*p[)xokoyiko. 0inaxa,tdno:; 2. tev/oq, 2, ®1989, … · aev npokeixai pjioiq fiovov yia vor)-xikd...
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*P[)XokoyiKo. 0inaxa,Tdno:; 2. Tev/oq, 2, ®1989, luXAoyoi; EAXiivwv 4'uxo>t6Ycov
H fid9ii<rTi avdYV(oaTi<; Kai TT|<; ypacpfj^: 7cpo6>.fj^aTa Oecopia^ K O I Tcpa-KTlKTiq*
A. Kaxfj
rfaiSaycoyiKO T^rjfia Arj^oTiKrjg EKnaiSevarjg Apiaxox£/xio Uavenicntjfiio OeacraAoviKtjQ.
E^ETdsOvxai KpixiKd 0ene>.ia)5eis iSeeq Kai TtpoKtiKeq yia Tr| jidOriori TOU yparttou Wyou, nou acpopouv xriv ETtiaxTiiiOviKfi Gecopia, XTIV rtaiSaycoyiKii jxpaKXiKii KOI xa 7tpo6A.Ti|iax*a |idOr|CTriq. Acpexripia zr\c, KpixiKtic; eivai ri 9ecopr|xiKTi (lovonepeia itou ^eKivd and \im rtapdSoCTTi xriq v(/uxo>.oyiKTiq eniaxrinriq, KaGopiaxiKri oncoq yia XTIV JtaiSaycoyiKfi, nou ne>.exd xr\i coi; yvaxjxiKO (paiv6|ievo KOI ^OVO. 'O^cix;, T) udOtiari exei icdvxa Kai nia auyKivT|oiaKTi auviaxcoaa KOI eivai eitiariq, xouX.dxicTTOv oxa 7tA.aiCTia xou axoA^eiou, KI eva eJtiKoivcoviaKO KOIVCOVIKO yeyovoq. Mia cjuvOexiKr|, >.oi7t6v, TxpooeyyiCTti xcov (paivo|iEvcov udOrjOTiq exei cjuveiteiei; yia XT V naiSaycoyiKti TcpaKxiKf) KOI XT] OecoprjaTi xcov Jtpo6>.ii-lidxcov jidGriaTiq. H TtaiSayooyiKii TtpoKxiKii 5ev (iTtopei va eivai '^r\zr\\ia e7ti>.oynq xexviKcov 5i6aoKa->.ia<; HE 6daTi rtopionaxa xcov yvcoaxiKcov eitiCTXTmcav Kai novov, aXXd x] SiajiopcpcoaTi SiaSiKoaicov HdGriaTiq itou Jiaipvouv U7I6\(/TI XT V dXx] vj uxoXoyiKTi KOI KOivcoviKii-7to>.ixic7|iiKTi xauxoxrixa KdOe Ttai-5iou. Kdxca ano eva xexoio Jtpiajia, o6nYoi)naaxE Kai crxo va a7toppi\(/ounE xtiv EUKO>.ia |ie xr|v OTtoiav UTtoxiGexai ouvriGcoq |iia yvcoaxiKii avETtdpKeia axa 7tai6id TXOU avxinexconi ouv 7ipo6Xiifiaxa axo CTXO-X.eio \iE xtiv avdyvcoCTTi KOI TTI ypacpii.
EiaaycoYfi H (ictGriaTi xr{q avdy\(})ar]q Kai xr]q
ypacpriq aTiOTeXei Ge ia 7ioX,i)|i8> TTmevo axo xo>po xriq 7iai6aY(OYiKTi<; Kai xr]q v|/u-XoXoyiaq. To epcoxrijid [laq eivai Xoinov: Kom eivai r| arniepivri Kaxdoxaari xtov TipaYlidxtov axriv eniaxrmoviKf| Gecopia Yia xo Ge|ia, KaGotx; KOI noia r\i au-xcov xcov eniaxriiioviKcov iSecov le xriv 7iai6aYCOYiKr| Trpd£,r|; To epc6xTi|ia ano-Kxd i5iaixepTi arniaaia armepa, TIOU a-Kou ie oko Kai Ttio auxvd Y CX 7rpo6Arma-xa iidGriariq axo axoXeio, Kai onou na-pdX,>.TiX,a Kpouexai o KcoSoovai; xou KIV6U-vou ym xo cpaivojievo xou AeixoupYiKOu avaX(pa6Tixia|iou.
0 a 7ipoaeYYi<70U|je xo Gejia and [iiav
eiSiKii cTKonid, 7 t p o 6 a i v o v x a q ae |iia Kpi-xiKT) coq Tipoc; XT| (puari xrjc; eKiaxrifiovi-Kr\q Gecopiaq K a i Kupiox; ox; npoq xr\-ar| xr\q }ie xr|v TOiSaYOiYiKT] T i p a K x i K i i . AXXdioxe, onoiaSriTioxe npoaeYY c Ti xr|q
U K d p x o u a a q epeuvaq, Geojpiac; K a i K p a -KxiKriq 5ev 6 a jinopouae napd va yivei lie 6 d a r | fiia cmyKeKpinevri OTixiKfj KI e-va aKOTio, eixe auxo 5r|>.c6vexai pr|xd ei-xe 6 x 1 . Ol Kupie(; eniarnidvaeK; \iaq 5ev arcoxeXouv (nq eni xo nXeiaxov Kaivoup-Yieq 7 i a p e n 6 d a e i ( ; . ©eojpou^ie 6[U£>q ana-paixr\xr\a auvGexiKii napouaiaari xouq Kai yxaxi 5ev aKouyovxai auxvd, aXXa Kttl yiaxi evexouv auYKeKpi ieveq cruve-neieq yia xr\i Kai XTI 5 i 5 a a K a A . i a .
Ta enixeipiiiiaxd [laq G' avacpepGouv
1. To Kei|ievo eivai Saaia^evo CTE avoKoivcoar) crxo A ' riavEXAiivio XuvE6pio H'uxoAoyiKTiq Epeuvaq: MdOr)-or| Kai EK7iai6eucTri, 0eoaaXoviKr|, Mdioi; 1989.
'-"r • - J ' j t .
AvdyvcoaTi KQI ypacpfj: Gecopia KOI npaKxiKTJ
Kupiox; a x o y e y o v o q dxi T| }idGT|aTi a v x i -liexcoTci^Exai CTUVTIGOX; ano XT|V naiSayw-y i K T i ox; y v c o a x i K O (palv6^£vo K a i ^lovo, evco a y v o e i x a i x\i K a i TI KoivcoviKii CTUviaxcbaa xri<;. Oi a c p a i p s -aeiq xou eniaxTi^ioviKou Xoyou, axr|v npoKei|aevTi nepinxcoari r\| coq <palv6^evo y v c o a x i K O , sivai ae eva enine-5o GecopT|xiKou npo6A,Ti|iaxia}iou y6vi e<; KOI Ge^iixeq urcoGeaeii;. AKO^ITI KOI a x o e-7ti7ie5o XTiq Gecopiac; 6^a)<;, r| |aovo|iepf|(; y v c o a x i K f i OTIXIKT] n a p a ^ e v e i , ae xeAiKT^ a v d A u a r i , a v e K a p K f i < ; . IXT^V n a i S a y c o y i K r i o icoc;, o n o u e|inXeKovxai n p a y ^ i a x i K d ( p a i v o p e v a [adGriari i ; , auxTi r| |iovo|iepeia o 6 T i y e i a e n a p a n X a v T i x i K e c ; a v a X u a e i q KI e n i K i v S u v e q n p a K x i K e q .
Auo e i v a i oi aoSapeq auveneiec; nou Ga npenei va unoypa|i^iaou|ie e5d): (a) To e u p u 7cp66>.Tma XTiq n a i S a y c o y i K f i q n p a K x i K T i q exei a u p p i K v c o G e i a e e v a ^TI-XTi ia xexvoKpaxiKT|( ; e n i A o y f i q xexviKcov 5i5aaKaA.ia(; K a i a^ioX-oyrjaTiq. (6) Oi X a n r i X e q eniSoaeic; a x o axoXeio ano6i-5ovxai Kupico^ ae npo6>.Ti axa yvcoaxi-KX\c, cpuaTic;, evct) napa^epi^ovxai n p o -6XTmaxianoi y i a xrj c r u v a i a G r i j i a x i K T i axeciTi x o u nai6iou e xa (paivojaeva ^d-GT]aTi(; x o u a x o X e i o u KaGctx; K a i y i a x o v X a p a K X T i p a xy\q dXr\q nai5aycoyiKTi(; npa-KXlKTiq.
Ta ( p a i v o f i e v a a u x d ( p a i v e x a i ncoq e-X o u v | i i a v l a x o p i K T i K a i KOIVCOVIKT| e^Ti-yT]aT|, a e e v a hxiiko n p o G A r m a , n o u xa-p a K X T i p i a e xr| a x e a t ) e K n a i S e u a r i q KOI e-n i a x f i ^ T i q ecoq xiq laepeq \iac;. (a) 'Oxi r| \|/uxoA.oyia Gecopr|Gr|Ke a x i q apxe<; x o u aia)va 6aaiKT| eniaxrmri y i a XT|V nai5a-yojyiKTi' , y i a C x i x r i i i a x a , 5riXa5fi, ae xeXi-KTi a v d X u a r i , K o i v c o v i K d , axa o n o i a K a i dXXoi e n i a x r | ) j o v i K o i Xoyoi Ga | i n o p o u -a a v v a au|i6dAX.ouv. Kai x\a Tlxav x o x e nia e n i a x r m r i xcov yvcoaxiKcov (pa ivo j ievcov. (6)'0xi 5ev uniip^e o u a i a a x i K T i a u v a X -
X a y T i a v d | i e a a axr| Gea)pia KOI a x t j v n p d -^T). H unox i^ i r iaT i xr|q npaKxiKfiq n o u ne-pi^ieve a u v x a y e c ; ano j i i a v «ava)xepr|» Kai «ou6exepTi» eniaxfi^Ti, unoxi^ir jaTi n o u vlcoGou^e a K o ^ i r i KOI ai^^iepa a x o xo-\v(\k6 KOIVCOVIKO Kupoc; xcov eKnai5euxiKa)v, aX,-"kd K a i XT|<; ibmc, xr\c, na iSaycoyiKTJq eni-a x f i i i T i q , 5ev Tixav xuxaio cpaivoiaevo. Mia a n X r i a u y K p i a x ) |ae XTIV e n i a r i q ^r|-e n i a x T m o v i K T i n p a K X i K T i xr\q iaxpiKf|<; a p K e i v a \iaq npo6Ar|(iaxiaei y i a xo y i a xi. 'Exei e n i a r m a v G e i (White, 1977) 6xi a x o Gea io XTiq eKnai5euaT|(;, o KOIVCOVI-Koq eXeyxoq anaixouae d x o j i a nou Ga e-K x e A o u a a v o5T|yieg K a G o p i a ^ i e v e q eK xcov dvco, 5ia^op(pco^eve(; oiiooq ae xeXiKTJ a-v d X u a T i a x o ne5io XTI<; noX\x\Ki\c, K a i 6xi XT|q eniaxfj iTiq. H eniaxTJ}aT| ( p a i v e x a i ncoq X e i x o u p y T i a e co<; i5eoXoyiK6 K d X u ^ -|ia auxTiq xTic; K a x d a x a a r i q , XTIV o n o i a v K a x d a x a a t ) Ga ^ n o p o u a e v a eixe a v a x p e -Vei jiia S iacpopex iKf j ax^ax] avd|aeaa axTi Gecopia K a i axr|v npd^r|.
