pws-time study by-amit singh

National Institute Of Fashion Technology, New Delhi

TIME STUDY MEASUREMENT

SUBJECT :- PWS

BY :- AMIT KUMAR SINGH (01)

ANUJ KUMAR (02)AMARTO CHAKRAVARTY (04)

AJAD KUMAR PANDAY (10)

CONTENTS

AN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDY Steps in a time study Elements Work cycle

THE ASSIGNMENT Objectives of the assignment Assumptions for the study

ORIGINAL METHOD Operational break down of front regular placket, shoulder attachment

and side seam attachment Two handed process chart of front regular placket, shoulder

attachment and side seam attachment Man machine chart of front regular placket, shoulder attachment and

side seam attachment Time study sheet of front regular placket, shoulder attachment and

side seam attachment Calculations

PROPOSED METHOD Operational break down of front regular placket, shoulder attachment

and side seam attachment Two handed process chart of front regular placket, shoulder

attachment and side seam attachment Man machine chart of front regular placket, shoulder attachment and

side seam attachment Time study sheet of front regular placket, shoulder attachment and

side seam attachment Calculations

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Method Study and Time Study by AMIT ANUJ AJAD and AMARTO 2

AN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDY

Time Study is a work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of

working for the element of a specialized job carried out under specified conditions, and for

analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined

level of performance.

A distinction is made in time study practice between what are termed representative

workers and qualified workers. A representative worker is one whose skill and

performance is the average of the group under consideration. He is not necessarily a

qualified worker. The concept of the qualified worker is an important one in time study.

He is defined as follows:

A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary physical attributes,

who possesses the required intelligence and education, and who has acquired the

necessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of

safety, quantity and quality. For time study, an average qualified worker is studied.

STEPS IN A TIME STUDY

When the work to be measured has been selected, the time study usually consists of the

following eight steps:

1) Obtaining and recording all the information available about the job, the operative

and the surrounding conditions, which is likely to affect the carrying out of the

work.

2) Recording a complete description of the method, breaking down the operation into

“elements”.

3) Examining the detailed breakdown to ensure that the most effective method and

motions are being used, and determining the sample size.

4) Measuring with a time device (usually a stop watch) and recording the time taken

by the operative to perform each “element” of the operation.

5) At the same time, assessing the effective speed of working of the operative relative

to the observer’s concept of the rate corresponding to standard rating.

6) Extending the observed times to “basic times”.

7) Determining the allowances to be made over and above the basic time for the

operation.


8) Determining the “standard time” for the operation.

ELEMENTS

An element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for convenience of observation,

measurement and analysis.

Types of elements

1. A repetitive element is an element which occurs in every work cycle of the job.

2. An occasional element is one which doesn’t occur in every work cycle of operation

but may occur at regular or irregular intervals

3. A constant element is an element for which the basic time remains constant

whenever it is performed.

4. A variable element is one for which basic time varies in relation to some

characteristics of the product.

5. A manual element is an element performed by a worker.

6. A machine element is one that is automatically performed by a power driven

machine. Once started, it cannot be influenced by the worker.

7. A governing element is an element occupying a longer time than that of any other

element being performed concurrently.

8. A foreign element is an element, observed during study, which after analysis is not

found to be essential part of the job.

WORK CYCLE

A work cycle is the sequence of elements which are required to perform a job or yield a

unit of production. The sequence may sometimes include occasional elements.


THE ASSIGNMENT:

An operation of Regular Placket making with side seam and shoulder attachment of a

Shirt has been assigned and it is required that we study the existing method using

principles of work study and thereby propose a new method which is more efficient.

OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT:

To understand the concept behind work study and their implementation in:

• Improvement of processes and procedures

• Improvement in the design of the plant and equipment

• Improvement in the use of men, materials and machines

• Efficient materials handling

• Improvement in the flow of production and processes

• Economy in human effort and the reduction of unnecessary fatigue

• Method standardization

• Development of better physical working environment

ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE STUDY:

We assume that our operator is a skilled qualified worker required for time study

and hence we shall give the rating 100

As we are working on an experimental scale and not a very large scale we shall

take 5 observations for the existing method and two each for the proposed

methods

We shall assume the following standard allowances for our calculations:

Personal allowance: 11 %

Machine Allowance: 5 %

Contingency Allowance: 3 %

We are assuming a 8 hr shift wherein the total number of working hours in a day

are 8 and the month is assumed to be of 30 days


THE ORIGINAL METHOD:

The existing method adopted is the traditional method in practice for making shirt front

plackets. An operation breakdown of the same has been shown below which depicts the

flow process and the process breakdown.

