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfjzwfvmonfh NLD ygwD0ifrsm;tm; ¶dkufESufrnf[k jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmufcJh=uonf? xdkESpftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJcl;+rdK@&Sd emrnf}uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfrnf[k owif;rsm;xGufay:cJh&m/ tm%mydkifrsm;ua':atmifqef;pk=unfudk vrf;rSapmifh}udKwdkufcdkuf&ef jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay;apv$wfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdkbk&m;odk@oGm;a&mufcJhjcif; r&Sdojzifh tpDtpOf ysufcJh&onf?224

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_r sm ;r sm ;r sm ;r sm ;r sm ;

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1996 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; NLD ygwD0ifrsm; pD;eif;vkdufygvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; oHacsmif;rsm;/ tkwfcJrsm;jzifh wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0if wpfOD;pDv#if aiGusyf (5000)pD ay;cJhonf? xdkwdkufckdufr_ rwdkifrDutpdk;&0ef}uD;wpfOD;jzpfol &xm;ydk@aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;0if;pdefu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; owfypfoifhonf[k jynfckdif+zdK;tpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckwGif toif;0ifrsm;tm; ajym=um;cJhonf? ‚if;u “EdkifiHa&;qlyltHkºuGr_awGudk zefwD;aewJh atmifqef;pk=unfudk &Sif;ypf&r,f? ‘&Sif;ypf&r,f’qdkwJh t"dyg,fudk rif;wdk@em;vnf=uvm;? ol@udk owfypf&r,fvdk@ ajymwm? rif;wdk@ ol@udkowfypfzdk@ owWda&m&Sd&J@vm;?”[k tqdkygtpnf;a0;wGif }udrf;0g;cJhonf?225

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 2002ckESpf/ arv(6) &ufae@wGif (19)v=um aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufvmcJh+yD;aemuf wdkif;ESifhjynfe,f (12)ck&Sd pkpkaygif; (125)+rdK@e,fodk@ pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOfrsm; oGm;a&mufcJhonf? oGm;a&mufvdkonfhae&modk@ c|if;csufr&dS vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmEdkifcGifh&Sda=umif; etzppftpdk;&rSoabmwlxm;cJhaomfvnf; vufawG@wGifr_ tm%mydkifrsm;. enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh aESmuf,Suf[ef@wm;r_rsm;rSm wpxufwp wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmonfudk awG@}uHKcJh&onf?226 a':atmifqef;


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pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;xGufaeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@udk aESmuf,Suf&mwGifyk*~dKvfa&;t& apmfum;wdkufcdkuf a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh tzGJ@csKyfESifh olrudkoa&mfavSmifajymifxm;onfh umwGef;ykHrsm;udkvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u }udKwifjzef@a0r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vdkufygvmaom armfawmf,Ofwef; c&D;rqufEdkifap&efum;vrf;rsm;wGif oHql;}udK;rsm;/ opfvHk;rsm;/ ausmufwkH;rsm;/ ukefwifum;}uD;rsm;jzifh ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ wHwm;rsm;wGif um;oGm;&mbD;vrf;ysOfcsyfrsm;udk cGmxm;+yD; wHwm;udk opfom;wef;rsm;&kdufI ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ um;vrf;ay: jzwfI ajrmif;wl;ydwfqdk@xm;jcif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhvlxk awG@qkH&mteD;w0dkufwGif w&m;ra[mEdkifatmif taESmuft,Sufay;onfhtaejzifh tm;aumif;aom toHcsJ@pufrsm;okH;+yD; oDcsif;rsm;/ y&dwfw&m;rsm;udk qlnHpGmzGif@jcif;/ vltkyfxJodk@ armfawmfum;armif;0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf+yD; jynfcdkif+zdK; tzGJ@rsm;u taESmuft,SuftrsKd;rsKd; ay;cJhonf?

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2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif;Y jynfol@vGwfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;ESifh &ckdif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf twGif;a&;rSL; ODat;omatmif. &cdkifjynfe,fc&D;pOftwGif;Y axmufcHtm;ay;cJhol jynfcdkif+zdK;twGif;a&;rSL;wpfOD;ESifh +rdK@e,f rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;tzJG@OuUXwpfOD;udk tm%mydkifrsm;u &mxl;rS jzKwfypfvdkufonfhom"uvnf; &SdcJhonf?228

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73

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jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftcsKd@ESifhywfowfIwaphwapmif;avhvm=unfhrnfqdkv#if pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftrsm;pkonf tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh}udKwifnSdE_dif;wdkifyif+yD; pwifcJhaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh ‚if;[email protected] jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@rsm;u rif;rJhp&kdufqefqef jyKr_vkyfaqmifcJh=uonfudk awG@&onf?