A . npo6>.fi)iaTa OECopia^
0a eni eivou|ie ae iia 6aaiKfi, av K a i xi^ioemco^evTi, eniafmavari y i a o-noia5Tinoxe GecopTixiKfj npoa^yyicrr) x o u (paivoiievou: r| ^dGTiaTi x o u ypanxou X-6-y o u e i v a i e v a noXu5idaxaxo \J/UXIK6 K a i KOIVCOVIKO (paiv6fievo, x o u onoiou T| ^e-XexT) a n a i x e i \i\a 5i-eniaxT|jioviKfi n p o -a^yyiaT] . A i a K p i v e x a i a n d |iia y v c o a x i K T i , (iia cTuvaiaGr||iaxiKTi K a i ^la KOIVCOVIKTI a u v i a x c o a a . Xrmaaia ix^x oiico^ 6xi K a i axiq eniaxT^oviKec; K a i a x i q nai5ayQ)yi-Keq npoaeyyiaeiq, ^ia ^ i d v o v a n P aux^c; XK; a u v i a x c o a e q ( p a i v e x a i nox ; riye^oveu-ei: r\. Kai o(peiX,ou|ie v a Sou ie ncoq K a i yiaxi (Tu^6aivel a u x o , KaGccx; K a i xxc, n p a K x i K e q x o u cruveneie i ; .
H Kupiapxia xx\q |iovoafi^avxT|(; yvco-axiKfiq o n x i K T i q 6ev a T ^ a i v e i 6^6aia 6xi
2. AEV eivai dX -coaxe dveu armaaia; OTI TO cruveSpio. OTa TtXaiaia TOU ojtoiou evTdxOiiKE TI Ttapouaa avQKoi-voKTTi, TiT>.o(popeiTai (Tuvedpio yuxo^-oyiiciii; epeuvaq, av Kai exei co<; Oena Ta (paivoneva TTI; pdOTiari; Kai TT q EKTiaiSeuarn;.
A. K A T H 7)
8ev u n d p x e i ^iia nXovoxa napd5ocrn Tipo-G X t m a x i a i i O U KQI OX; npoq XT\
aittKTi KOI KoivojviKTi 5 i d a T a a T | TTIC; ^ d -Qr]<yT\q. l e avzr\V napd6oar\^o-l^aaxe d X A o j o x e yia v a u7toypan|ilaou^e XT|V 8>.X£l7lXlK6XTlXa XTiq yVOKTXlKTiq OJIXI-Kr\q. To e v 5 i a ( p £ p o v e i v a i anXdy;, 6 x i a u -zeq Ol dXXec, TtpoasyyiaeK; Tiapa^ievouv 7i£piea)piaK^(; y i a x o x<apo n o u £ i v a i eni-a r m a rj nai5ayQ)yiKTi, ox; Qecapia Kai ox; npaKxiKii.
H yvaxTTiKTi npoaiyyiax\
Kaxapxxjv £ivai aacpfit; 6 x i o i £niaxTi -^loviKoi K X , d 5 o i , n o u EXOUV n a p a 6 o a i a K d 9£wpTi9£i ap|a65ioi y i a XT| ndGriaT] K a i XpilCTTi x o u y p a n x o u X,6you, uniip^av K a -X£^oxT|v yvojaxiKoi. Ava(p£p6|iaax£ oe npoazyyioEiq x o a o 5ia(pop£XiK£(; oao T| yuxoXoyia xr\q avdyvo)aT|<;, n o u £X£i n p o a c p f i p E i a n o xic; apxec ; x o u aicova, o i n p 6 a ( p a x a a v a n x u x G e i C E K ; £maxr\[iEq xr\q v e u p o y u x o A o y i a c ; , \|/uxoyXcoaaoX.oyia(; KOI yvojaxiKT^q v|/uxoX,oyid(;, E^ei5iKEU-GEi^ Pnox; T| \|/uxoXoyia xr iq ypa(pT\q KI a K 6 ^ T l r i G E o p i a xr iq E n e ^ E p y a a i a q n>.T|-po(popi(6v KOI dXXeq.
Ava^(pia6TixT|xa, r\i xo)v yvQ)crxiKc6v Eniaxxmcov Ei'vai anoXuxox; 5iKaioXoyT|^evT|, \iiaq Kai npoKEixai Kai y i a voT|xiKd ( p a i v o f i e v a . 0a npsnEi ^dXi-CTxa v a aT|}iEic6aou|iE XT|V av£Kxi^TlXTl n p o a c p o p d x o u q , r\a a u x v d ^ E n s p v d x a a x E v d o p i a xr\q \idQr\(ST\q x o u y p a n x o u Xoyou K a i a i p o p d y E v i K O X E p a xxq vor|xi-Keq X f i i x o u p y i E c ; , XTI yvaxTt i KOI XT ndGri-Gr\. AEV n p o K E i x a i P j io iq f i o v o v y i a vor)-x i K d ( p a i v o n e v a , KI EXCTI OI yvoxixiKEq E-nlCTX^i^E(; 5EV ( i n o p o u v a n o |i6v£(; x o u q v a HiA-Tiaouv y i a u x d . Zxri o u v E X E i a , G a n p o -CTnaGT|aou^E v a SEI^OU^E aKpiGcEx; y i a x i .
H <n)vaia6TmaxiKf| (ruviatdxya xx\q
Evto T] vj/uxoXoyia EV y^vEi \iaq tx&x udGEi 6x1 xa (pa iv6t i£va lidGncrrif; EXOUV
n a p d X X r i X a aaipiq 6xi o A.6yo<; XTiq n a i -6ayo)yiKri(; 5ev E j i n E p i E X E i , a s yeviKEc; y p a n i i E q , ava(pop£( ; a s cpaivP^iEva x o u a u v a i a G r i f i a x i K o u K6a|aou. Oi yuxo5uva-^lK£(; GEOjpiE^ E i v a i a n o u a E q a n o x a £y-X E i p i S i a aK6^T| K a i xr\q nai5ayo)yiKTi(; vj/uxoXoyiac;, K u p i o x ; CJXT|V AyyXoaa^ojvi-Kti napd5oCTTi , T> o n o i a 6|iOx; y i a n o X -Xovq l a x o p i K o u q X6you<; Eivai auxf| n o u TiyE^ovEUEi. 'Exai, Eivai Ev5ia(p£pov va napaxr|pTiaou|iE 6xi Epya P n o x ; a u x o xa)v Bettelhein K a i Zelan (1982), n o u XP^^^-^ i o n o i o u v xT^v y u x a v a X u x i K T i Qeoapia y i a v a E ^ E x d a o u v XT ^ idGriar i xii<; avdyva)ar|<; K a i ypacpr iq , a n o x E X o u v E ^ a i p E O E K ; oxiq HIIA. A K O ^ i r i K a i T\) EV-v o i a xo)v KivTJxpwv, EXEI n a p a ^ E i v E l ox; E-. n i x o n X E i a x o v avxiKEijiEvo xo)v X6yo)v, n o u a x i q HFIA a n o K a X o u v x a i «KOIVO)VI-KT\,oyia» K a i «\|/uxo>.oyia XT|q npoao)niK6xT|xaq».
H a u v d p G p o x T T i xr]q ouyKivTimaKiic; npoCTEyyiGTiq ^E xr| y v o a x i K f j i i x a v n d -vxa nio xctpoKXTipiCTxiKii xr iq Eupo)nai-KT\q napddooT[q. To yEyovoq aux6 x o GXenou iE K a i axT| xo>pa [laq, 6nou o i Xi-yeq npay^ax£iE<; OE G E ^ a x a nou acpopouv x o nai5i j ca i XTI ^ i d G r i a i i xou ypanxou X6-you, nou Eivai £nT|pEaan£VE(; anP xr\ F a X X i K i i v(/uxonai5ayo)yiKTi, onox; xr iq Aii^iou (1982), 5ivouv e^ipaax] axr| o u y K i -V T i o i a K T i o u v i a x o K T a xT\q [idQr]Gr[q xou y p a n x o u Xoyou, EVCO OI K a G a p d y v o x j x i -KEt; n p o o E y y i a E i q x^tpoKxripi^ouv x a E p y a n o u e i v a i E n r i p E a a ^ E v a a n o XT|V Ay-yA ,oaa^o)viKTi yvo)ax iKTi K a i nai5ayo)yi-Kr\, onuiq xou n6pno5a (1981).
To nai5i oiq o v E 5iKr| x o u n p o a o ) n i -KTi iCTXopia, v)/uxo<TuvaiaGT||iaxiKf| a u y K -p o x T i a r i K a i K a x a v o r i x E t ; a v x i S p d o E i q , x o CTUvavxoujiE E n i c r i q a x i q K>.IVIK£(; n p o -G E y y i a E i q xo)v npo6A,rmdxo)v ^ idGt iarn ; . To 6?i£nounE, ^£xa^u dXXojv, K a i a x a l a -xponai6ayo)yiKd K ^ v x p a , \iiaq K a i o i £ i -5iKoi a x o u q o n o i o u q n a p a n E f i n o v x a i x a nai5id, EXOUV a u x v d ^ i i a \|/uxo5uvajiiKr| E K n a i S E u a T ) . E i v a i o^iox; £v6ia(p£pov x o
77 AvdYvojcri Kai ypacpii: Gecopia Kai npaKxiKri
aeiq Tcapaxcopouv edaipoq. xa x&kevxaia Xpcjvia, a i o v eiSiKo Xoyo nepi |ia0r|aia-Kcov SuoKoXicov. O Xoyoi; auiog, nov ei'v a i Tttutoxpova Kai fiia jtpaKxiKii, exei Tiq pi eq TOU CTTT) yvcoaTiKi] O^TIKTI Ttiq \idQr\ar\q KI exei aKo ir) auv5e0ei (Coles, 1987 Kai Fraklin, 1987) |ie xriv Tdar| la-TpiKonoiriCTriq triq au|i7repi(popd(;, Jtou a-vaTiTuxOriKe i5iaiTepa TTI 5eKaeTi'a TOU 1960.
H KoivcoviKTJ auviataxTa TT^^ ^dOii-
0a CTTaGou^e ojacoq e5co mo noXv GTOV TpOTlO TIOU Ol KoivcoviKeq TipoCTeyyi-aeiq TCOV cpaivofievcov TTIC; aycoyfjc; Kai xr\q ^dGriCTtiq, fieaa aTro TTIV avaTCTu^r) KXd-5cov OTicoq T) KoivcovioXoyi'a, TI avGpcoTio-Xoyia Kttl Ti eGvoypacpia Triq eKTcaiSeu-ar|<;, xr\q yXcocraaq Kai xr\q eTiiKOivcoviaq, exouv Tiq TeXeuToi'eq SeKaeTi'eq aXXd^ei TK; i5eeq lai; y i a xr\, Kai iSiaiTe-p a xx] (idGTiCTTi aTO axoXeio Kai TTIV a^io-XoyriaTi Tr|q. SuvoTiTiKd, UTcoypamii' ouv OTI T] ^dGr|ar| eivai eva KOIVCOVIKO yeyo-voq Kai 6x1 |i6vo ^ l a VOTITIKTI 5ia5iaKa-a i a Kai uTto5eiKvuouv eva cru|iTrXey^a Tiapay6vTcov, rcou KaGiaTOuv xr\] ^dGrlar|(; KOI KoivcoviKTi(;-TtoXiTiafiiKTi<; evTa^Tiq dKpcoq armavTiKTi.