OPERATIONAL BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET

Shirt front picked from right by right hand§

Shirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front line to inner side

Fabric kept in stitching area

Pressure foot and needle moved down

edge stitch at 5mm

Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out

Thread been cut

Turn inside and nail press at 1.5 inch from the early folded area


Pressure foot and Needle moved down

Edge stitch at 5mm from edge



Thread been cut

Nail pressed open from the second stitch

Stitched fabric is kept left side

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

Shirt back picked from right by right hand

Shirt front picked from left by left hand

Back aligned with front

assembly kept in stitching area


Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulder

Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling assembly out

Thread been cut

Stitched fabric kept left side


OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAM

Assembly to stitch is picked from the right by right hand side

shared assembly of left hand to right hand

Panels are aligned from the side seam

Kept assembly at the stitching area


Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of side seam


Thread been cut

Fabric kept to the left side


Stitch

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)

LEFT HAND SIDE RIGHT HAND SIDE

Idle Front picked

Hold front Nail press

Place on machine and align

Place front and align

Hold front Needle down

Hold front Bar tack

Move front alongMaintain correct distance

Hold stitched fabric Needle moved up

Remove front Trim thread

Hold folded front Nail press

Position pieces on machine

Position piece on machine

Hold the pieces Needle down

Hold the pieces Bar tack

Move pieces alongMaintain correct distance


Remove pieces Trim thread

Hold stitched piece Nail press


Next piece of front taken


PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)


idle back picked

Front picked Back hold

Front aligning to backBack aligning to front

Kept align assembly at stitching area

Kept align assembly at stitching area

Hold assemblyNeedle moved down

Hold assembly Bar tack





Next piece of back picked


PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)


idle Assembly to stitch picked

Shared assembly idle


Place assembly and align

Hold assembly Needle down



Hold stitched assembly Needle up



Next assembly is picked


MAN MACHINE CHART

SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET

MAN MACHINE

Front picked, nail pressed at 5 inch Idle

placed it in stitching area idle

pressure foot & needle down idle

Idle Bar-tack, stitch on 5 mm

Idle Stitch complete

Pressure foot and needle moved up idle

Remove fabric from machine Idle

Nail press at 1.5 inch idle

Place fabric in stitching area Idle

Pressure foot and needle put down idle

Idle Bar tack, stitch on 5 mm



Remove and discard piece Idle

Nail press open at second stitch idle

Place the stitched fabric at other side Idle


SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

MAN MACHINE

Front and back pieces picked, and Idle

aligned at shoulder Idle


Pressure foot and needle moved down idle






SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT

MAN MACHINE

Assembly picked Idle

aligned at side seam Idle


Pressure foot and needle moved down idle







TIME STUDY SHEET:

Time Study Sheet:

SHORT CYCLE TIME STUDY FORM

OPERATION: FRONT REGULAR PLACKET MAKING Study No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS

WORKING CONDITIONS: Adequate

Studied by: Group VDSPDate: 07.11.08

Checked:

No ELEMENT DESCRIPTION

Observed TimeTotalO.T.

AvgO.T.

R B.T.1 2 3

1 Front picked 3.72 3.11 2.84 9.67 3.22 100 3.22

2Front nail pressed at 1.5 inch 7.25 6.78 8.67 22.7 7.56 100 7.56

3Front placed in stitching area 4.70 5.68 4.82 15.2 5.06 100 5.06

4Pressure bar and Needle put down 2.14 2.07 2.68 6.89 2.31 100 2.31

7 Edge stitch at 5 mm 8.48 9.62 8.69 26.79 8.93 100 8.93

8 Pressure bar and needle moved up pulling fabric out

4.56 4.92 3.97 13.44 4.48 100 4.48

9 Thread been cut 2.41 2.84 2.86 8.11 2.70 2.70

10Nail pressed at 1.5 inch 6.24 5.48 5.23 16.95 5.65 5.65

11Fabric placed in stitching area 4.39 3.96 5.84 14.19 4.73 100 4.73


14Stitch at 5 mm from edge

10.29 9.41 9.59 29.26 9.75 100 9.75

15Pressure bar and needle moved up pulling fabric out

3.11 2.76 2.65 8.52 2.84 100 2.84

16 Thread been cut 1.59 2.68 2.65 6.92 2.30 100 2.30

17Nail pressed at second stitch 8.77 7.67 7.12 23.56 7.85 100 7.85

18Stitched fabric kept left side 3.34 4.43 4.52 12.29 4.09 100 11.08

R=Rating O.T.=Observed Time B.T.=Basic Time

*Note: Realignment of pieces also includes trimming of threads where required(TTr)Assuming Rating for all operations to be 100


CALCULATIONS:

Total Basic Time: 73.79 sec

Calculation of SAM:

Personal Allowance: 11%

Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 73.79= 8.11


5/100 * 73.79= 3.68


3/100 * 73.79= 2.21

Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance + Contingency Allowance

= 3.68 sec + 8.11 sec + 2.21 sec = 14 sec

SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total Allowances

Therefore SAM = 73.79+ 14 = 87.79 sec



OPERATION: SHOULDER ATTACHMENTStudy No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS



Checked:

NoELEMENT DESCRIPTION

Observed TimeTotalO.T. Avg

O.T.R B.T.