2003 ckESpf/ {+yDvtwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@onf ygwDpnf;&kH;a&;twGufcsif;jynfe,fodk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf? odk@&mwGif rauG;wdkif;twGif; vrf;wav#muf&Sd atmifvH/awmifwGif;/ rif;bl;+rdK@rsm;ESifh yGifhjzL+rdK@t0ifrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. vufudkifwkwf jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@rsm;u enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh taESmuft,Sufay;cJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ a&muf&dSvmcsdefwGif &efolrsKd;ig;yg; rD;ab;wm0ef oDcsif;rsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh toHukefzGifhjcif;/t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;udk y&dwf&Gwfzwf&ef v_H@aqmfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfI taESmuft,SufrsdK;pHkay;cJh=uonf?230

2003 ckESpf/ arv (10)&ufae@wGif ppfudkif;wdkif;/ tif;awmf+rdK@t0if eef@oJaus;&Gmodk@a&muf&SdcsdefY rkH&Gmc&dkif/ jynfcdkif+zdK;twGif;a&;rSL; ODaX;atmif OD;pD;onfh tiftm; (70) cef@&Sdjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mifydwfpay:wGif pmvkH;t+zLjzifh “jynfytm;udk; ykqdef&kd;/tqdk;tjrif0g'Drsm;tm; qef@usif=u”[laom pmwrf;rsm;csdwfqGJ+yD; qef@usifaESmuf,SufcJhonfudk }uHKawG@cJh&onf? arv(11)&ufae@ ae@vnf(12) em&D/ uom+rdK@t0if*dwfodk@ a&muf&SdcsdefwGifvnf; tiftm; (150)cef@&Sd jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u qufroGm;&ef ydwfyif[ef@wm; aESmuf,Sufaeonfudk wm0ef&Sdol tm%mydkifrsm;u =um;0ifjzefajzaqmif&Gufay;&rnfhtpm; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;jyefvSnfhoGm;&ef zdtm;ay;cJhonf?231

xdk@jyif 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&uf nae (6)em&DausmfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@onf rE Wav;rSwqifh ppfudkif;wdkif;/ rkH&Gm+rdK@odk@ pnf;&kH;a&;c&D ;oGm;a&mufcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESihftzGJ@ rkH&Gmodk@ a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif tm%mydkifrsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,Suf&ef}udKwifpDpOfcJhaomfvnf; rkH&Gmvlxku aomif;ESihfcsDI }udKqdkcJh=uonf? jynfcdkif+zdK; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf rvmcifuwnf;u rkH&Gm+rdK@wGif olr. raumif;a=umif;rsm;udkvli,frsm;tm; oifwef;ydk@cscJhonf? jynfcdkif+zdK;vli,frsm; tygt0if ppfom;vli,fav;rsm;udkjynfcdkif+zdK;0wfpkHrsm;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef@usifa&; oifwef;rsm; ydk@csay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm%mydkifrsm;. ydk@csapcdkif;csufrsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ef qENr&Sdaoma=umifh xGufajy;cJh=uonf? tcsKd@vli,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk qef@usifaESmuf,Suf&rnfhtpm; vuftkyfcsDIyif uefawmhcJh=uonf?232


