pv systems and farm design
TRANSCRIPT
PV Systems and Farm Design
M. A. Alam
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN USA
1
Theory and Practice of Solar Cells: A Cell to System Perspective
33
Outline
1) Configurations of PV systems
2) Principles of fixed tilt farm design
3) Calculation of yearly energy yield
4) Conclusions
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Collection of
independent
2-level PV
nm
p-n junction solar cellCell
ModulePanel
Rooftop
PVSolar farm
nm-๐m cm-m km
Fabrication,
Device physics,
Manufacturing
Reliability, LCOE
Course outline: A multiscale problem
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
4
Cells, modules, panel
CC
Charge
controller
Battery/
storage
Inverter
AC
source/
grid
Distribution
panel
System Integration: Sysmbols
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
6
Stand-alone PV systems
Simple
Low cost
Calculators
Irrigation
More expensive
Off-grid
Many home PV
Variety of electronicsM. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
7
Solar homes: Grid-connected PV
Hybrid:
Multiple sources
Both AC/DC loads
PV connected to
Power-grid
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
8
Community PV: Microgrid and Solar Farms
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
9
Power
optimizer
Aside: Inverter configurations
Central Micro String Micro with
Power-optimizerM. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
10
1212
Outline
1) Configurations of PV systems
2) Principles of fixed tilt farm design
3) Calculation of yearly energy yield
4) Conclusions
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
0
100
200
300
4001300
1350
1400
1450
J F M A M J J A S O N DMonth
ly
(kW
-hr/m
2)
๐ผ 0(W
/m2)
Extra-
terrestrial
Monthly GHI
๐ผ0(๐๐) = ๐ผ0(1 + ฮ cos 2๐ ๐๐ /๐ท)
ฮ = 2(๐ maxโ ๐ min)/๐
Sunlight varies with seasons
13
How to tilt a solar module (i.e. determine ๐ฝ)
๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐ง
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐ sin ๐ผ + ๐ฝ = ๐ผ๐ cos(๐๐ง โ ๐ฝ)
๐ผ๐
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 14
๐๐ง varies throughout the year
๐ฟ = 23.450 sin2๐ ๐ โ 80
365
๐ผ
๐๐ง๐ฟ
๐ผ(๐) = 90 โ ๐ฟ ยฑ ๐ฟ(๐)
๐๐ง(๐) = ๐ฟ โ ๐ฟ(๐)
North
South
๐๐ง,๐ค = ๐ฟ + 23.45
๐๐ง,๐ = ๐ฟ โ 23.45
ฮด โก Sun declination angle
March 21st (Vernal
Equinox)โก 80 days
An empirical rule for tilt
๐๐ง(๐) = ๐ฟ โ ๐ฟ(๐)
๐๐ง,๐ค = ๐ฟ + 23.45
๐๐ง,๐ = ๐ฟ โ 23.45
๐ฝ = ๐ฟ โ 10
๐ฝ = 0.69๐ฟ + 3.7
๐ฝ๐ = ๐๐ง,๐ ๐ฝ๐ค = ๐๐ง,๐ค
Optimize integral over daily
intensity and solar angle for given ๐ฝ
Summer intensity is higher:
Two tilt, summer/winter:
๐ฝ
16
Example: How to tilt a module
๐ฝ = ๐ฟ โ 10 30.27 3.50 21.23
๐ฝ = 0.69๐ฟ + 3.6 31.79 12.92 24. 83
๐ฝ๐ = ๐๐ง,๐
Lafayette Madras Shanghai
40.27๐ 13.5 ๐ 31.23 ๐
๐ฝ๐ค = ๐๐ง,๐ค 63.72
16.82
36.95
โ9.95
54.68
7.78
17
18
Tilt angle, Electrical vs. mechanical, Air vs. water cleaning
Aside: Cleaning considerations
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Three components of irradiance
19
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐บ๐ป๐ผ/๐ผ0cos(๐๐)
Standalone yield: Direct light
๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐ง
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐ sin ๐ผ + ๐ฝ = ๐ผ๐ cos ๐๐ง โ ๐ฝ
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 20
Stand-alone yield: diffuse component
๐ฝ
๐ผ๐๐๐๐ =๐ผ๐2เถฑ๐ฝ
๐
sin ๐ ๐๐ =๐ผ๐ 1 + cos ๐ฝ
2
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
๐ฝ
๐ผ๐
21M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Stand-alone yield: albedo
๐ฝ
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐โ
๐๐น =๐1 + ๐2 โ ๐3 + ๐4
2โ
๐1
๐2
๐3
๐4
๐๐น =โ + ๐ โ (0 + ๐ 2 + โ2 + 2๐ โ cos ๐ฝ)
2โ
๐๐น =1
21 + ๐ โ 1 + ๐2 + 2๐ cos ๐ฝ โ (1 โ cos ๐ฝ)/2
๐ = ฮค๐ โ โ โ
๐
โ
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐บ๐ป๐ผ ๐ ๐ด ๐๐น
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 22
