11

Putting Advanced TransportationTechnologies to Work for Clean Air

and Energy Security

Putting Advanced TransportationPutting Advanced TransportationTechnologies to Work for Clean AirTechnologies to Work for Clean Air

and Energy Securityand Energy Security

The Mobile Source Technical Review SubcommitteeApril 18, 2001

David RodgersU.S. Department of Energy

The Mobile Source Technical Review SubcommitteeThe Mobile Source Technical Review Subcommittee

April 18, 2001April 18, 2001

David RodgersDavid Rodgers

U.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

22

OverviewOverviewOverview

ν Why Use Alternative Fuels?

ν What Alternative Fuel Vehicles are Available Now?

ν Alternative Fuel Vehicle R&D Challenges

ν Advanced AFVs and Hybrid Vehicles

ν Vision for Transportation Deployment Programs

ν Selected Transportation Deployment Policies

ν The Energy Policy Act (EPACT)

ν Federal Promotion of Clean and Efficient Vehicles

νν Why Use Alternative Fuels?Why Use Alternative Fuels?

νν What Alternative Fuel Vehicles are Available Now?What Alternative Fuel Vehicles are Available Now?

νν Alternative Fuel Vehicle R&D ChallengesAlternative Fuel Vehicle R&D Challenges

νν AdvancedAdvanced AFVs AFVs and Hybrid Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles

νν Vision for Transportation Deployment ProgramsVision for Transportation Deployment Programs

νν Selected Transportation Deployment PoliciesSelected Transportation Deployment Policies

νν The Energy Policy Act (EPACT)The Energy Policy Act (EPACT)

νν Federal Promotion of Clean and Efficient VehiclesFederal Promotion of Clean and Efficient Vehicles

33

Why Use Alternative Fuels?Why Use Alternative Fuels?Why Use Alternative Fuels?

ν Petroleum Displacement

ν Energy Diversity

ν Air Quality Improvement

ν Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

ν Domestic Economic Development

νν Petroleum DisplacementPetroleum Displacement

νν Energy DiversityEnergy Diversity

νν Air Quality ImprovementAir Quality Improvement

νν Greenhouse Gas Emission ReductionsGreenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

νν Domestic Economic DevelopmentDomestic Economic Development

44

Estimated World Oil SupplyEstimated World Oil SupplyEstimated World Oil Supply

Source: EIA, Long Term World Oil Supply, July 28, 2000.

55

U.S. Transportation Oil DemandU.S. Transportation Oil DemandU.S. Transportation Oil Demand

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

GAP

Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19, DOE/ORNL-6958, September 1999, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook2000, DOE/EIA-0383(2000), December 1999

Mill

ions

of B

arre

ls p

er D

ay Domestic Oil Production Heavy Trucks

Automobiles

Light Trucks

1990 2000 2010 2020 325 384 455 507

Highway Carbon Emissions(million metric tons)

Pas

seng

er V

ehic

les

66

Transportation Share of EmissionsTransportation Share of EmissionsTransportation Share of Emissions

νν Still a major contributor, despiteStill a major contributor, despitereductions in new vehiclereductions in new vehicleemissions achieved over the lastemissions achieved over the lastdecadedecade

CO

NOx

Lead

VOCs

CO2

Particulates

79%

53%

13%

44%

33%

25%

SO27%

Source: EPA

77

Relative Greenhouse GasesRelative Greenhouse GasesRelative Greenhouse Gases

Vegetable Oils (Future Ethyl Ester)

Vegetable Oils (Methyl Ester)

Propane

Natural Gas

Methanol

Hydrogen (Renewable)

Hydrogen (From NG)

Ethanol (Future)

Ethanol (Now)

Electricity

Gasoline & Diesel Fuel

25 50 75 100

Zero

Zero or a Credit

Zero

88

Summary of Present SituationSummary of Present SituationSummary of Present Situation

ν The U.S. Transportation Sector:λ Is 95% dependent on petroleum;

λ Accounts for 67% of all U.S. petroleum use;

λ Produces a significant share of U.S. pollutant releases;

λ Has major impacts on consumers, the economy, and thenational trade balance;

λ Currently has no readily available alternative to petroleum;and

λ Has limited infrastructure to support alternative fuels.