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2003 ckESpf/ arv(12)&ufae@n (8)em&DcGJcef@wGif ucsifjynfe,f/ rdk;aumif;+rdK@e,f/ref&Gufaus;&Gm t0ifvrf;xdyfwGif tiftm;(100)cef@&Sd jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufr_ESifh}uHKawG@cJh&onf? arv(13) &ufae@ zm;uef@+rdK@odk@ra&mufrD erfhrppf aus;&Gmt0ifwGif jynfcdkif+zdK; tzGJ@0ifrsm;u “jynfytm;udk; ykqdef&kd;/ tqdktjrif0g'Drsm;tm; qef@usif=u” pmom;rsm;yg&Sdonfh qdkif;bkwfrsm;udkudkifaqmifI toHwdwf qENjyaESmuf,SufcJhonf? arv(15)&ufae@ eHeuf (4)em&DcGJcef@wGif erRwD;vrf;twdkif; xGufcGmvm&m aumif;&m&Gm ta&mufwGifjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u“ jynfytm;udk;ykqdef&kd;-tvdkr&Sd” “tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm;-tvdkr&dS”“wdk;wufr_zsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” “wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” ponfhqdkif;bkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmifI qENjyaESmuf,SufcJh=uonff?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@onf 2003 ckESpf/ arv(16)&ufae@wGif ucsifjynfe,f/jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@odk@ qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf? jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@t0if eef;auG@ wHwm;teD;wGif jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0if (300) cef@u vrf;ab;0J,mrS “jynfytm;udk; ykqdef&kd;/ jynfe,f at;csrf;om,ma&;udk aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm;-qef@usif=u/” “trsKd;omoem cdk;,lzsufqD;olrsm;tm;-qef@usif=u/ acsr_ef;=u” pojzifh a&;om;xm;aom ydkpwmrsm;ESifh t0wfezl;pnf;rsm;udkudkifaqmifv#uf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tzGJ@csKyfoGm;rnfhvrf;Y ydwfqdk@[ef@wm; qlyl aESmuf,SufcJhonf? arv(18)&ufae@wGif 0dkif;armf+rdK@odk@ c&D;qufvufxGufcGmcJh&m 0dkif;armf+rdK@t0ifaemifwmav&Gm ewfpifteD;wGif jynfcdkif+zdK; tiftm;(20)cef@u wm;qD;aESmuf,SufcJhonf?2003 ckESpf arv (20)&ufae@ Aef;armf+rdK@t0if okH;rdkif &Gmodk@ a&muf&dSvmcsdefwGifvnf; wkwf/"g;rsm; udkifaqmifxm;ol jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0if (300) ausmfcef@u vdkifpifeHygwfjym; rygaomum;rsm;ESifh qdkifu,frsm;udk tokH;jyK+yD;/ Oya'udk ajAmifususcsKd;azmufI uef@uGufqENjyaESmuf,SufcJhonf?233

xdk@tjyif ucsifjynfe,f/ a&$ul+rKd@t0ifwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK;tiftm; 300 cef@uydkpwmrsm;/ a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,SufcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@ qef@usifaESmuf,Sufol trsm;pkonf &yfuGufxJ&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;jzpf+yD; jynfcdkif+zdK;tm%mydkifrsm;u xrif;au|;arG;jcif;/ aiG;a=u;tenfi,fay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifI ac:,lvmcJhaom qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=uonf? xl;jcm;csuftaejzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ucsifjynfe,fpnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif[ef@wm;aESmuf,SufcJhaom tkyfpkrsm;onf wzGJ@wnf;rSjzpfaea=umif; awG@&dS&onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf rdk;aumif;wGif aESmuf,SufcJholrsm;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@t0if qef@usifaESmuf,SufyGJrsm;wGif jyefvnfyg0if cJhonfudk awG@&dS&onf?234

2003 ckESpf/ arv(25)&ufae@wGif rE Wav;wkdif;/ rdk;ukwf+rdK@rS =uyfjyif+rdK@rodk@ 0ifa&muf+yD; qufvufxGufcGmcJh&m uoJtkyfpk/ bdkukef;&yf ta&mufwGif tiftm; (400) ausmfcef@&Sdjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@rsm;. uef@uGufqENNjyjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? nae (&)em&Dcef@wGif pOfhul;+rdK@teD;


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usnfawmufaygufaus;&GmESifh EG,f&kHaus;&Gmta&mufwGif qD'ifum;(11)pD;/ 'dkifem(4)pD;/ [dkif;vyf (15)pD;Y pD;eif;vdkufygolrsm;ESifh pkpkaygif;tiftm;(500)ausmfcef@&dS jynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm;qD;aESmuf,Sufjcif;udk xyfrH}uHKawG@cJh&onf? ‚if;wdk@udk tr&yl&/ rwW&m/ ausmufqnfESifhrE Wav;+rdK@rsm;rS ac:aqmifvmjcif;jzpf+yD; EG,f&kHaus;&Gm (a&$wGif;)rS tvkyform; (usif;om;)rsm;udk w&ufvdkufygqENjyv#if xrif;au|;+yD; t&ufvnf; t0wdkufonfhtjyif ae@wGufvkyftm;ctjzpf (500)rS (1000)usyftxday;I ac:aqmifcJhonf?235 2007 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGifvnf;rE Wav;wdkif;/ rwW&m+rdK@e,ftzGJ@csKyf vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;oef;vGifESifhtzGJ@ pnfwdkif;cHaus;&GmESifh ausmufwHwm;aus;&Gmrsm;odk@ pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;xGufonfhtcsdefwGifvnf; e,fajrcHjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@acgif;aqmif udkatmifjrifhaX;ESifh udkjrifhOD;wdk@u 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uHpnftm;xkwfcJhonf?236