Ol KOivcoviKeq Tipoaeyyiaeiq XT\q yXcoaaiKTiq eTnKoivoivia(; Kai Ti q eGvo-ypacpiaq TTiq eKTiaiSeuariq {dnuiq TOU Gumperz, 1982, TTiq Heath, 1983 Kai TOU Spindler, 1982) r^Tav ameq nov Tiepiaa6-Tepo (TuveGaXav aro va avTiXr|(pGoune Tr| HdGriari coq Koiva)viK6 yeyovoq. l l i o au-yKeKpifxeva, Tip6KeiTai yia nia 5ia8iKa-aia aXXriXe7ii5paar|(; KI eTiiKoivo)via<; a-vdjieaa aTa au^aeTexovTa dTOjaa. H eiii-Koivcovia auTTJ, XCKTIKTI T\, yiveTai |ae Bdari au|i6aTiKd a^icoiiaTa, auvfiGcoq |ir|-auvei5r|Td Kai TroXiTiamKd KaGopiaiie-va. Ta a^icojiara a u r d acpopouv Kai Touq xponovq jidGTiariq, aXXd Kai TO TI Kai TO yiaTi .
H eTiiaTiiiri TiaiSaycoyiKTi T i p a K T i K r i XeiTOupyei Ttpocpavox; K a i auTTi jie 6dar|
a ^ i c o n a r a , r a OTioia P^coc; exei evaoo^a-Tcoaei aTto xovq xponovq ixdQr{aT\q KI eTri-Koivooviac; opia^evcov KOIVCOVIKCOV- JTO-X i T i a j i i K c o v o^d6o)v. 'ETOI, r| 8idaTcaar| aTTiv eiriKoivcovia |ie dXX&q o|id5eq eivai avaTi6(peuKTri. Kai auveTicoq T i o X i T i K d Xpoo(iaTia|ievr|. H K o i v c o v i o y X c o a a i K T i e-p e u v a Kttl l aeaa aTO a x o X e i o , pTicoq (pai-verai y i a Tiapd5eiy|ia ae epya TCOV Col-Hns K a i Michaels (1986), Erikson Kai Mohatt (1982) K a i Heath (1982), exei 5ei-£,ei 6TI ae TeToiec; TcepiTiTcoaeK;, o i Tp6Tioi TCOV dXXcov epfir|veuovTai j ie 6daT| TIOXI-TiajiiKec; TtpoKaTaXfiv|/eK;. Kai r| Siacpopd a T o u q Tp67iou<; idGriarig KI eTtiKoivco-viaq, neTa i iopcpcovera i OTO i5eoX6yri|ia, Tiou [iikd y i a yvo3aTiK6 T c p o G X r m a o p i -a^evcov TuaiSicov K a i auveTtox; y i a TTJV OU-5eTep6TriTa TCOV TpoTicov TOU a x o X e i o u .
A<; 6ou|ae op ia|ieva Tiapa5eiy|iaTa a -7t6 TK; TiapaTidvo) epeuveq. Oi i5iaiTepoi Tp6Troi acpriyriaTiq |iiaq o|ad5a<;, oo<; npoq XT] 66|ariari Tr|q l a T o p i a c ; Kai Tr|v eTriT6vi-a r i xr\q (poovTic;, f i T i o p o u v va e p ^ r i v e u T o u v (oq aviKav6Tr|Ta acpTiyriaiiq. 'H TO y e y o -\6q 6TI opiaj ieva Tiai5id 5ev aiiavTouv ae auyKeKpi|ievou TVJTIOU epcorriaeK;, TIOU e X e y x o u v TTJV KaTav6riar| TCOV Kei^ievcov aTO f i d G r m a Triq avdyvcoariq, liTiopei va e y e i p e i ep^ir ive ie i ; TOU TUTIOU «Ma a u T d Ta T i a i S i d 5ev e T i i K o i v c o v o u v . Tou<; iiXdc; K a i a e KOITOUV a a xaCa!» K i 6|ico<;, Ta Trai5id 5ev a T i a v T o u v a e a u y K e K p i ^ i e v a ei5r| epooTi^aecov, o T a v arriv K O u X r o u p a Touq 5ev auvr|Gi^ovTai , y iaTi GeoopouvTai TrepiTTeg K a i auTov6r|Te<;. A e v T t p O K e u a i e5c6 ouTe y i a a v i K a v o T r i T a e T i i K o i v c o v i a q , ouTe y i a aviKav6Tr|Ta aTidvTt iaTiq a e e-pcoTfjaeK;, ouTe y i a eXXei\|/ri KaTav6r|aTi(; TOU K e i u e v o u . ATTXCOC;, TO a u y K e K p i ^ i e v o eiboq epcoTTiariq, ^ e a a aTr6 Ta T i o X X d e i -5r| epcoTTiaecov KaTav6riari(; TIOU Ga |iTio-pouaav va yivouv, exei auxvd |xiav auTo-v6riTTi y i a opia^eve< ; K o i v c o v i K e q o f i d S e q a T i d v T T i a r i . Opia^ieva Tiai6id 6ev K a T a -v o o u v epcoTTiaeK; TOU ei5ou<; « y i a T io iouq TiTav auTfj r\a TIOU 5ia6daa^ie;», eTiei5Ti r\i e i v a i Tipo(pavTi<; K a i U T i d p x e i e T i a v e i X r m ^ e v a aTO i5io TO K e i -( i e v o .
A. K A T H
Ta i5ia [iKopov\ie v a KOV[IE Kai yia Tr|v a7iaiTou|i8vr| a u n j r v o i a (oq npoq xovq axoxovq xr]q [idQr\(yr\q. r\ a u x v d 5ev u T i d p x e i , yiaxi axo a x o X e i o e p x o v x a i a e enacpf) S i a c p o p e x i K e q K o i v o o v i K e q a^ieq K a i avdyKeq. Aev avayvcopiJ^ouv oXeq oi n o X i t i a ^ i K e q o d5e<; XT| xP^^^\^oxr]xa t o u a x o X e i o u ev y e v e i r\v auyKeKpi|ie-vcov yvcoaecov Kai e v a a x o X f i a e c o v nou a u v a v x o u v e K e i . XapaKxripiaxiKX), oao Ki a v e i v a i O K p a i o 7iapd6eiyna a n o K X i -a r i q a n o x o u q eniari|iou<; nai5aycoyiKouq a x o x o u q , e i v a i r| n e p i n x c o a r i xcov x a i y y d -vcov xou Aev6pon6xa|iou XTJC; © e a a a X o v i -Kr]q, nov ouxe K a v a v o o u v ouxe vico9ouv o i K e i o x T i x a |ie x o u q a x o x o u q K a i xr| X,ei-x o u p y i a xou axoXeiou ( A i K a i o u , 1989). 'Exai, 6Xenoune ae epeuveq oncoq xT]q Heath (1983) oxi 5ev avayvcopi^ouv oXoi XT| xPTiai^ioxTixa aaKfiaecov anoKco5iKo-noirjaric; xcov ypa|i|idxoov, iiiac; Kai npo-Keixai yia 5paaxr|pi6xTixa anoKO|i|aevri ano xiq npayjiaxiKet; xPHCf^^ '^^'i yXcoa-aaq. H 6ev KaxaXa6aivouv 6Xa xa nai5id xo voTma (pavxaaxiKot)v iaxopiG)v, n o u X p r i a i ^ i o n o i o u v x a i yia XTIV npcoxx) a v d y v c o a r i , o x a v r| K o u X x o u p a xouq a n a y o -pevJei xr| c p a v x a a i a .
'Exai, 01 a p v r i x i K e c ; a x d a e i q xov n a i -6ict)v a n e v x a v x i a x i q 6paaxTipi6xrixe<; xou a x o X e i o u , n o u | i n o p e i v a e i v a i K a i 5iKai-oXoyr||ieveq K a i eu(pueiq, ^exa^iopcpcovo-v x a i axo i5eoA.6yr||ia n e p i «(pxo)XG)v KI-vf|xpcL)v» r\; npoaoxTi<;», Kai auvencoq n e p i xr iq a u x o v o r i x r i q a^iaq auxcov n o u 5i5daKei xo a x o X e i o . f v c o p i -ou|ie 6\i(3iq, Kai ano xrjv K X a a i K i i KOIVCO-
v i o X o y i a xcov a v a X u x i K c o v npoypa|i|id-xcov (Apple, 1979) Kai ano xr| Gvyxpovx] e0voypa(pia xr\q nai6aycoyiKr|(; npaKxi-KT\q (Spindler, 1982), n o a o noXv oi axo-XiKeq y v c b a e i q Kai 5e i6xrixeq e n i X e y o v -xai auGaipexa co<; n p o q xr iv a^ia xouc; Kai 5ev axTipi^ovxai a e Kdnoia KOIVCOVIKTI a u v a i v e a r j .
Ta i5ia npo6>.Ti axa 5ienouv Kai xriv a^ioXoyriari, nou 5ev eivai |iia ou5etepri a^iOKpatiKri 5ia5iKaaia, akXd eva aKo-
|ari KOIVCOVIKO yeyovoq, atripiyi^eva ae npOKataA,T]vj/eiq touXdxiatov 5uo eiSoov, 6nco<; enioTmaivetai atriv Cook-Gumpe-zz (19866): (a) (nq npoq to ti eivai yvoo-aeiq KaGcoq Kai coq npoq triv npenouaa eniSei^ri touq ato axoXeio, (6) ae KaGri-Hepiveq avtiAri\i/eiq nou oi eKnaiSeutiKoi Kou6aA.ouv |ieaa ato axoXeio coq npoq to ti eivai aooatri au|inepi(popd, e|i(pdvi-ar|, yX-coaaa, Kai ev yevei tponoi coTiq.
Ztriv npcotri nepintcoari, oi epeuveq exouv 5ei^ei oti oi axoXiKeq yvobaeiq tauti^ovtai |ie auteq opiafievcov KOIVCO-viKcov-noA,itia|iiKcov o^d6cov. H Heath (1983) eniarifiaivei, yia napd5eiy|ia, oti to axoXeio 5ev eKti|id triv iKavPtrita a-vdyvcoariq 6X.cov tcov ei6G)v tcov eniypa-(pcov and cptcoxd naiSid npoaxoX,iKr|q ri-XiKiaq, evco eKti|id triv oiKeiotrita nai-5ic6v and ^eaoaatiKd atpco^ata |ie (pav-taatiKeq ypanteq latopieq. AKoiiri, oi yvcoaeiq Kai oi iKavotriteq, oncoq ri Kata-voriari evoq Keijievou, npenei va eni5ei-Xtouv fie tponouq nou cruvriGi^ovtai ato axoXeio, |ieaa and eva auyKeKpifievo ei-5oq andvtriariq ae auyKeKpi|ievo ei5oq epcotriariq oncoq au^ritfiaaiie napandvco.