νν The U.S. Transportation Sector:The U.S. Transportation Sector:λλ Is 95% dependent on petroleum;Is 95% dependent on petroleum;

λλ Accounts for 67% of all U.S. petroleum use;Accounts for 67% of all U.S. petroleum use;

λλ Produces a significant share of U.S. pollutant releases;Produces a significant share of U.S. pollutant releases;

λλ Has major impacts on consumers, the economy, and theHas major impacts on consumers, the economy, and thenational trade balance;national trade balance;

λλ Currently has no readily available alternative to petroleum;Currently has no readily available alternative to petroleum;andand

λλ Has limited infrastructure to support alternative fuels.Has limited infrastructure to support alternative fuels.

99

Alternative Transportation FuelsAlternative Transportation FuelsAlternative Transportation Fuels

ν Electricityν Ethanolν Hydrogenν Methanolν Natural Gas

λ Compressedλ Liquefied

ν Propaneν 100% Biodieselν P-Series

νν ElectricityElectricityνν EthanolEthanolνν HydrogenHydrogenνν MethanolMethanolνν Natural GasNatural Gas

λλ CompressedCompressedλλ LiquefiedLiquefied

νν PropanePropaneνν 100% 100% BiodieselBiodieselνν P-SeriesP-Series

1010

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available NowAlternative Fuel Vehicles Available NowAlternative Fuel Vehicles Available Now

ν Electric

ν Ethanol

ν Natural Gas

ν Propane

νν ElectricElectric

νν EthanolEthanol

νν Natural GasNatural Gas

νν PropanePropane

1111

Electric VehiclesElectric VehiclesElectric Vehicles

ν Low Emissions

ν Quiet

ν At least 4% of new vehiclessold in California startingin 2003 must be EVs

νν Low EmissionsLow Emissions

νν QuietQuiet

νν At least 4% of new vehiclesAt least 4% of new vehiclessold in California startingsold in California startingin 2003 must be in 2003 must be EVsEVs

ν Expensive

ν Limited Range

νν ExpensiveExpensive

νν Limited RangeLimited Range

Toyota RAV4Ford Ranger

1212

Ethanol VehiclesEthanol VehiclesEthanol Vehicles

ν Low GHGs

ν Less Reactive

νν Low Low GHGsGHGs

νν Less ReactiveLess Reactiveν Subsidy Required to be

Cost Competitive

ν Few Refueling Stationsbut Numbers Increasing

νν Subsidy Required to beSubsidy Required to beCost CompetitiveCost Competitive

νν Few Refueling StationsFew Refueling Stationsbut Numbers Increasingbut Numbers Increasing

Ford Taurus Chrysler MinivanFord Ranger

1313

Natural Gas VehiclesNatural Gas VehiclesNatural Gas Vehicles

ν Very Low Emissions

ν Good Performance

ν Lower Cost Fuel

νν Very Low EmissionsVery Low Emissions

νν Good PerformanceGood Performance

νν Lower Cost FuelLower Cost Fuel

ν Limited Range, butAdequate for MostApplications

ν Few Refueling Stations

ν Higher Cost Vehicle

νν Limited Range, butLimited Range, butAdequate for MostAdequate for MostApplicationsApplications

νν Few Refueling StationsFew Refueling Stations

νν Higher Cost VehicleHigher Cost Vehicle

Ford Crown Victoria Ford F-150

Honda Civic New Flyer D40 LF Bus

1414

Propane VehiclesPropane VehiclesPropane Vehicles

ν Low Emissions

ν Good Performance

ν Cost Similar to Gasoline

νν Low EmissionsLow Emissions

νν Good PerformanceGood Performance

νν Cost Similar to GasolineCost Similar to Gasoline

ν Few Typical RefuelingStations, Many PotentialPlaces to Refuel

ν Higher Vehicle Cost

νν Few Typical RefuelingFew Typical RefuelingStations, Many PotentialStations, Many PotentialPlaces to RefuelPlaces to Refuel

νν Higher Vehicle CostHigher Vehicle Cost

Ford F-150 Ford Club Wagon

1515

Alternative Fuel Vehicle R&D ChallengesAlternative Fuel Vehicle R&D ChallengesAlternative Fuel Vehicle R&D Challenges