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (16)&ufae@rS (24) &ufae@txd&cdkifjynfe,fc&D;pOfESifh {&m0wDwdkif;c&D;pOfrsm;wGifvnf; ppftpdk;&. tpDtrHjzifh a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@/ jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@/ rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;tp&Sdonfh ppftm%m&Sif vufudkifwkwftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ao;odrf,kwfnhHonfh twm;tqD;taESmuft,SuftrsKd;rsKd;udk vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufvkH; jyKvkyfcJhonf?237 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh‚if;.tzGJ@csKyf &cdkifjynfe,f pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; ajrmufOD;+rdK@ta&mufwGifvnf; a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuftusyfudkif wm;jrpfr_rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; jynfolvlxk (2)aomif;ausmfu vrf;rrsm;ay:xGuf+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@udk vd_ufvSJpGm}udKqdkcJh=uonf? xdkjrifuGif;a=umifh tm%mydkifrsm; wkefv_yfoGm;cJh+yD; vkHxdef;&JwyfzGJ@rsm;/ rD;owfydkufrsm;jzifh tiftm;okH;I t=urf;zuf vlpkcGJcJhonf? rD;owfydkufrsm;jzifh vlpkcGJaepOf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwdkif rD;owfum;ay:wuf+yD; “'DudpP usra=umifhjzpfwm/ usrvmwm vlxkeJ@awG@zdk@vmwm/ 'Drdkua&pDvkyfw,fqdkwm vlxku yxryJ/ vlxktwGuf vkyf&r,f/ 'gha=umifhvlxkudk awG@&r,f/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@awGvdkyJ &Jwdk@/ rD;owfwdk@ qdkwmvnf; vlxkudk taxmuftulay;&r,f? tckvdk vlxkudk taxmuftulray;yJ EdkifxufpD;eif;vkyfaewmudk usr r=unfhEdkifbl;/rvkyfygeJ@?”[k wm;jrpfcJhojzifh &JESifh rD;owfwdk@ &yfwef@oGm;cJhonf? &ckdifjynfe,fc&DpOftwGif;a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tzGJ@csKyfudk armfawmfum; iSm;&rf;tultnDay;cJhol 2 OD;udkvnf;jynfcdkif+zdK;twGif;a&;rSL; ODpdk;Edkif. trdef@jzifh vdkif;um;vdkifpifrsm; ydwfyifcJhonf?238

jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@ESifh tm%mydkifrsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOfrsm;twGif; t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_rsm; qufwdkufusL;vGefcJh&m ‚if;wdk@txJwGif pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f&mtaumif;qHk; t=urf;zufr_rSm 2003 ckESpf/ arv 30 &ufae@wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 'DyJ,if;t=urf;zufr_yif jzpfonf? xdk'DyJ,if; vlowfr_rwdkifrDu a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&ef/ NLD ¶Hk;cGJrsm; zGifhvSpf&efESifh pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf jynfwGif;ae&ma'o


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1 jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG&Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf?2 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ 1993 ckESpf pufwifbmv(15)&uf?3 Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. BurmaIssues. 2003.4 Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley.Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998.5 USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The GoldenLand. 4 November 2005.6 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997.7 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf?8 jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75?9 tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf?10 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?11 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the KarenHuman Rights Group. 22 February 1994.12 Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302.13 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?14 USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004.15 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB.16 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?17 11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSeftpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf?18 EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd;jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)?19 New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005.20 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?21 Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma.15 August 2006)22 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?