Ztri Seutepri nepintcoari, to axoXeio Kpivei Kai tponouq C,(x)T\q. Fia napd5eiy-^a, nai5id nou 5ev exouv ato aniti touq auatripd copdpia Kai KaGopiaiaeveq KIVTI-aeiq jieaa ato x^po^ KouGaXouv autr| triv eXeuGepia ato axoXeio, to onoio 6-coq auxvd Xeitoupyei fie auatripouq Ka-
voveq coq npoq to xpdvo Kai to x^po, Kavoveq nou exei evacofiatcoaei and touq tponouq qcoriq dXXcov KOIVCOVIKCOV ofid-5o)v (Heath, 1983). Mnopei Xomdv va Kpivei autd ta nai5id coq «anpoadpfio-a t a » r\. Oaipvovtaq u-ndvf/ri auteq tiq npOKata>.TJ\|/eiq coq npoq touq tponouq C,(i)r\q, 5ev eivai dpaye d^io epeuvTitiKou npoGXrifiatiafiou dti ri ep-firiveia nou oi eKnai5eutiKoi ato arifie-pivo EXXriviKO axoXeio 5ivouv cruxvd yia ta npo6X.rifaata fidGriariq fie to ypa-nto Xoyo eivai ri aKev|/ri «5ev ta 6or|Gouv and xo anixi»;
H eniaTifiT] naiSayooyiKri npaKxiKTi,
7; A v d y v c o a r i K a i ypacpfj : Gecopia *
fie T iq a ^ i e q , Tiq y v c o a e i q K a i r i q 6 i a 5 i K a -a i e q ^dGTlar^q KOI a ^ i o X o y r i a r i q n o u a -a n d ^ e x a i , G e i e i v a n a p o u a i d ^ e x a i coq a u -x o v P r i x r i K a i ou5exepr|. Oficoq, a u x o n o u K a x a c p e p v e i xeX- iKd e i v a i v a n e p i G c o p i o -n o i T i a e i a K O f i r i n i o n o X u KOI |ae n i o e n i -a r i f i o u q x p o n o u q opiafieveq KoivcoviKeq OfidSeq , xcov o n o i c o v TI K o u X x o u p a e i v a i f|5r| SiacpopexiKT^ o x a v cpxdvouv a x o a x o -X e i o . Z x r | a u v e x e i a a n o p p i n x e i cruaxTif ia-x i K d x o u q x p o n o u q j ie x o u q o n o i o u q a K e -( p x o v x a i , vicoGouv, c p e p o v x a i K a i fiaGai-v o u v x a n a i 5 i d n o u a v r J K O u v a e 5ia(pope-x i K e q K o u X x o u p e q a n o xrj 5IKTI XOU. A v x i v a 6pei x p o n o u q v a yecpupcoaei x o n o X i x i -a f i i K O xafJMCt, x o e v i a x u e i f i e a a a n d xr jv u n o x i f i T i a r i xr|q 5 ia (popdq. H ^ e n e p a o f i e -vr) arifAepa (piXoXoyia n e p i «uno6aG|ii-a f i e v o u n o X i x i a f i i K O u nepi6dX ,Xovxoq» rj «noA,ixiafiiKTiq axepr|aTiq» e^e(ppaae K d n o i a a x i y f i T j a v o i x x d auxTi XTIV unoxi|iT|-ar| n o u a u v x e X e i x a i auvi^Gcoq fie e n i K a -X u f i f i e v o u q x p o n o u q .
npcx; \iia OUVGETIKTJ npoatyyiai\
Eivai Kaipoq aKOfir] Kai axrjv e n i -axrifioviKfj Gecopia va e n i x e i p r j G o u v cruv-GexiKeq n p o a e y y i a e i q x o u (paivofievou xriq fidGr|ar|q. To eyxeiprffia eivai 6u-CTKoXo, aXXd axov x o f i e a x o u y j x i n x o u Xoyou, r| nXouaia epeuvTixiKT] npo6X.r|-f i a x i K T i n p o a c p e p e i f i i a 6dar|. To ^TIXOU-f i e v o 5ev e i v a i v a npoaGeaoufie axTiv \\fv-XoXoyia xcov yvcoaxiKG)v (paivofievcov zr\ CTuyKivriaiaKfi Kai KOIVCOVIKT^ onxiKT) , aXXd va G p o u f i e xr) auvGeoT] n o u Ga f i a q enixpe\|iei K d n o x e va n e p i y p d y o u f i e x a n p a y f i a x i K d (paivofieva f i d G r j o r i q . O n a i -S a y c o y i K o q X o y o q , a x r i v n p o a n d G e i a va evacof iaxcoae i K a i x i q x p e i q n a p a n d v c o o -n x i K e q , exei a u x v d Kaxacpuyei a e e n i K i v -Suveq a n X o u a x e i i a e i q , n o u e f i f i e a a e v i -a x u o u v xTiv T i y e f i o v i a xr|q yvcoaxiKi^q o -n x i K T i q . X a p a K x r i p i a x i K O napd5eiyfia e i v a i Ti c T U f i n X i i f x o a r i xTiq n a p a 5 o a i a K f i q y v c o a x i K r j q avxiXr|\)/Tiq fie x a n o p i o f i a x a y i a XTIV x a ^ i K T i S i d a x a a t ^ xr|q a x o X i K T i q
npoKxiKTi
a n o x u x i a q , e x a i coaxe v a a K o u f i e y i a 6 i a -
(popexiKeq y v c o a x i K ^ q 6 i a 5 i a K a a i a q a -noppocpT^ariq yvcoaecov n e p i a a o x e p o r\ X i y o x e p o a n o x e X e a f i a x i K e q a v d X o y a fie xr|v KoivcoviKT) npoeXevoT].
l e f i i a n p o a n d G e i a o u a i a a x i K T i q a u v -Geariq, iacoq G a n p e n e i v a a ^ i o n o i r f a o u f i e K a i K d n o i e q n a X a i o x e p e q vu£,eiq K a i n a -p a x r i p r i a e i q , a n o p a 6 i K e q , a v e n a p K e i q K a i npo6Xr|f iax iKeq , coq n p o q xouq x p o n o u q fidGr|ar|q n o u a u v r f G i i ^ o v x a i a n o e v a d x o f i o Ti f i i a KOIVCOVIKTI 0fid5a. A v a c p e -p o f i a a x e a e e v v o i e q oncoq «yvcoaTiKd axvh> K a i «axrinaxa iid0Tjarj<;» n o u e x o u v Kaxd Kaipouq xP^'^^\^o^olr\Q^i. 'Iacoq n p o a n a G o u a a v , x^pii^ v a x o <Tuvei5r|xo-n o i o u v , v a e p f i r f v e u a o u v Kai xouq n o X i x i -a f i i K d K a G o p i a f i e v o u q x p o n o u q fidGriariq.
B. npo6XfmaTa naiSaycoyiKflq 7cpaKTiKfj(;
H S ia f iopcpcoar i onoiaa6Tinoxe na iSaycD-y i K T i q n p a K x i K f i q ocpeiXei v a npoa6iopi-a e i n i o a u y K e K p i f i e v a , K a i n d v x a fie x o u q CTUvGexiKouq o p o u q xrfq yvcoax iKf jq , a u -y K i v r i a i K T i q K a i K O i v c o v i K f j q o n x i K T i q , x a ( p a i v o f i e v a f idGTiar iq n o u XTIV a n a a x o -X o u v . I x r i 5 iKTi f i a q n e p i n x c o a r j , ocpeiXei v a n p o x c o p i i a e i n e p a a n o x i q K a G r m e p i -v^q avxiA,fi\)/eiq x o u ( p a i v o f i e v o u n o u a u -X v d a n o K t t X o u f i e fidGr|ar| x o u ypanxot3
X o y o u . KdGe npayfiaxiKO ( p a i v o f i e v o f idGrf-
a r i q 5ienexai ano i6iaixep6xr|Teq, n o u e-^apTcovTai a n o n o i K i X o u q a u v T e X e a r e q . K i iacoq TI e v v o i a «fidGriar| TOU y p a n r o u X o y o u ) ) v a a n o K p u n T e i f i e a a aTTjv yevi-KOTTfTa Tiq K p i a i f i e q n r u x e q TOU (paivofiev o u , n o u r| nai6aycoyiKri npaKTiKii 5ev e i v a i S u v a T O v a a y v o e i . 'Oao KI a v f i i a yeviKTi Gecopia Triq f i d G r f a r i q e i v a i n d v r a GefiiTTi, Tj Gecopia amr\d n p e n e i v a e f i n e p i e x e i K a i f i i a nepiypacpr j TCOV napayovTCOv nou 5r | f i i o u p y o u v i6iaiTep6-TTiTeq. H fiovoafjfiavTTi yvcoariKTi onriKTi e x e i a r o napeXGov avayvcopiaei f i o v o f i i a evvoia i5iaiTepoTT|TCov, aurrfv TT^V
A. K A T H 7<
T t p o G X t m a T i K T i q axo\iiKr\q an6KX\ar\q CTTTIV a7ropp69riCTT| YVCOCTECOV. H OTITIKT^ Ttou 9eXei xr\i KOIVCOVIKO y e y o v o q e y e i p e i , avTiGeTcoq, | i i a CTeipd a n o epcoTf)-^aTa coq n p o q TT) (puCTT) Triq jid9T|CTr|q TOO ypoKTOU Xoyou CTe Kd9e KOIVCOVIKO nXai-CTIO.
KaTapxr|v, r\| «ypanToi)-npo(popiKoi3» X o y o u K a X X i e p y e i TTIV e-vTuncoCTTi OTI r| ypacpfj eivai anXdiq |iia avaTiapdCTTaCTri Tr|q o|iiX,iaq K a i CTuvencoq OTI T| d9r|CTTi TTiq iCTOUTai ^e Tr|v anoKco-SiKOTioiTiCTT) TCOV ypa|i|idTCOv Kupicoq. O -ficoq, CTTTIV TipayfiaTiKOTTiTa, exoojie |aia CTeipd 5ia<popeTiKeq xpA^^^^ " 1? yXcoCT-CTaq, [lepiKeq eK TCOV onoicov CTTTipi^ovTai o e rixTiTiKd a()\xQoka KI dX.X.eq oe onTiKd, K a i enofievcoq x] nd9T|CTTi TCOV ypanTcov Kco5iKCOv e i v a i K a i |id9TiCTri K a i v o u p i c o v Tponcov e n i K o i v c o v i a q K a i OKevj/Tiq. H TipayjiaToXoyia K a i T] KoivcovioyXcoCTCTO-Xoyia, oncoq eniCTTnia ive i K a i o Stubbs (1980), iX.oi3v 6x1 | i 6 v o v y i a noXXd 8ia-cpopeTiKd eiSt) Xoyov, aXXd KOI y i a TO yeyov6q 6TI Ta ei5Ti TOU y p a n T O u A.6you X P T i a i j i o n o i o u v T a i CTe nepiCTTdCTeiq 6ia-(popeTiK^q a n 6 auTeq TOU n p o ( p o p i K o u K a i y i a 5ia(popeTiKouq CTKonouq. E x o u v CTUvencbq K a i 6ia(popeTiKTi 5o|iTi K a i 5ia-(poeTiKT) CTxeCTT) l ie Tr|v e£,coyA.coCTCTiKTJ n p a y ( i a T i K 6 T T i T a . A K 6 ^ T l , 5ev e i v a i oXeq Ol KoivcoviK^q 0(id6eq e^oiKeico|ieveq Kai l i e TO y p a n T 6 X6yo ev y e v e i dkkd Kai e oXeq T iq xp^icreiq TOU. T O yeyov6q a u T 6 exei TepdCTTia ormaCTia y i a TT|V eKnai-5euCTTi, r| onoia OTtipi^eTai CTe cruyKeKpi-j ieveq xpTlcJeiq Ttiq ypanTrjq Kai n p o c p o p i -KTiq yXcoCTCTaq.