ν EV Batteries

ν Ethanol Production from Cellulose

ν Reduce Natural Gas and Propane Vehicle Cost

ν Expand Refueling Infrastructure

ν Hydrogen Production (for Fuel Cell Vehicles)

νν EV BatteriesEV Batteries

νν Ethanol Production from CelluloseEthanol Production from Cellulose

νν Reduce Natural Gas and Propane Vehicle CostReduce Natural Gas and Propane Vehicle Cost

νν Expand Refueling InfrastructureExpand Refueling Infrastructure

νν Hydrogen Production (for Fuel Cell Vehicles)Hydrogen Production (for Fuel Cell Vehicles)

1616

Potential Future AFV TechnologyPotential Future AFV TechnologyPotential Future AFV Technology

ν Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

ν Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Vehicles

ν High Efficiency Direct Injection Engines for Light- andHeavy-Duty Vehicles

νν Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehiclesHydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

νν Direct Methanol Fuel Cell VehiclesDirect Methanol Fuel Cell Vehicles

νν High Efficiency Direct Injection Engines for Light- andHigh Efficiency Direct Injection Engines for Light- andHeavy-Duty VehiclesHeavy-Duty Vehicles

Fuel Cell Ford Focus Fuel Cell Mercedes A-Class

1717

Hybrid Passenger CarsHybrid Passenger CarsHybrid Passenger Cars

Honda Insight

Toyota Priusν DOE programs have spurredinterest in hybrid vehicletechnologies

ν Two models currently availableλ Toyota Prius (48 mpg)

λ Honda Insight (64 mpg)

ν Potential for very low emissions

ν Represent a “Spin-Off” oftechnology developed for EVs

ν Good potential for petroleumconservation

νν DOE programs have spurredDOE programs have spurredinterest in hybrid vehicleinterest in hybrid vehicletechnologiestechnologies

νν Two models currently availableTwo models currently availableλλ Toyota Toyota Prius Prius (48 mpg)(48 mpg)

λλ Honda Insight (64 mpg)Honda Insight (64 mpg)

νν Potential for very low emissionsPotential for very low emissions

νν Represent a “Spin-Off” ofRepresent a “Spin-Off” oftechnology developed for technology developed for EVsEVs

νν Good potential for petroleumGood potential for petroleumconservationconservation

1818

Vision for TransportationDeployment Programs

Vision for TransportationVision for TransportationDeployment ProgramsDeployment Programs

ν A sustainable alternative fuel infrastructure

ν Widespread availability of AFV and ATV products

ν True acceptance of diverse fuels and technologies innational/regional/local transportation portfolios

ν Cost-competitive technologies and fuels in a variety ofmarkets

ν A diverse fuel supply for transportation

ν A change in societal norms leading to demand for cleanand efficient vehicles

νν A sustainable alternative fuel infrastructureA sustainable alternative fuel infrastructure

νν Widespread availability of AFV and ATV productsWidespread availability of AFV and ATV products

νν True acceptance of diverse fuels and technologies inTrue acceptance of diverse fuels and technologies innational/regional/local transportation portfoliosnational/regional/local transportation portfolios

νν Cost-competitive technologies and fuels in a variety ofCost-competitive technologies and fuels in a variety ofmarketsmarkets

νν A diverse fuel supply for transportationA diverse fuel supply for transportation

νν A change in societal norms leading to demand for cleanA change in societal norms leading to demand for cleanand efficient vehiclesand efficient vehicles

1919

Long-term OutcomesLong-term OutcomesLong-term Outcomes

ν Billions of gallons of oil displaced or reduced

ν Thousands of tons of emission reductions

ν Tens of millions of AFVs and ATVs

ν Enhanced energy security and improved transportationsustainability

νν Billions of gallons of oil displaced or reducedBillions of gallons of oil displaced or reduced

νν Thousands of tons of emission reductionsThousands of tons of emission reductions

νν Tens of millions ofTens of millions of AFVs AFVs and and ATVs ATVs

νν Enhanced energy security and improved transportationEnhanced energy security and improved transportationsustainabilitysustainability