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23 Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma.2004.24 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf?25 USDA Rises Again. SHAN. 11 October 2003.26 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?27 ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm (1995)/ jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;?28 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.Vol. 4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997.29 AB-NA 960429. NDD Chronology 1996.30 Human Rights Year Book 1996: Burma. NCGUB.Page-651.31 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L.Hancock. BurmaIssues.2003.32 ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm/ 1995 ckESpf/jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;?33 AB-NA 960317. NDD Chronology 1996.34 USDA HQ’s Business and Fundraising. Inside Source. NDD. 2005.35 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpfatmufwdkbm 16 &uf?36 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv?37 USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.24 November 2003.38 Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 10 December 2005.39 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf?40 Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 5 November 2005.41 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?42 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf?43 USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News.24 November 2004.44 Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 17 August 2004.45 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf?


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46 tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28&uf?47 Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December1998.48 Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006.49 Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006.50 PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the NationalCouncil of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007.51 USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 22 August 2006.52 Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. DemocraticVoice of Burma. 4 November 200553 Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. DemocraticVoice of Burma. 27 April 2006.54 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.NCGUB. p. 247.55 Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. DemocraticVoice of Burma. 04 November 2005.56 NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004.57 NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma.20 August 2004.58 NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004.59 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?60 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 200661 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?62 USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). TheMon Forum. April 2005.63 USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International.26 April 2004.64 NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voiceof Burma. 21 August 2004.65 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?66 atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/=o*kwfv (11)&uf? tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of

Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf?


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67 atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/=o*kwfv (11)&uf?68 atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf?69 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf?70 jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005)rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf?71 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf?72 Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005.73 }uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf?74 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf?75 USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma.9 September 2005.76 Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.77 e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv(30)&uf?78 Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006.

jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv(4)&uf? EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(27)&uf?79 ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 12 January 2006.80 EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(27)&uf?81 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf'DZifbmv (15)&uf?82 jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv(4)&uf?


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83 Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf arv 24 &uf?84 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005ckESpf?85 Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department.KNU. October 2003.86 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13&uf?87 jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf?88 etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdÆlrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpfatmufwdkbm 8 &uf?89 trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6(5§03)?90 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS?91 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit.NCGUB. p. 247. 248.92 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv?93 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf?94 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm2 &uf?95 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ MIZZIMA news /2007ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?96 yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf?97 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?98 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA

News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?99 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf?100 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 9 &uf?


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101 ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf?102 Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124.103 The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No.V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003.104 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13&uf?105 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA

News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf?106 erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?107 etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf?108 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the KarenHuman Rights Group. 22 February 1994.109 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf?110 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB.1994.111 Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003.112 Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule.Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006.113 Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?114 yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf?115 twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 25 &uf?116 aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf?117 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf?118 erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf?


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119 tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf?120 anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 2 &uf?121 oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf?122 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 2 &uf?123 Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002.124 The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs.Narinjara News.125 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf?126 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005ckESpf?127 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf?128 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf?129 People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15December 2003.130 Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. DemoraticVoice of Burma. 11 April 2005.131 tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xHwdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf?132 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf?133 &kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006?134 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. BanyaHongsar. 18 June 2004.135 EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef;ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?)


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136 jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007)wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf?137 jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrSaumufEkwfcsuf?138 etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf{+yDv 20 &uf?139 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?)140 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm?141 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;?142 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 11 &uf?143 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 11 &uf?144 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate.Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996.145 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB.146 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not BeOverlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.July 2003.147 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf?148 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?149 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007?150 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?151 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf?152 Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October2007.153 Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town.Burma News International. 15 October 2004.


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154 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 21-3-2007?155 Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic MilitaryTraining. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003.156 SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006.157 &Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf?158 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf?159 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf?160 &cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&mowif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf?161 &ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf?162 Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February2007.163 Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007.164 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News CommentaryNo. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.165 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29&uf?166 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar.18 June 2003. Monland.167 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.November 1-13, 2002.168 Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. DemocraticVoice of Burma. 29 June 2005.169 jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpfarv 4 &uf?170 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf?171 Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 13 September 2006.172 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?173 USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30.November 1-13, 2002.174 Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005.


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175 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf?176 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv?177 Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006.178 udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf?179 jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf? tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf?180 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf?181 ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeufr*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf?182 t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf?183 =unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpfZGefv 13 &uf?184 etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf?185 Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 21 August 2005.186 Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 30 August 2005.)187 oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf?188 jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf?189 Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 15 March 2004.190 Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 4 September 2005.191 Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 17 July 2004.192 }uH@zGH@[email protected];0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf?