A e v } inopou|ie XomPv v a |ir|v a v a p c o -Ti6^aCTTe Kd9e (popd n o u Ti9eTai 9e|ia a-ycoyTJq coq npoq TO ypanT6 X,6yo: fid9TiCTT| noiaq x p r j a T i q TT|q yXcoCTCTaq, n o u XP Icn-j i o n o i e i TOV aX(pa6r|TiK6 KCOSIKO, y i a n o i o A,6yo, an6 noieq K o i v c o v i K e q o n d S e q , Kai KttTCO an6 noieq CTxeCTeiq aiX,r|Xeni-5paCTr|q Kai a^ioX6yr|CTriq; FliCTCo an6 auTd TO eni(pav8iKd a9coa epcoTTiiiaTa, Kpu-6ovTai napanXavT|TiKeq i5eeq n o u 9e-XOUV TT) d9TlCTT| O^Ol6|iOp(pO yVC0CTTlK6
(paiv6fievo Kai TTI CTXOXIKTI 5i5acncaXia Kai a£,ioX6yT|CTTi |iia ouSeTepi 5ia5iKa-CTia. 'O|icoq, 5ev undpxei a^(pi6oXia 6TI Ta avaXuTiKd npoypd|i^aTa avdyvcoCTT|q KOI ypacprjq 5ev eivai Ta 6va 5uvaTd ouTe coq npoq Touq Tponouq ouTe coq npoq TO nepiex6|aevo Ttjq d9riCTT|q, KI 6TI |iia CTeipd an6 i5eo?ioyTi|iaTa CTTOxeuouv CTTO va ^laq anoTpeyouv an6 TO va a|i(piCT6T|-Tf|CTOu(ie TTjv eniCTTinTi nai6aycoyiKfi npa-KTIKTI-
Eva npcoTO i5eo>.6yri|ia 9eXei TT| |id-9T|CTTI TOU ypanTou A.6you va cruvTeXeiTai CTTO CTxoXeio Kai |i6vo, TO onoio niCTTeue-Tai eupecoq 6TI 5TmioupyTi9T|Ke yia va lopcpcoCTei TTIV av9pcon6TTiTa. H KOIVCOVI-
KTJ iCTTopia (Graff, 1986) |iaq Xeei Pucoq OTI r| napandvco i6ea KaXXiepyiiGriKe CTU-CTTTiiiaTiKd, yia va anoKpuv|/ei TO yeyovoq OTI TO CTXoXeio 5rmioupyfi9T|Ke TO 19O aicova yia va eXey^ei Touq rponouq |ie Touq onoiouq r a dTO|ia Ti5r| ^d9aivav Kai Kupicoq xpr|cyi|ionoiouCTav xr\. XTO (leyaXuTepo nepoq TTiq iCTTopiaq, o i dv-9pconoi nd9aivav va ypdcpouv Kai va 5ia-Bd^ouv, CTe noXu 5ia(popeTiKeq nepiCTTdCTeiq ano aureq TOU CTXoXeiou. Kai CTTJ^ie-pa, CTTiq avanruyiieveq x^P^'i^ nXrm-liupiCTjieveq ano ypanrd fiuvTi^ara oXcov TCOV ei6cov, Ta nai5 id cprdvouv CTUxvd CTTO CTXoXeio, yvcopi ovTaq r|6r| noXXd yia TO ypanTO Xoyo (Hall, 1987). EniCTriq, apKe-Teq xpTJoeiq rriq ypacpriq |ia9aivovTai e-KToq CTXoXeiou, TO onoio nepiopi^erai auCTTTipd CTe opiCTjieva |i6vov ei5ri ypa-nrou Kai npocpopiKou Xoyou, ei6ri nou noiKiXouv avdXoya e TO iCTTOpiKO Kai KOIVCOVIKO nXaiCTio.
rvcopi ^oufie dXXcdGxe OTI r\i exei dXXo yvcoCTTiKO Kai CTuyKivriCTiaKO XapaKTTipa CTTO CTXoXeio, ano OTI CTTiq nepiCTTdCTeiq Tr|q Ka9rmepivTiq cof|q. To CTxoXeio CTTTipi^erai CTe SiKouq TOU KCOSI-Keq eniKoivcoviaq, CTe evvoieq anofioKpu-CTjieveq ano Tr|v npayiiariKOTriTa CTTT^V onoiav avacpepovrai, CTTTIV eni6oXf| TOU avaXuTiKou npoypd^i^iaroq Ka9c6q Kai CTe ^iiav a ioXoyriCTTi |ie 6dCTr| Tr|v eniTuxia-anoTuxia (Cook-Gumperz, 19866, Scri-
A. K A T H 7 i
npoGXtifiaxiKTiq axoiiiKriq an6Kkxar\q aiTiv a7iopp6(pT|ar| yvcoaecov. H OTITIKTI Ttou GeXei TTJ |ict0T|ar| KOIVCOVIKO yeyovoq eyeipei, avxiGexcoq, |iia aeipci and epcoxii-^axa coq npoq xr| cpuar] xriq jidGriaTiq xou ypanxou Xoyou ae KdGe KOIVCOVIKO nXai-aio.
KaxapxTJv, r| avxiGeari «ypanxou-npo(popiKou» Xoyou KaXXiepyei XT V e-vxuncoari 6 x i x] ypacpf) eivai ankcbq \iia avanapdaxaari xr|q omXiaq Kai auvencbq 6x1 T] |idGr|ar| xr|q laouxai |ie XT|V anoKco-5iKonoir|aT| xcov ypa^idxcov Kupicoq. O-|iCoq, axTjv n p a y ^ a x i K 6 x r i x a , exou|ie |aia aeipd 5ia<popexiKeq xp^icreiq xT|q yXcoa-aaq, |iepiKeq eK xcov onoicov axripi^ovxai ae rixTixiKd au^GoXa KI dXXeq ae onxiKd, Kai eno ievcoq x] idGriaTi xcov ypanxcov KcoSiKcov ei'vai Kai idGriari Kaivoupicov xp6ncov eniKoivcovi'aq Kai aKeyriq. H npayjiaxoXoyia K a i r| KoivcovioyXcoaao-Xoyia, 6ncoq eniarmaivei Kai o Stubbs (1980), niXouv 6x1 n 6 v o v yia noXkd 6 i a -cpopexiKd ei6r| X 6 y o u , aXXd KOI yia xo yeyov6q 6 x i xa ei'5r| xou ypanxou X 6 y o u Xptiaijionoiouvxai ae nepiaxdaeiq 5 i a -(popexiK^q an6 auxeq xou n p o c p o p i K O u K a i yia 5 i a ( p o p e x i K o u q cxKonouq. ' E x o u v (Tuvencoq K a i S i a c p o p e x i K f j 5O^TI K a i 5 i a -(poexiKTi axeari [le XTIV e^coyXcoaaiKii npay^axlK6xr|xa. AKO^IT), 5ev e i v a i okeq ox KoivcoviKeq o idSeq e^oiKeicojieveq K a i |ie xo ypanxP A,6yo ev yevei akkd K a i e okeq xiq xpxjaeiq xou. To yeyovpq a u x 6 exei xepdaxia a r n i a a i a yia xr|v eKnai-Seuax), r| onoia axripi^exai ae cyuyKCKpi-lieveq xp^iaeiq xr|q ypanxi^q Kai npo (popi -Kfiq yXcoaaaq.
Aev jinopoufie XomPv va avapco-xi6^aaxe KdGe (popd nou xiGexai Ge ia a-ycoyfiq coq npoq xo y p a n x 6 X 6 y o : idGriaTi noiaq xpTiariq xTiq yXcoaaaq, nou XP^cn-^onoiei xov aA.(pa6r|xiK6 Kco5iKa, y i a noio X 6 y o , a n 6 noieq KoivcoviKeq o^d5eq, Kai Kdxco a n 6 noieq axeaeiq akkx]kEni-5paar|q Kai a^ioX6yr|aTiq; riiaco a n 6 auxd xa eni(paveiKd aGcoa epcoxT||iaxa, Kpv3-Govxai napanXavTixiKeq i6eeq nou Ge-Xouv XT| idGriaTi onoi6|iop(po yvcoaxiKp
(paivojievo KOI xr| axokxKr\a Kai a^ioXPytiar) fiia ouSexepi] 5ia5iKa-a i a . '0^coq, 5ev undpxei a|i<pi6oA,ia oxi x a avaXuxiKd npoypd i|iaxa avdyvcoariq Kai ypacpiiq 5ev eivai x a lova 5 u v a x d o u xe coq npoq xouq xponouq ouxe coq npoq xo nepiexofievo xriq dGr|aT|q, KI OXI | i ia aeipd ano i5eo?ioyii|iaxa axoxeuouv axo va |iaq anoxpeyouv ano x o va a^KpiaGrj-xfjaoufie xtjv eniarmri naiSaycoyiKii npa-KXIKTI-
Eva npcoxo i5eoX6yrma GeXei xtj |id-Griari xou ypanxou XPyou va cruvxeXeixai axo axoXeio Kai lovo, x o onoio niaxeue-xai eupecoq oxi 5rmioupyTiGriKe yia va
lopcpcoaei XT|V avGpcon6xT|xa. H KOIVCOVI-KTJ laxopia (Graff, 1986) laq Xeei o coq 6x1 r| napandvco i 6 e a KaX,X.iepyfiGr|Ke au-axriiiaxiKd, yia va anoKpuvj/ei x o y e y o v 6 q 6x1 x o axo?ieio Sr^ioupyiiGriKe x o 19o aicova yia va eXey^ei xouq xpPnouq le xouq onoiouq x a dxo|ia f|6r| ^idGaivav K a i Kupicoq xpr|ai|ionoiouaav XT\. Sxo (leyaXuxepo nepoq xr^q laxopiaq, o i dv-Gpconoi ^dGaivav va ypdcpouv K a i va 5ia-Gd^ouv, ae noX,u S i a c p o p e x i K e q nepiaxdaeiq a n 6 auxeq xou axoXeiou. Kai afj ie-p a , axiq avanxuy^eveq xo)peq, xiq nkr\\i-^lupiafieveq a n 6 ypanxd jiuvTi iaxa 6X,cov xcov ei6cov, x a n a i 5 i d (pxdvouv auxvd axo axoXeio, yvcopii ovxaq ii5r| nokkd yia x o ypanx6 X6yo (Hall, 1987). Eniariq, apKe-xeq xP^c^e^ " iq ypacpfiq (laGaivovxai e-K x 6 q axoXeiou, x o onoio nepiopii^exai auaxTipd ae opiajieva n6vov eiSr) ypanxou Kai npocpopiKou X,6you, eiSrj nou noiKiXouv avdXoya e x o laxopiKO Kai KOIVC0VIK6 nXaiaio.
Fvcopi^oufie dXXcoaxe 6 x i rj lidGriaTi exei dkko yva>axiK6 Kai a u y K i v r i a i a K 6 X a p a K X T i p a axo axoXeio, a n 6 6 x i axiq nepiaxdaeiq xriq KaGrijiepiv-nq cof|q. To axoXeio axripi^exai ae 5 i K o u q xou KCO6I-Keq e n i K o i v c o v i a q , ae e v v o i e q a n o j i a K p u -ajieveq a n 6 xriv npayiiaxiKpxrixa axrjv o n o i a v avacpepovxai, axriv eniGoXfi xou avaXuxiKou npoypdmaaxoq KaGcoq Kai ae ^iiav a^ioA.6yriari jie 6 d a r i XTIV enixuxia-anoxuxia (Cook-Gumperz, 19866, Scri-
AvdyvcoCTri Kai ypacpri : Gecopia Kai TtpaKtiKri
bnerand Cole, 1981). rvcopi^oufie aKOjiTi oxi xo axoXeio
Xeixoupyei jie TipoOTioGeaeiq coq npoq xo XI yvcopi ouv r\6r] xa mi5id, ncoq OKecpxo-vxai, vicoGouv Kai [laGaivouv. OCTO KI av KaXX-iepyeixai r\a 6xi 5i5daK8i e^ap-X n q Kttl Xf^pi? npoKaxaX.riv|/eiq. f i a na-pd6eiy|ia, ^r|xd ano x a nai5id va exouv e£,oiKeicoGei |ie 6i6X.ia Kai va exouv ^exa-yXcocToiKeq yvcoaeiq yia xo aX,(pd6r|xo Kai xouq (pGoyyouq (Heath, 1983). Oi eniKa-X.U|i|aeveq auxeq npounoGeaeiq 5ev eivai xuxaieq, aXXd KoivcoviKd KaGopia|aeveq )iiaq Kttl naipvouv coq Gdar) xr|v KOUXXOU-pa opiajievcov |i6vo KOIVO)VIKG)V axpco|jd-xcov.