2020

Deployment StrategiesDeployment StrategiesDeployment Strategies

ν Understand the marketν Develop and provide unbiased informationν Offer technical and financial assistanceν Develop, issue, and enforce regulationsν Find and support partnersν Conduct mission advocacy

νν Understand the marketUnderstand the market

νν Develop and provide unbiased informationDevelop and provide unbiased information

νν Offer technical and financial assistanceOffer technical and financial assistance

νν Develop, issue, and enforce regulationsDevelop, issue, and enforce regulations

νν Find and support partnersFind and support partners

νν Conduct mission advocacyConduct mission advocacy

2121

OTT Deployment PortfolioOTT Deployment PortfolioOTT Deployment Portfolio

ν Clean Cities: A voluntary Federal program designed to accelerate andexpand the use of alternative fuel vehicles in communities across the country

ν Testing and Evaluation: In partnership with industry, validate theperformance and emissions of near market-ready advanced technologyvehicles

ν EPACT Replacement Fuels: To implement the requirements of EPACT,collect data, perform analysis, prepare reports to Congress, and prepare, issue,and enforce needed regulations

ν Advanced Vehicle Competitions: Student competitions, such as theFutureTruck Challenge and the Ethanol Challenge, provide an unparallelededucation in automotive engineering and push the envelope of advancedvehicle technologies

νν Clean CitiesClean Cities: A voluntary Federal program designed to accelerate and: A voluntary Federal program designed to accelerate andexpand the use of alternative fuel vehicles in communities across the countryexpand the use of alternative fuel vehicles in communities across the country

νν Testing and EvaluationTesting and Evaluation: In partnership with industry, validate the: In partnership with industry, validate theperformance and emissions of near market-ready advanced technologyperformance and emissions of near market-ready advanced technologyvehiclesvehicles

νν EPACT Replacement FuelsEPACT Replacement Fuels: To implement the requirements of EPACT,: To implement the requirements of EPACT,collect data, perform analysis, prepare reports to Congress, and prepare, issue,collect data, perform analysis, prepare reports to Congress, and prepare, issue,and enforce needed regulationsand enforce needed regulations

νν Advanced Vehicle CompetitionsAdvanced Vehicle Competitions: Student competitions, such as the: Student competitions, such as theFutureTruck Challenge and the Ethanol Challenge, provide an unparalleledFutureTruck Challenge and the Ethanol Challenge, provide an unparallelededucation in automotive engineering and push the envelope of advancededucation in automotive engineering and push the envelope of advancedvehicle technologiesvehicle technologies

2222

79 Designations

λ 2 new in 2000

» Baton Rouge

» Truckee Meadowsλ 3 Designations Scheduled in 2001

» Triangle, NC (March 19)

» Twin Cities, MN (April)

» Vermont (June)

ν More than 4,400 stakeholders

ν 115,000 AFVs

ν More than 5,000 refueling stations

ν 102 million gallons of petroleumdisplaced per year

ν 19,000 metric tons of emissions reduced per year

79 Designations79 Designations

λλ 2 new in 20002 new in 2000

»» Baton RougeBaton Rouge

»» Truckee MeadowsTruckee Meadowsλλ 3 Designations Scheduled in 20013 Designations Scheduled in 2001

»» Triangle, NC (March 19)Triangle, NC (March 19)

»» Twin Cities, MN (April)Twin Cities, MN (April)

»» Vermont (June)Vermont (June)

νν More than 4,400 stakeholdersMore than 4,400 stakeholders

νν 115,000 115,000 AFVsAFVs

νν More than 5,000 refueling stationsMore than 5,000 refueling stations

νν 102 million gallons of petroleum102 million gallons of petroleumdisplaced per yeardisplaced per year

νν 19,000 metric tons of emissions reduced per year19,000 metric tons of emissions reduced per year

Clean Cities Program AccomplishmentsClean Cities Program AccomplishmentsClean Cities Program Accomplishments

2323

Evolution of Deployment ActivitiesEvolution of Deployment ActivitiesEvolution of Deployment Activities