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193 “New” Strategies Dreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. DemocraticVoice of Burma. 22 June 2005.194 Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB.195 USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. MuslimInformation Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003.196 Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 2 July 2005.197 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?198 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?199 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfhausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§2007)?200 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfhausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§ 2007)?201 oydwf+zdKcGif;&ef ppfwyfvkH;0rokH;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif }uH@zGwfrsm;omokH;a&;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &uf?202 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;?203 Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007.204 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4&uf?205 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;.tpD&ifcHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?)206 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf?207 aiG=um,Hq&mawmf ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sd owif;okH;ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf?208 *sDwDtkdifwGif zrf;qD;xm;onfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonfh pGrf;tm;&Sifpm&if;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf?209 The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007.210 atmif"rRygv bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk }uH@zGwfESifh r,u pD;eif; bkef;awmf}uDwpfyg;udk zrf;qD;/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 16 &uf?211 r*~ifausmif;wdkufydwf&jcif;ta=umif; &JcsKyfajym=um;csufrrSef/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 13 &uf?


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212 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf?213 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf; tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf?214 etzu }uH@zGH@udk olaumif;jyKae+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 16 &uf?215 qENjyjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;zufcJhwJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;udk &efukefpnfyifrSm tvkyfcef@ae/'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 19 &uf?216 qENjyoHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESuf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf }uH@cdkifa&;rsm;udk ol&Jaumif;qkay;tyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf?217 oHCmawmfrsm;udk apmfum;olrsm;tm; vlr_xl;c|efqkay;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf?218 'Drdkua&pDa&; qufvuf}udK;yrf;rnf[k EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;ajym/ {&m0wD/2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf?219 atmifvHY a':pkarG;ae@usif;yaom tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk }uH@zHG@u av;cGESifhypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf ZGefv 19 &uf?220 bk&m;ay:wufolrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef }uH@zGH@u tESdyforrsm;udk qifhac:/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/2007 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &uf?221 t*F gae@0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0if 300 ausmfu aESmuf,Suf/ {&m0wDowif;/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf?a&$wd*kHbk&m;wuf qkawmif;olrsm; t=urf;zuf&kdufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf?222 a':pkvGwfajrmufa&; qkawmif;olrsm;udk wefjyefpkawmif;onfh vlwpku aESmuf,Suf/acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf arv 25 &uf?223 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28&uf?224 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB.1996.225 The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on DepayinMassacre(Burma). The Ad hoc commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003.p.20.226 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif &Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 13-14?


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227 rif;vS+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@csKyf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0; vkyfydkifcGifhydwf/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf }udKqdkol0efxrf; tvkyfjzKwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 7 &uf?228 OD;at;omatmif. &ckdifc&D;pOfrSm axmufcHolawGudk &mxl;rS xkwfypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf?229 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ uav;+rdK@uae qufvufxGufcGmvmcJh&m *ef@a*g+rdK@odk@jyefvnfa&muf&Sd/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 10 &uf?230 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ csif;jynfe,fygwDpnf;&kH;a&;c&D; pwifxGufcGm/ &efukefAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufatmufcH a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&/ vGwfvyfaomtm&StoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf?231 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,}udrfy%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?232 rkH&GmwGif aESmuf,Suf&ef apmifhaewJh }uH@zGH@vli,ftm;vkH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkvuftkyfcsDuefawmh/ RFA /2003 ckESpf arv 29 &uf?233 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,l aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?234 ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOfrSm aESmuf,SufwJh tiftm; 300 &Sd }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawG[m wzJG@wnf;jzpf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 21 &uf?235 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27?236 rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf?237 trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifha':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&?238 a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf?239 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.144.240 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003ckESpf arv?241 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 607 MAY 27, 2007.242 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.197.

243 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News CommentaryNo. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.244 USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6October 2003.245 Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. BanyaHongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland.246 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not BeOverlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.July 2003.247 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News CommentaryNo. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.248 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not BeOverlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6.July 2003.249 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. BurmaIssues. 2003.250 Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008.251 USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006.252 UN Officials Concerned by USDA Briefing. Clive Parker. The Irrawaddy. 10 October2005.253 NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice ofBurma. 25 March 2006.254 anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf?255 Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005.256 SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention.Narinjara News. 11 February 2003.257 USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10May 2004.258 Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17June 2004.259 Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June2004.260 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News CommentaryNo. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005.

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