'Oxav Ol npounoGeaeiq auvei5r|xo-noiouvxai, eivai nXeov Suvaxeq oi a[i(pi-a6T]xr|aeiq Kai oi niGaveq aXkayeq. H Heath (1983) avacpepei xo anA,6 napd-5eiyna [iiaq SaaKdXaq nou axr|pixi:r|' £ axiq KaGrijiepiveq yvcoaeiq yia xr| ypacpri, nou eixav xa nai5id [imq cpxcoxidq KOIVO-xrjxaq, yia va o6T|yr|aei auxd x a nai6id axo v a nXouxiaouv |ie e v x u n c o a i a K O xpo-no xiq iKavPxTixeq xpri Jriq xr|q ypacpriq, auxd xa i5ia nai5id n o u xo axoXeio Ga axiyiidxi^e coq aviKava va KaxaXdGouv
iiav anXri epcoxriarj. Oxav oi noXixia^i-Keq o idSeq [le XiyPxepr) e£,ouaia ano-Kxouv SiKaico ia 5ian6p(pcoaT|q xriq eKnai-5euxiKTiq no>.ixiKr|q,oi npounoGeaeiq aX-Xd^ouv. Fi auxo, Kai x a avaXuxiKd npo-ypd|jpaxa avdyvcoariq Kai ypa(pf|q, nou eniBdXXovxai eK xcov dvco Kai 6ev 5ivouv 5iKaico|ia aumiexoxiiq axa dxojia nou ^aGaivouv, oncoq xo 5iaKaico|ia axrjv eni-Xoyri xcov Keijievcov. eivai auvfjGcoq Kaxa-5iKaa|ieva axriv anoxuxia.
Kai axriv EXXdda Xomov. Ga npenei Kdnoxe va epeuvr|aou|ie xri axear) xcov nai5icov PXcov xojv KOIVCOVIKCOV npoeXeu-aecov lie x o ypanxo Xoyo, Kupicoq K a x d xriv npoaxoXiKii riXiKia aXXd Kai iiexd, oncoq Kai va evxoniaoujie xauxoxpova xiq
npounoGeaeiq xriq eniar^riq naiSaycoyi-KTiq npOKXiKTiq. Eivai, yia napdSeiyjia, ev5ia(pepouaeq oi evSei^eiq Pxi nai5id 5ev eivai xoao e^oiKeicofieva |ie xo 5id-Baafia ypanxcov laxopicov, onooq KOI OI ev6ei^eiq oxi oi vriniaycoyoi xo naipvouv auto unov|/ri xouq Kai npoxijiouv va acpri-youvxai napd va 6ia6dqouv-'. H oti aKo-(iri Kttl ta taiyyavdKia tou Aev5pon6ta-fiou, nou toaa npo6Xr||iata exouv jie to axoXeio Kai touq tponouq touq. ^epouv va 5ia6di^ouv eniypacpeq Kai voujiepa". To npoGXrijia ndvtcoq triq nai5ayo3yiKr|q npttKtiKriq atq xcopa fiaq npenei va ata-Gei ae tetoieq ntuxeq triq KoivcoviKiiq npayiiatiKOtritaq. Aev [inopei va XuGei jie Gdari yvcoatiKd nopiafiata Kai jiovov, oncoq to ti i5iaitep6triteq npOKuntouv yia triv avayvcoatiKri Xeitoupyia ano triv i5ia tri (p\jGr\ EXXriviKriq aXcpa-GritiKriq ypacpnq.
O fiuGoq nou GeXei triv eniari|ir| n a i -5aycoyiKri npaKtiKi] |iiav ou5etepr| te-XVOKpatiKii 5 ia5 iKaaia fietdSoariq KI a^ioXoyriariq 5eqiotritcov Kai yvcoaecov -anoatepTiiaevri and eva nepiexdjaevo KI evav nai5eutiKd atdxo- exei auatrijiati-Kotepa KttXXiepyriGei ato 8eutepo jiiad tou 20ou aicova (de Castell and Luke, 1986). 'Exei 6e a t r ipix te i apKetd atriv yuxoXoyia tcov yvcoatiKCOv cpaivoiaevcov (le t q v euputepri evvoia, eite npoKei ta i yia tov unrixaGiopiand eite yia tri Gecopia ene^epyaaiaq nXripocpopicov, KaGi-atcovtaq evvoieq, oncoq ri «anoKco5iKO-noiriari tcov ypa^^dtcov» to eniKevtpo triq nai6aycoyiKTiq npoGXrijiatiKiiq. 'E-xei, eninXeov, enitpev)/ei xr\a uXiKou yia tri 5i5aaKaXia Kai a^ioXdyri-ari, oncoq 6i6Xia Kai tunonoiri)ieva teat, to onoio niaco and to nenXo |iiaq dr\Qev texvoKpatiKriq ou5etep6tritaq Kpivei |ie 6dari KoivcoviKeq npoKataXrivj/eiq coq npoq tiq xPH^^eiq triq yXcoaaaq. Fia na-pd6eiy|ia, oi npotdaeiq X^P^'i vdri|ia.
3. lL>|ij:epaana airo zpyaaizq (pourixcbv picbv ato naidoYcoyiKO Turmu Nrirtiuyajycbv TOU FlavEJiiaTrijiiou 0eo-oaA-oviKriq. OTO nctOrma a^vxoXoyiu xr\q rXcooaaq». cDOivortojpo. 1986. 4. ATTO OIVTITTICTTI HE on(i6a Epyaciat; Ttiq feviKtiq PpaiinaTEiuq AuiKtiq Ertinopcpworiq OTU nuioiu TOU Aev6po-TtcJTanou.
n o u EXEYXOUV TT|V iKavoTTita a n o K c o S i -KonoiriCTTiq TCOV Ypa|i|idtcov, zXeyxovv Kupicoq jieTtt-YXcoaaiKeq i K a v o x r i x e q KQI 6x1 npaYHaTiK£<; xpA'^^K "^^iq Y ^ ' ^ a a a q . K a i oi fiExa-YXcoCTOiKeq iKav6xrix£q a u -xoi3 x o u q CTUYK£Kpi^£vou £i5ouq Eivai n i o npOCTlXEq CTE OpiCT}l£V£q KOlVCOVlKEq o-j i d S E q .
H i C T x o p i a xcov avaXuxiKcov n p o Y p a i a -l idxcov (de Castell and Luke, 1986) EXEI dXXcoCTXE 5£i^£i npCTO noXu dXka^av oi i6££q j i a q ym xo xi Eivai Y p a n x o q X6Yoq K a i Yiaxi K a i ncoq 5i5dCTKExai K a i a ^ i o X o -Y E i ' x a i , an6 XTIV s n o x i l xi q E X i x i o x i K t i q EKnai5£UCTr|q x o u 19ou a i c o v a , CTXTJV npoo5EuxiKTi EKnaiSEUCTT] x o u npcoxou ^ i -CTOu xou 20ou coq CTXTIV xExvoKpaxiKT] xcov r^Epcov i^aq. F i a napd5£iY|ia, r| 5O^TI Kai xo nEpiEx6|i£vo xcov KEi Evcov xr|q npco-xr|q avdyvcoCTTiq EXEI nEpdCTEi an6 xr| Bi-6X0, CTE jiuGiCTxopii^iaxa, CTE auxoxsA-Eiq iCTXopiEq, CTE K E i f i E v a x^piq v6rma cpxiay-^ £ v a £i6iKd ym XT|V anoKcoS iKonoi r iCTt i (6ncoq xo «ia, ia, cod»^ r\, v a T] | ia j id , j i a |ia r| N a v d » ) . EniCTT^q, 01 x p P n o i a^io-X6YTiCTT|q EXOUV aXXd^ei and XT| (pcovaxxii avdYvcoCTT) K a i a v x i Y p a c p i i KEIJIEVCOV, CTXTI CTiconT|A.rj avdYvcoCTT] K a i KaxavPriCTr j . To a v a X u x i K o n p o Y p a j a j i a x o u E X X r i v i K o u CTXoXEiou uniip^E, coq E n i xo n^EiCTXov, i -610 fiE a u x d x o u 19ou a i c o v a o x i q a v a -nxuYMEVEq x^^P^'^- EnavaXr|nxiKii a v d -YvcoCTTj Kai YPa^^ "TOU i5iou KEIUEVOU. ripoKEixai, Yia npoYpamaa, nou Eivai E-va noXu KaxdXXriXo IIECTO Yia ISEOXOYIKTI nponaydvSa.
niCTCo a n d Kd9£ XEXVIKTI 5i5aCTKa>.iaq Kttl a^ioXoYXiCTTiq, E v u n d p x E i |aia Gficopia Y i a xo YPanxd XOYO, Yia XTIV K o i v c o v i a , Y i a xa nai5id K a i XT| ^dSriCTTi. E p c o x r m a -xa X o m d v oncoq xa a K o X o u G a E n i G d X X o -v x a i : Y n d p x E i ^EXcopiCTxd l i d G r i j i a a v d -YvcoCTTiq K a i Ypacpi iq ; Flcaq E n i X E Y O v x a i 01
X p i i O E i q x o u X o Y O u K a i xa K E i | i E v a ; H d -V|/OYT| opGoYpacpia CTE unaYopEU|i£va K£i -l i E v a Ei 'vai d p a Y E mo CTrniavxiKii a n d XTJV
\. K A T H 77
iKavoxT^xa YPa<px|q 5ia(pdpcov |iT|vu|id-Tcov, ECTTCo Kai |iE XdQf] r\ TT| 6or|G£ia TCOV l iEYdXcov Ti E v d q XE^IKOU; E i v a i r\ K a X X i Y p a c p i K i i avTiYpa(pr| n i o CTrmavTiKf] a n d TTjv iKavoTTiTtt Y P a i p i i q E v d q KEIUEVOU, ECTTCO K a i |iE Tr| 6of|GEia TCOV i^EYd-Xcov; E i v a i r\) a v d Y v c o o r i TO n a v , OTav r\ (Smith, 1981) K a i n v|/uxavdXuCTT| (Bettelhein and Zelan, 1982) \iaq u n o S E i K v u o u v OTI o T a v Ta n a i S i d ano5i8ouv vdrma CTTO KEijiEvo, Eivai cpuCTiKO va K d v o u v XdGr|, XaGx) n o u Eivai d|icoq 6EiY^aTa Tr|q Eucputaq Touq, TT|q S r i i i i o u p Y i K O T r i T d q Touq KaGcoq K a i TCOV YvcoCTECov TOuq Y i a TOV n p o c p o p i K o K a i Y p a n T O Xoyo; 0a ^ n o p o u o a i i E va CTU-v E x i a o u j i e |JE a p K E T d spcoTfijiaTa coq n p o q TT) (pUCTT) K a i TO CTTOXO TCOV CTUYKEKpi|l£-vcov npaKTiKCOv. A p K o u v djicoq coq vu^Eiq Y i a TT|v EniKaXu^jiEVTi (piXoCTOcpia TCOV npaKTiKcov.
A K p i G c o q Y i a T i GEXaj iE n d v T a v a a n o -(PUYOUJIE TETOia EpcoTTijiaTa, TO ^TiTTma TT|q naiSaYCOYiKTJq n p a K T i K i i q n E p i o p i -CTTT|K£ CTE | i i a bm\idxr\q n p o q Tiq oXi-KEq r\(pa6r|TiK£q |i£Gd5ouq 6i6aCTKa-X i a q TTiq npcoTT^q avdyvcoCTriq. M i X i i C T a j i E Y i a T E X v i K E q , aKojiT) KI o T a v 01 5Ti|iioup-Y o i Touq - o n c o q o <I)pEVE Kai o O p E i p E -E n E f i E v a v CTE ( i i a YSViKOTEpri cpiXoCTOcpia K a i n p a K T i K T i TTiq aycoYi iq . Kai CTTiq 5ia-j i d x E q Jiaq E n i K a X o u j i a C T T a v £niCTTTi|iovi-K d E n i x E i p r i n a T a coq n p o q Ta YvcoCTTiKd Kupicoq nXEOvEKTTJi iaTa TCOV TEXVIKCOV.