Reducingν AFV emissions testing

ν AFV case studies

ν Light-duty fleets

ν Analysis of AFV options

ν Neat fuels only

ReducingReducingνν AFV emissions testingAFV emissions testing

νν AFV case studiesAFV case studies

νν Light-duty fleetsLight-duty fleets

νν Analysis of AFV optionsAnalysis of AFV options

νν Neat fuels onlyNeat fuels only

Increasingν Hybrid vehicle testing

ν Fuel-efficient vehicles

ν Niche markets

ν Analysis of future fuels

ν Blended fuels

IncreasingIncreasingνν Hybrid vehicle testingHybrid vehicle testing

νν Fuel-efficient vehiclesFuel-efficient vehicles

νν Niche marketsNiche markets

νν Analysis of future fuelsAnalysis of future fuels

νν Blended fuelsBlended fuels

2424

Selected Transportation Deployment PoliciesSelected Transportation Deployment Policies

InformationFinancialIncentives

Regulations &Standards

YearPolicy

1991 & 1996ISTEA & TEA-21

1992EPACT

1988AMFA

1975EPCA (CAFE)

2525

The Energy Policy ActThe Energy Policy ActThe Energy Policy Act

νν Set a goal – 10% by 2000 and 30% by 2010Set a goal – 10% by 2000 and 30% by 2010

νν Voluntary programsVoluntary programs

νν Public InformationPublic Information

νν Fleet mandatesFleet mandates

νν Grants and incentivesGrants and incentives

2626

Assumptions in 1992 EPACTAssumptions in 1992 EPACTAssumptions in 1992 EPACT

νν Barriers to alternative fuels are primarilyBarriers to alternative fuels are primarilyinformationalinformational

νν The vehicle mandates solves the chicken/egg problemThe vehicle mandates solves the chicken/egg problem

νν Fleets are uniform, centrally refueled, and easilyFleets are uniform, centrally refueled, and easilyregulatedregulated

νν Small tax incentives and grants are sufficient to pushSmall tax incentives and grants are sufficient to pushthe marketthe market

νν Fuel providers will be the leaders in AFV useFuel providers will be the leaders in AFV use

νν Saying we have a goal is all that’s neededSaying we have a goal is all that’s needed

2727

Results Heading In Right DirectionResults Heading In Right DirectionResults Heading In Right Direction

0

50

100

150

200

250

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Mill

ion

GG

E o

f A

lte

rna

tiv

e F

ue

l

Federal

State

Fuel Provider

2828

Other Parts of EPACT Working TooOther Parts of EPACT Working TooOther Parts of EPACT Working Too

νν Clean Cities has 80 participants - thousands of vehiclesClean Cities has 80 participants - thousands of vehicles

νν Public information onPublic information on AFVs AFVs widely available widely available

νν Refueling stations have grownRefueling stations have grown

νν Dozens ofDozens of AFVs AFVs offered by OEMs offered by OEMs

νν U.S. AFVS among the best in the worldU.S. AFVS among the best in the world

2929

But not good enough to meet the EPACT30% goal for 2010

But not good enough to meet the EPACTBut not good enough to meet the EPACT30% goal for 201030% goal for 2010

νν 30% is about 30-4030% is about 30-40Billion gallonsBillion gallons

νν Oxygenates in gasolineOxygenates in gasolineare predicted toare predicted tocontinuecontinue

νν Existing EPACT fleetsExisting EPACT fleetsand otherand other AFVs AFVscontribute about 0.4%contribute about 0.4%

νν Including Private &Including Private &Local Fleets in EPACTLocal Fleets in EPACTcould add at most 0.7%could add at most 0.7%by 2010by 2010 0

1

2

3

4

5

630

EPACT Fleets

Oxygenates inGasoline

Other AF Vs

Private & LocalFleets

Per

cent

of 2

010

Gas

olin

e C

onsu

mpt

ion

EPACT Goal

?????