Stand-alone module: Energy yield
๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐ง
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐ cos(๐๐ง โ ๐ฝ)
๐ผ๐
๐ผ๐๐๐๐ =๐ผ๐ 1 + cos ๐ฝ
2
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐บ๐ป๐ผ ๐ ๐ด(1 โ cos ๐ฝ)/2
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐
23M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Summer zenith: ๐๐๐ Winter zenith: ๐๐๐ค
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ค
โโ๐ฆ
โ๐ฅ๐๐๐ค
๐๐
๐
๐ฝ
Row spacing in Lafayette, IN
SBR โก ๐๐ /โ๐ฆ = tan 90 โ ๐ผ = tan ๐๐ง๐ค,๐
๐/โ = cos(๐ฝ) + sin(๐ฝ) tan ๐๐ง๐ค,๐
SBR โก ๐๐ /โ๐ฆ = tan 90 โ 18.14 =3.05
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 27
Farm yield per unit area: direct beam
๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐ง
๐ผ๐๐๐ = ๐ผ๐ sin ๐ผ + ๐ฝ โ/๐ = ๐ผ๐ cos ๐๐ง โ ๐ฝ ร โ/๐
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
๐
โ
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 30
Farm yield: diffused energy collection
๐ฝ
๐ผ๐ = ๐ผ๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐ + ๐ผ๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
๐ผ + ๐ฝ
๐ผ๐
๐ผ
๐ผ๐๐๐๐(๐) =๐
โร๐ผ๐2เถฑ๐ฝ+๐ผ(๐)
๐
sin ๐ ๐๐ =๐
โร๐ผ๐ 1 + cos(๐ผ +๐ฝ )
2
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 31
3333
Outline
1) Configurations of PV systems
2) Principles of fixed tilt farm design
3) Calculation of yearly energy yield
4) Conclusions
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Variety of Solar Farms
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes 34
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800
20
40
60
80
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800
1
2
3
4
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800
12345
period
Row spacing
Northern hemisphere,
South facing panels
Southern hemisphere,
North facing panels
Latitude (deg.)
SBR
(m)
Pan
el tilt (
deg.
)
Yearly Yield (kW-hr/m2)
Monofacial solar farms
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
35
W
Albedo contribution to Monofacial Farms
โข ๐ ๐ด = 0.2โข 1-2 % gain in YY
โข 1-2o increase in optimum tilt angle
โข < 1% reduction in LCOE*
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
36
(c) (d)
1 2
(e) (f)
๐
โ๐
0 1 2 30.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
p/h
Daily
Energ
y/farm
are
a
(kW
-hr/
m2)
(g) (h)
๐ = 0
๐ = 0.5โ
(a)(i)
(a)(ii)
0
20
40
Impro
vem
ent,
%0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
80
100
120
140
160
Annual mean-clearness indexA
nnual Y
ield
(kW
-hr/
m2)
Monofacial
(10% soiling loss)
Latitude 40 N
GvBF vs. mono
GvBF vs. vBF-1
-180-120-60
060
120180
Longitude
(b)
W
Ground-sculpted bifacial farms
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
39
Land-cost inclusive optimization
40
(a) = 0 = 15(b) (c) = 100
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
4141
Conclusions
PV design must be understood in a system context.
Given the weather information, it is relatively easy to
calculate the energy yield for stand-alone modules as
well as solar farms.
The increasing cost of land and wide-spread PV
deployment are encouraging the PV industry to
explore novel technologies (e.g. bifacial PV) and farm
topologies (e.g. floating solar).
An end-to-end cost-benefit analysis is essential to
create a farm that is ideally suited to a location. M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes
Self-study Quiz
Which direction does 90 degrees Azimuth indicate?
Names the light-components one must sum to calculate the
energy yield.
What is the cross-string method? Why do we need this
technique?
How does the albedo light collection by a module in a farm
compare to that of an stand-alone module?
What type of solar benefit the most from ground-sculpting?
When should one use floating solar farms compared to
normally tilted solar farms?
42
M. A. Alam, PV Lecture Notes