Kai djicoq, 01 ^EGOSOI 6r||iioupYTiGr|-K a v Ti a v a G i c o G r j K a v JIE a(pop|ir| YEVIKO-TEpEq KOlVCOVlKEq K a i na i5aYC0YiKEq a X -X a Y E q (Chall, 1967). Fia napd5£iY|ia, 01
o X i K s q ji£Go5oi avaGicoGriKav oTiq a p x £ q TOU a i c o v a , coq j i f ipoq Ttiq n a i 6 o K E V T p i K T i q n a i S a Y C o y i K T i q . AKOJITI, ^ n o p o u ^ E va n a -paTTIpriCTOUJlE OTI 01 EniCTTTIIiOVlKEq l5£Eq n o u x p x i c T i f i o n o i r i G T i K a v Y i a v a 5iKaioXo-Y T i a o u v Tiq CTUYKEKpifiEVEq |iEGd6ouq, 6x1
j i d v o x p i l < 7 i M O ^ o i i i G T i K a v EK TCOV UCTTE-pcov, aXXd opiCT|i£V£q (popsq K a i |i£ Tpdno
5. npayjiaTiico 7tapd8€i7na Ttou ava<pepei o Ar|napdq (1976) CTTTIV lOTOpiKii eitiCTKonriCTTi TOU TCOV EXXriviKCOV avayvcDCTTiKcov.
7o AvdyvcooTi Kai ypacprj: Gecopia Kai npaKxiKii
avTicpaTiKO. Exai, oi oXiKeq |ie0o6oi 6i-KaioXoYTiGriKav axTiv Eupd)7iTi and xr\ Gecopia xriq Mopcptiq (Gestalt) Kai axiq HFIA and xrj Gecopia xr|q au^7repl(popdq (|i7ir|xa6iopia^6q), ri onoia ojicoq xeXeu-xaia CTXiipi^e XT|V eniCTXpocpri ce neGo-5ouq a n o K c o 5 i K 0 7 i o i T i a r i q .
To npoGXriiaa xriq naiSaycoyiKiiq npa-KXiKTiq 6ev |inopei, ev xeXei, va axTipi-Xxei fiovo ae yvcoaxiKd enixeiprmaxa ouxe va nepiopiaxei ae au^rixiiaeiq yia xe-XviKeq. Acpopd, avxiGexcoq, r|xrmaxa 6-Ttcoq xri 6uvax6xr|xa auxcov nou jiaGaivouv va eniXe^ouv xo xi Ga iidGouv \XE Qdar\o yiaxi Kai xo ncoq, exai oncoq auxd eniGdX-Xovxai ano xiq noA.ixia|iiKeq xouq iSiai-xep6xr|xeq Kai xiq KoivcoviKeq xouq avd-yKeq. Siyoupa, GpiaKOjiaaxe aKojiri jia-Kpid ano eva xexoio axoXeio. Aq fiiiv e-Xoujie 6|icoq xouXdxiaxov auxandxeq wq npoq xo XI eivai r\j xou ypanxou A-oyou. Kupicoq aq ndyouiie va Gecopoufie xa nai5id yvcoaxiKeq urixaveq nou ano5i-5ouv nepiaaoxepo rj Xiyoxepo axTiv a-nopp6<pr|ar| Kdnoicov ou5exepcov yvcoaecov.
Sxo (xa iKO axoX.eio aiijiepa, auva-vxoujie naiSid nou 6ev evxdaaovxai eu-KoXa axT| coTJ xou axo>xiou, Kai yia npoaconiKouq Kai yia KoivcoviKouq X,6-youq. KdGe nai6i exei |iiav i5iaixepr| oru-vaiaGriiiaxiKii ax^ar) )ie xo axoXeio Kai XT| jidGriar), KI aK6|ir| jiiav i5iaixepr| CTxdar) coq npoq xo nepiex(5|ievo Kai xouq xponouq 5i5aaKaX,iaq nou npoKunxei ano xr|v KoivcoviKTi-noX,ixia|iiKTi xou xauxo-XTjxa. Kai 6e6aia xo np6QXr]^a e5co 6ev eivai va npoaapfioaoujie xo nai5i axo axoXeio, OTCCoq auxvd unoxiGexai. Eivai nio enixaKXiKO va avapcoxTiGoufie yia xr| Xpr|aiji6xr|xa xou axoXeio Kai xou xpo-nou Xeixoupyiaq xou . Mia eKnaiSeuar) nou 6e |iiXd axiq Kap6ieq Kai axa nuaXd 6Xcov xcov KOIVCOVIKCOV o^d5cov Kai oXcov xcov nai5icov eivai xo npoGXima, Kai oxi
O l a x o f i i K e q K a i n o X i x i a j i i K e q i6iaixep6-XTixeq xcov i5icov xcov nai5icov.
r . npo6>.f)fiaTa ^d61l(nl(;
Mexd ano 6Xa oca exouv emcoGei, yi-vexai 5uaKoXo va ep(ir|veuaou(ie xr) xa-\ir\Xr\i cxr\| xou ypanxou Xoyou, ndGrjari nou cjuvfjGcoq KaGopi^ei xr|v 6A.ri nopeia xou nai5iou axo axo-Xeio, jie opouq yvcoaxiKOuq K a i novo. K i 6|acoq, jiia yvcoaxiKii a v e n d p K e i a ne XT V eupuxepri evvoia eivai r| nio auvrjGia^e-vr| epnriveia xcov npoGX-T^dxcov [le xo ypanxd Xoyo. Aiyoi 6e6aia enijievouv ariiiepa oxi undpxei axeari npoyvcoariq avdjieaa axo 6eiKxr| eucpuiaq K a i axri axoXiKTi enixuxia r\, \iiaq Kai exei enaveiXrmiieva uno5eixxei (oncoq a-no xov Simon, 1971) oxi xa v o r j x i K d xeax 5ev iiexpouv ^lav ave^dpxrixr] evvoia xriq eucpuiaq aXXd xiq i5ieq xiq axoXiKeq Kai dXXeq KoivcoviKeq yvcoaeiq. 'Oncoq, xa npo6X,ii|iaxa jie xo ypanxo Xoyo Gecopouvxai nio Kaxavor|xd oxav undpxei XajiriXoq 5eiKXT|q vormoouvriq, yi aux6 dXXcoaxe Kai r| evvoia xr|q avayvcoaxiKTJq eni6pd6uvar|q Gaai^exai ae \iia cruyKpi-ari xou 5eiKxri eucpuiaq \ie xr\v eniSpaar) axo axoXeio (Rutter Kai Yule, 1975). To Kupioxepo eivai 6|iCoq oxi xa npoGXrjna-xa ndGriariq xou ypanxou XPyou ano5i5ovxai cruxvd ae yvcoaxiKeq aixieq dXXeq ano xo 5eiKxri eucpuiaq, oncoq eivai T| eXaxxco^axiKri nvTi|iT| (GXi ne XT|V na-pouaiaari xexoicov npo6Xr|}idxcov ano xr|v Mixou, 1987). Mia xexoia avxiXrn|/r| napaGXenei, ojicoq, ouaiaaxiKd ^xixrinaxa xriq eKnai5euxiKtiq 5ia5iKaaiaq nou Gi^a-ne ti5ri.
H yvcoaxiKTi aixioXoyia 5ev eivai 6e-6aia r| liovri, aKonr) Kai axiq nio napa-SoaiaK^q npooeyyiaeiq xcov iiaGrjaiaKcov SuaKoXicov (GXene ndXi Mixou, 1987).
6. ZTOV eXXiiviKd x^^po, 1 epeuvTitiiCTi o|id6a tou I .Y.FI. OTO itpoypanua «ZxoXiKii AitoTuxia» {8 - •cvipiox; navoitoOXou Mapdtou K .d , 1988 KOI I<6KOU Mjtd6a K .d , 1988) SXeJiei OK, avayKaieq, JiapdAAn^^ H£ dXAxq ji£p£|i6doei<;, KUI dkkayiq CTTO CTtinepivo KaOeCTtcoi; TTI? onoionopcpiiq ujtoxp€toTiKii<; eK7tai6eucTiq.
A. KATH • #
'Exei e7tin?ieov 6exT8i a p K E x s q a|i(pia6r|-tTiaeii; ox; npoq xiq CTuyKeKpineveq vno-Qeaeiq nov 7tpo6dXXovTai, an(piCT6r|tfi-aeiq nov S K G e x o v t a i \ie i5iaixEpT| aa(pT\-v e i a axo K X a c r i K O nXeov epyo xou Vel-lutino (1979), oao KI a v o i6ioq o auy-YpacpEaq UTtoaxripi Ei [ l i a auyKEKpinEvri yvoKTXiKTi epnxiveia XE^iKd. H yvo)axiKTi a i x i o X o y i a EXEI eniar\q E U K o X a a E o p i -a i i E v e q nepinx(bceiq auv5£0£i K a i |IE ^ l a v o p y a v i K T i 6dar| Kupiox; nsaa ano xr|v a-v a c p o p d axr| XeyonEvri « E ? i d a a o v a E y K E -(paXiKii 5uaXeixoupyia». E i v a i xapaKXT|-piaxiKii r| nepinxoxTT] xou Critchley (1970), o onoioq a7io5i5£i ETIITIXEOV XT|V o p y a v i K r j aixioXoyia axT|v KA-T^povoni-KOXTixa . AXXd r| i5ea XT|<; o p y a v i K f j q 6d-<Tf\q Exei E n a v E i X i i n n E v a OecopriOEi npo-6XT|naxiKTi (onox; ano xouq Coles, 1987, Franklin, 1987 K a i Lewontin, Kamin and Rose, 1984), xouXdxiaxov yia xr| auvxpi-nxiKii n X e i o y T | ( p i a xo)v n a i S i c o v . Ilapd, onox;, xa npo6Xiinaxa nou EXOUV npoKu-yei yia XT) yvoxTxiKii epnr|VEia , xo a r i n a v x i K d s i v a i dxi n a p a j i s v e i , \ie i\i\ie-aovq auxvd xpdnouq, TI £pnT|VEia nou TI-ye|i0V£uei. 0 a E^ExdaounE E5(6 K a i xa npoGXiinaxa auxd aXXd K a i xo ncoq E^a-KoXouOei v a E i v a i TJ Kupiapxt) E p n r j V E i a .
Kaxapxiiv, Eivai yvoxrx q oi cruCrixii-GEiq ox; npoq xov opiand Kai xiq Ep|iTi-veieq xov ei6iKcov naOriaiaKcov SUCTKO-Xicbv, |i£ npcoxri xr| XEydnEvr) SuaXeiia, oi onoiEq unoxiOExai cruvTjGoq 6xi avacpEpovxai aE (iia yvoKJXiKri naOoXo-yia nou EXEI apKEXEq (pop q 9EopT|9£i Kai opyaviKTi. Yndpxouv cruvExsiq 5ia|idxEq oq npoq xa 5iayvo)axiKd Kpixtipia r\coq npoq XT|V iSia xt) XPA^^ l ia<; ExiKExaq nou EXEI laxpiKT] npoEXEuari (6X£n£, yia napdSeiyna, Young and Tyre, 1983). H EniKpaxEaxEpxi djiox; avxiXriyri xov £i5i-Kcov na9riaiaKa)v SUOKOXICOV |iiXd yia ^-
v a npdGXrina nd9T|aT|q, CTUvTj9oq y v o -a x i K O , x o o n o i o f i n o p E i v a u n o x E 9 E i o x a v a n o K X E i a x o u v K u p i o q <Tuvaia9TmaxiKTiq K a i K o i v o v i K T i q n p o f i X E u a r i q 6 u a K o X i E q .