1 2 3

1 Shirt back picked 1.98 2.36 2.17 6.51 2.17 100 2.17

2 Shirt front picked 1.29 1.31 1.59 4.19 1.39 100 1.39

2Back aligned with front at shoulder side

5.32 5.41 6.86 17.59 5.86 100 5.86

3assembly placed in stitching area

4.98 5.87 5.68 16.53 5.51 100 5.51

4Pressure bar and Needle put down

2.3 2.18 2.10 6.58 2.19 100 2.19

7stitch at 5 mm from edge of shoulder

4.03 4.69 5.48 14.20 4.73 100 4.73


4.10 5.65 4.85 14.6 4.86 100 4.86

9 Thread been cut 1.62 1.98 2.65 6.25 2.08 100 2.08

10Stitched fabric kept left side

4.49 4.57 3.17 12.23 4.07 100 4.07



CALCULATIONS:



Calculation of SAM:


Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 32.86 = 3.61


5/100 * 32.86 = 1.64


3/100 * 32.86 = 0.98


= 1.64 sec + 3.61 sec + 0.98 sec = 6.23 sec


Therefore SAM = 32.86 + 6.23 = 39.09 sec



OPERATION: SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENTStudy No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS



Checked:


Observed Time TotalO.T.

AvgO.T.

R B.T.1 2 3

1Assembly to stitch is picked

2.89 3.11 2.97 8.97 2.99 100 2.99

2Alignment of panels at side seam

2.65 3.10 2.58 8.33 2.77 100 2.77


2.48 3.07 2.68 8.23 2.74 100 2.47


3.14 2.98 2.83 8.95 2.98 100 2.98

7stitch at 5 mm from edge of side seam

6.99 7.98 6.21 21.18 7.08 100 7.08


3.69 3.65 4.15 11.49 3.83 100 3.83

9 Thread been cut 2.10 3.25 1.87 7.22 2.40 100 2.40


2.64 3.58 3.41 9.63 3.21 100 3.21




CALCULATIONS:


Calculation of SAM:




5/100 * 27.73= 1.38


3/100 * 27.73= 0.83


= 1.38 sec + 3.05 sec + 0.83 sec = 5.26 sec




THE PROPOSED METHODS:

The initial changes:

The layout was organized Proper lighting was ensured The tools which are convenient to use were placed in proper position keeping

ergonomic principals in mind Proper seating arrangement was ensured

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET

Shirt front picked from right by right hand

Shirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front line to inner side

Again front nail pressed at 1.5 inch to inner side



Edge stitch at 5mm from inner side of folded placket


Thread been cut

Nail pressed open on stitch





Thread been cut

Stitched fabric is kept left side

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

Shirt front picked from left by left hand and kept on table

Shirt back picked from right by right hand and kept aligning shoulder

Assembly kept in stitching area


Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulder


Thread been cut



OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAM

Assembly to stitch is picked from the left by left hand

Panels are aligned from the side seam

Kept assembly at the stitching area


Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of side seam


Thread been cut

Fabric kept to the left side


Stitch

PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)


idle Front picked

Hold front Nail press



Place front and align

Hold front Needle down

Hold front Bar tack


Hold fabric Needle up



Position pieces on machine

Position piece on machine

Hold the pieces Needle down

Hold the pieces Bar tack

Move pieces alongMaintain correct distance

Hold stitched fabric Needle up

Remove pieces Trim thread


Next piece to stitch is picked


PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)


Front picked idle

Hold front on table back picked

Hold front on tableBack aligning on to front

Hold assemblyNeedle moved down






Next back piece is picked


PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)


Assembly to stitch picked

idle


Place assembly and align

Hold assembly Needle down






idle


MAN MACHINE CHART

SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET

MAN MACHINE

Front picked, nail pressed at 5 inch, again nail pressed at 5 inch,

Idle


pressure foot & needle down idle





Nail press open on stitch idle

Place fabric in stitching area Idle


Idle Bar tack, stitch on 5 mm



Remove and discard ready piece Idle



SHOULDER ATTACHMENT

MAN MACHINE

Front and back pieces picked Idle

aligned at shoulder Idle








SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT

MAN MACHINE

Assembly picked Idle

aligned at side seam Idle









TIME STUDY SHEET:


OPERATION: FRONT REGULAR PLACKET MAKING Study No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS



Checked:

No ELEMENT DESCRIPTION

Observed TimeTotalO.T.