3030

What Had to Have Happened to MeetEPACT Goals

What Had to Have Happened to MeetWhat Had to Have Happened to MeetEPACT GoalsEPACT Goals

νν To meet the EPACT goalsTo meet the EPACT goalswould have required:would have required:

λλ about 6% of allabout 6% of all LDVs LDVs in in2000 to be2000 to be AFVs AFVs

λλ about 35% of all newabout 35% of all new LDVs LDVsin 2000 and beyond to bein 2000 and beyond to beAFVsAFVs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 2000 2005 2010

Per

cent

of N

ew L

DV

s

3131

Federal Promotionof Clean and Efficient Vehicles

Federal PromotionFederal Promotionof Clean and Efficient Vehiclesof Clean and Efficient Vehicles

νν Recognition of important Federal roleRecognition of important Federal roleλλ Regulation may be necessaryRegulation may be necessary

λλ Incentives may be necessaryIncentives may be necessary

λλ Consumer education will be necessaryConsumer education will be necessary

νν Comprehensive programComprehensive programλλ Multiple market segmentsMultiple market segments

λλ Multiple technology optionsMultiple technology options

νν Coordination and partnershipCoordination and partnership

νν Long term commitmentLong term commitment

3232

Contacts at the Department of EnergyOffice of Technology Utilization

Contacts at the Department of EnergyContacts at the Department of EnergyOffice of Technology UtilizationOffice of Technology Utilization

Linda.Linda.bluesteinbluestein@@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-6116202-586-6116EPACT regulationsEPACT regulationsLindaLinda Bluestein Bluestein

Dorothy.Dorothy.wormleywormley @ @hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-7028202-586-7028Clean Cities GrantsClean Cities GrantsDorothyDorothy Wormley Wormley

Dennis.smith @Dennis.smith @hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-1791202-586-1791Clean Cities Niche MarketsClean Cities Niche MarketsDennis SmithDennis Smith

Lee.Lee.slezakslezak @ @hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-2335202-586-2335Testing & EvaluationTesting & EvaluationLeeLee Slezak Slezak

Marcy.rood @Marcy.rood @hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-8161202-586-8161Clean Cities & InternationalClean Cities & InternationalMarcy RoodMarcy Rood

TgTg..powellpowell@@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-8077202-586-8077Clean Cities & StudentClean Cities & StudentCompetitionsCompetitions

TGTG Powell Powell

Dana.Dana.oharaohara@@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-8063202-586-8063EPACT regulationsEPACT regulationsDana O’HaraDana O’Hara

SheliaShelia..launeylauney@@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-1573202-586-1573Clean Cities DirectorClean Cities DirectorShelleyShelley Launey Launey

Christy.Christy. fickerficker @@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-8791202-586-8791Green Vehicle PromotionGreen Vehicle PromotionChristyChristy Ficker Ficker

ShabnamShabnam..fardaneshfardanesh@@hqhq.doe..doe.govgov202-586-7011202-586-7011Federal fleetFederal fleetShab FardaneshShab Fardanesh

DDavid.rodgers@hq.doe.goavid.rodgers@hq.doe.govv202-586-9118202-586-9118Director, Tech. UtilizationDirector, Tech. UtilizationDavid RodgersDavid Rodgers

3333

Resources at the Department of EnergyResources at the Department of EnergyResources at the Department of Energy

ν Clean Citiesλ 1-800-CCITIES

λ http://www.ccities.doe.gov

ν Alternative Fuels Data Centerλ Alternative Fuels Hotline 1-800-423-1363

λ http://www.afdc.doe.gov

ν Fuel Economy Guideλ http://www.fueleconomy.gov

ν EV and Hybrid Test Dataλ http://www.ott.doe.gov/otu/field_ops

λ http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev

νν Clean CitiesClean Citiesλλ 1-800-CCITIES1-800-CCITIES

λλ http://www.http://www. ccitiesccities.doe..doe.govgov

νν Alternative Fuels Data CenterAlternative Fuels Data Centerλλ Alternative Fuels Hotline 1-800-423-1363Alternative Fuels Hotline 1-800-423-1363

λλ http://www.http://www. afdcafdc.doe..doe.govgov

νν Fuel Economy GuideFuel Economy Guideλλ http://www.http://www. fueleconomyfueleconomy..govgov

νν EV and Hybrid Test DataEV and Hybrid Test Dataλ http://www.ott.doe.gov/otu/field_ops

λλ http://www.http://www. ottott .doe..doe.govgov//hevhev