TT| yvoaxiKii £p|ir|VEia an(pia6rixr|-aav s n i a r i q x a i 5 i a x a n o p i a j i a x a y i a XTIV KOivoviKTi 5 i d a x a a T | xr iq a x o X i K i i q a n o xuxiaq. BfiGaia, o i i6££q naq y i a xr| ax£-ar| xr|q KouXxoupaq JIE XT |id9Tiar| EXOUV aXXd£,£i a p K E x d a n d XOXE n o u npoxoEni-ar||idv9r|KE a v o i x x d . H apxiKii i5£a, 6 u -axuxcoq aKpfiri n a p o u a a axov Ka9Tin£pi-v 6 Xdyo K a i ae n E p i 9 o p i a K £ q E n i a x r m o -v i K e q x o n o G e x f i a E i q , r j x a v d x i £ v a c p x o x d n o X i x i a i i i K O n £ p i 6 d X X o v K a x a S i K d ^ E i x a n a i S i d a E | i i a yvoKTXiKTiq (pvoT\q a v i K a -v6xr|xa v a avxEnE^£X9ouv a x i q a n a i x f j -a £ i q x o u axoXfiiou.
S r i n E p a , n i a x E u o u n E d f i o q d x i r| i6ea xr\q n o X i x i a n i K T i q a x E p r i a r i q E i v a i e v a E n n s a o q K o i v o v i K o q p a x a i a | i d q K a i d x i x o K o i v o v i K O y E y o v d q xT^q nd9Ticrnq axx j -p i ^ E x a i ae d X o v x o v EI5O)V x i q n o X i x i a j i i -Keq a u | i 6 d a e i q K a i E p n r j V E i s q .
To Ev5iacp£pov s i v a i d x i x a n o p i a n a -x a a u x d o5Tiyr|aav x o u q o p i a | i o u q x o v n a G r i a i t t K c o v ducTKoXicov v a n s p i o p i a o u v XT|v E i i G ^ X s i a x o u n E 6 i o u x o u q . M E XO X p d v o , a n ^ K X E i a a v a n d x i q S i a y v o K T E i q x o v eiSiKCOv na9r|aiaKC0v S u a K o X i c a v , n E -p i n x c o a e i q a v E n a p K O u q E K n a i 5 E u a r | q K a i vor||iocyuvTiq, CTuvaia9TinaxiKT|q 6 i a x a p a -X i i q , n p o 6 X r | n d x o v X d y o u , K a i a ia9r ixT|-p i t t K e q a v e n d p K E i E q (Coles, 1987, K a i Franklin, 1987). Auxd x o « a n £ K X £ i a a v » a r i n a i v E i d n o q n i a K a x a p x r i v a n o S o x i i XT|q yvoxTxiKT q aixioXoyiaq. Sxo j i E y a X u -X E p d x o u q n s p o q , a v a y K d a x r j K a v v a a n o -K X e i a o u v x a n a i 5 i d x o v K a x c o x e p o v KOI-voviKCOV a x p o n d x o v , a x a o n o i a u n o x i 9 E -x a i d x i a v a c p s p o v x a i o i E v v o i E q , « a v £ -n a p K i ^ q e K n a i 6 £ u a r | K a i vormocTuvr|^», y i a u x d Kttl ttKoune c r u x v d d x i r\a
7. BeBaia, evvoieq oncoq «KaXn» KQI «KaKii» eKJtaiSeuoti OecopoCvtai ano tiq icoivcoviKeq npoaeYYiaeiq ttiq EKnaiSeuoTiq anXoiKeq, niaq Kai to np<>6>.rijia eivai cjvxvci nia 6i(ioTaoii axooq xpcjnouq CTKEVTIS ^ai HCzOrjoriq KOI Hia eniKaXunnevii a^ioXoynoii triq 6ia(popciq. Enioiiq npoGXrinatiKii eivai n i5ea OTI TO naiSici TCOV Katoitepcov KOIVCOVIKCOV aTpcondiTcov exoi^v duviiOoiq xa|ir|A.6Tepn voiino<nJvr|. jiiaq Kai oi voriTiKcq SoKiHoaieq eivai Ki auteq KoivcoviKcq aqioA.OYTiCTeiq.
Avdyvcoari Kai ypa(pf|: Gecopia Kai npaKTiKii
a(popd t a neaaia KoivcoviKd axpconaxa. Zxr|v npd£,ri Pjicoq, opoi oncoq 5ua>.e-
^ia xpr|ai|i07ioieixai aGaadviaxa yia 6-Xcov xcov ei5cov xa npoGXriiiaxa |ie xo ypanxo Xoyo, KI auxo oxi novo ae e(pr|-nepiSeq aXXd Kai axiq Siayvcoaeiq xcov ei-5iKC0v, ne oXa oaa unovoouv opoi 5avei-ajievoi ano xr|v naGoXoyia xou acojiaxoq. Fia xr|v «aaGeveia» xr|q 5uaXe£,iaq aKou-ne dXXcoaxe Kai avoixxd (n.x- Kapnd-Gioq, 1985).
To npoBXrina 5ev eivai, ev xeXei, va undpxei |iia npoaeKxiKii XPA^^ " JV eni-arijicov opiancov. Aev npoKeixai yia npo-BXrifia «KaKcov eniaxTi|i6vo)v» r\-xcov, nr|-ei5iKCC)v». Oxav fiia auyxuari eivai xoao pii cojievTi K a i axov eniaxrinovi-K6 KOI axov KaGr||iepiv6 Xoyo, 5ev jino-pei va eivai xuxaio K a i n e p i G c o p i a K O cpai-v6|ievo. H auyxuari eivai dXXcoaxe KI e-niaiincoq avayvcopia|ievr| ano (popeiq K a i npoacona. Oi Young a n d Tyre (1983) a-va(pepouv d x i xo B p e x a v i K d Ynoupyeio riaiSeiaq 6ev Gecopei 5dKi|iri xriv XPA^^ XT]q laxpiKiiq exiKexaq «5uaXeqia», enei-dr\v undpxouv ano6eKxd Kpixiipia 5idyvcoariq. Fi auxd Kai aKOujie auxvd npoxponeq xou e i S o u q «a{pf|axe xiq 5ia-y v c o a e i q K a i 8eixe xo a u y K e K p i j i e v o n p d -GXtijia xou nai5iou», oncoq (paivexai K a i ae dpGpo xou Z x a a i v o u (1989).
To npdBXrina eivai ri e u K o X i a |ie x r i v onoiav xo l a x p i K O K a i y v c o a x i K d novxeXo X p r i a i f i o n o n i G r i K a v K a i eniGXfiGriKav. Kai exoujie l a x p i K O |iovxeXo, o x a v xpii-aifionoioune eupuxaxa laxpiKiiq npoe-Xeuariq exiKexeq yia xr] aujinepicpopd Kai 5ev xiq K p a x o u j i e ndvov yia xiq nepmxco-aeiq d n o u avacpepexai Kai opyaviKd n p d -BXrina. riapofioicoq, exou^e yvcoaxiKd novxeXo, dxav ri a(pexripia axiq epnri-veieq K a i axiq Siayvcoaeiq eivai r\a xriq yvcoaxiKi q naGoXoyiaq, d a a dXXa KI av naipvou|ie undyri naq. Fia xo laxpiKo jiovxeXo, noXXd exouv ypacpxei dncoq yia xo npdGXrina nou n p o K u n x e i dxav |iexa-(pepoune evvoioXoyiKd epyaXeia a n d x r i v naGoXoyia xou aco|iaxoq axo ne5io xriq aunnepi(popdq, KaGcoq KOI yia xiq K o i v c o
v i K e q a u v e n e i e q xou c p a i v o n e v o u nou eiv a i ri laxpiKTi exiKexonoiriari xriq ano-K X i v o u a a q a u | i n e p i ( p o p d q (Ryan, 1971).
Oao yia xriv Kupiapxia xou yvcoaxi-Kou novxeXou, finopoune va uno5ei^oune 5uo aKdjjri [iiKpeq napaxripfiaeiq nou (paivexai ncoq xr|v eni6e6aic6vouv. (a) Sv3|i(pcova l ie xouq eniarinouq opia^ouq, |inopou|ie va 5iayvcoaou|ie 5uaXe^ia, d-xav anoKXeiaoune xriv niGavdxrixa cruv-aiaGrinaxiKiiq Siaxapaxiiq. Xpeidi^exai d|icoq va eivai 5iaxapay|ieva xa nai5id,
yia va 5iKaiouvxai 8i5iKeq apvrjxiKeq a-vxi5pdaeiq anevavxi ae cpaivd^eva xriq ndGriariq xou ypanxou Xdyou; T a undXoi-na naiSid xa Gecopou|ie yvcoaxiKeq l i i ixa-veq Xf'Jpi'i auvaiaGrinaxa; Miincoq eivai Kaipdq va 5oune Kai jie xriv v|/uxo5uva|ii-Kr\i dXa xa n a i 6 i d Kai dXa xa npo-BXiinaxa, npiv ano9avGou|ie yia yvcoaxi-Kr\; (6) Eivai ev5ia(pepov dxi o ei5iKdq Xdyoq nepi naGriaiaKCov 5uaK0-
Xicov eniKevxpcovei xo ev5ia(pepov xou ae auxd xa Xeydjieva ei5iKd npoBXfinaxa lidGriariq, auxd, SriXaSri, yia xa onoia nnopou|ie auvfiGcoq va unoGeaoujie nia yvcoaxiKTJ naGoXoyia. Eivai dpaye xu-xaio dxi evaq eniaxrmoviKdq Xdyoq a-axoXeixai ns xa unoxiGeneva npoBXrina-xa yvcoaxiKiiq cpuariq [imq [iexo\^r\(piaq nai5icov, niaq K a i xa nepiaadxepa nai6id
ne npoBXrinct' a axo ypanxd Xdyo 5ev a-v f i K O u v auntpcova ne x o u q e n i a r i n o u q opi-a n o u q ae a u x i i x r i v Kaxriyopia; AvxiGexcoq, xa nepiaadxepa npoQXr\\iaxa and-5oariq axo axoXeio u n o x i G e x a i ncoq o(pei-Xovxai ae aiaGrixripiaKeq, yXcoaaiKeq K a i v o r i x i K e q a v e n d p K e i e q , c r u v a i a G r i n a -x i K e q 5iaxapaxeq K a i « n o X i x i a n i K i i axe-priari».
H novonepfiq yvcoaxiKii npoaeyyiari xriq ndGriariq xou ypanxou Xdyou exei ai-youpa enixpevj/ei xriv undGeari xriq Yvco-axiKiiq naGoXoyiaq. Mia onxiKT] xr|q ndGriariq coq KoivcoviKou-eniKoivcoviKou ye-yovdxoq Sivei \na xeXeicoq 5ia(popexiKTi Sidaxaari axov xpdno nou epnriveuoune x i q avxi5pdaeiq xcov naiSicov. Aev ano-KXeiei BeBaia xr|v niGavdxrixa yvcoaxi-
A. K A T H 81
K(6v 7rpo6>.r||idT(ov, akXd an(pia6r|T8i tTiv euKoXi'a ne Trjv onoia xetoia npo-BJirinaxa unoxiGevxai. Kai BeBaia r\-
CTXiKT) aixioXoyia Bor|9d axo va auvxr]-peixai T) i5ea niaq ouSexeprjq nai5aycoyi-Kr\q TipaKxiKTiq.
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