AvgO.T.

R B.T.1 2 3

1 Front picked 2.90 2.47 2.47 7.84 2.61 100 2.61

2Front nail pressed at 1.5 inch 4.10 5.04 4.06 13.20 4.40 100 4.40

2Again Front nail pressed at 1.5 inch 6.62 6.8 5.28 18.7 6.23 100 6.23

3Front placed in stitching area 1.77 1.81 1.67 5.25 1.75 100 1.75


7 Edge stitch at 5 mm 6.54 5.94 5.73 18.21 6.07 100 6.07


2.87 2.27 2.61 7.75 2.58 100 2.58

9 Thread been cut 3.16 3.05 2.82 9.03 3.01 100 3.01

10Nail press open on stitch 5.29 4.85 4.18 14.32 4.77 100 4.77

11Fabric placed in stitching area 3.79 3.14 4.08 11.01 3.67 100 3.67


14Stitch at 5 mm from edge 5.77 5.64 4.57 15.88 5.29 100 5.29


1.47 1.58 1.55 4.60 1.53 100 1.53

16 Thread been cut 1.84 1.64 2.12 5.60 1.86 100 1.86

17Stitched fabric kept left side 3.28 3.41 4.71 11.4 3.8 100 3.80




CALCULATIONS:


Calculation of SAM:




5/100 * 51.16 = 2.55


3/100 * 51.16 = 1.53


= 2.55 sec + 5.62 sec + 1.53 sec = 9.7 sec


Therefore SAM = 51.16+ 9.70 = 60.86 sec



OPERATION: SHOULDER ATTACHMENTStudy No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS



Checked:



AvgO.T.

R B.T.1 2 3

1 Shirt front picked 1.78 1.84 2.14 5.76 1.92 100 1.92

2 Shirt back picked 1.85 2.01 1.79 5.65 1.88 100 1.88

2Back aligned with front at shoulder side

6.87 5.62 6.08 18.57 6.19 100 6.19


1.21 1.64 1.91 4.76 1.58 100 1.58


1.86 1.21 1.52 4.59 1.53 100 1.53

7stitch at 5 mm from edge of shoulder

4.48 4.01 5.86 14.35 4.78 100 4.78


2.61 3.17 2.85 8.63 2.87 100 2.87

9 Thread been cut 1.89 1.64 2.24 5.77 1.92 100 1.92


1.80 2.59 1.94 6.33 2.11 100 2.11



CALCULATIONS:



Calculation of SAM:




5/100 * 24.78 = 1.23


3/100 * 24.78 = 0.74


= 1.23 sec + 2.72 sec + 0.74 sec = 4.69 sec





OPERATION: SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENTStudy No.1Sheet No.1

MACHINE: SNLS



Checked:



AvgO.T.

R B.T.1 2 3

1Assembly to stitch is picked

2.03 2.98 2.47 7.48 2.49 100 2.49

2Alignment of panels at side seam

2.12 3.15 2.48 7.75 2.58 100 2.58


2.34 3.09 2.28 7.71 2.57 100 2.57


2.01 1.47 1.52 5.00 1.66 100 1.66

7stitch at 5 mm from edge of side seam

5.85 5.01 6.21 17.07 5.69 100 5.69


2.31 3.65 2.85 8.81 2.93 100 2.93

9 Thread been cut 1.84 2.24 1.57 5.65 1.88 100 1.88


1.61 1.89 2.34 5.84 1.94 100 1.94




CALCULATIONS:


Calculation of SAM:




5/100 * 21.74= 1.08


3/100 * 21.74= 0.65


= 2.39 sec + 1.08 sec + 0.65 sec = 4.12 sec


Therefore SAM = 21.74+ 4.12 = 25.86 sec


CONCLUSION:

We can conclude from the above listed observations and charts that:

Conformance to ergonomic standards affects productivity to a great extent Comfort of operator is directly reflected in output Work study is the biggest tool which enables us to assess the present techniques

and propose new more efficient methods

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Work Study by O.P.Khanna Introduction to Work Study (An ILO publication) Motion and Time Study by Ralph M. Barnes


pws-time study by-amit singh

Technology

time study time study

time study steps

time study practice

shoulder attachment

time necessary

standard time

principles of work study

time device