puntos gramaticales bÁsicos. Índice a / an determinantes y pronombres much / many / a lot of too...

24
REPASO DE INGLÉS PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS

Upload: abraam-hinojos

Post on 02-Apr-2015

153 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

REPASO DE INGLÉSPUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS

Page 2: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much / how many The Other / another This / these, that / those One / ones Some / any Pronombres indefinidos Propósito Each / every Both /all Either / neither Doble negativa Conectores Frases para practicar

Page 3: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

A / ANA: un, una + sustantivo singular.

Se utiliza cuando el sustantivo empieza por sonido consonántico:A dog, a car, a house, a university student.

AN: un, una + sustantivo singular cuando el sustantivo empieza por sonido vocálico:

An egg, an hour

Page 4: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRESPRONOMBRE

SUJETOPRONOMBRE OBJETO

DETERMINANTE POSESIVO

PRONOMBREPOSESIVO

PRONOMBRE

REFLEXIVO

I Me My + nombre..

mine myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Its Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourselves

They Them their theirs themselves

Page 5: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRESShe went to France.

(sujeto de la frase: ella)

Mary helped us.(objeto de la frase: nos, a nosotros, a nosotras)

That’s my sister.(determinante posesivo: mi)

The wallet the police found is mine.(pronombre posesivo: el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías)

I promised myself.(pronombre reflexivo: a mí mismo, a mí misma)

Page 6: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

MANY / MUCH / A LOT OFMANY: MUCHOS, MUCHAS.Se suele utilizar en oraciones negativas e interrogativas,

aunque también puede aparecer en afirmativa:Were there many people?

MUCH: MUCHO, MUCHA.Se suele utilizar en oraciones negativas e interrogativas,

aunque también aparece en afirmativa:There wasn’t much noise.

A LOT OF: MUCHO, MUCHA, MUCHOS, MUCHAS.Se suele utilizar con oraciones afirmativas:

She bought a lot of presents.

Page 7: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

TOO MUCH / TOO MANY / ENOUGH TOO (demasiado): se utiliza con adjetivos:

He is too tall. She is too young.

TOO MUCH (demasiado, demasiada): Se usa con nombres incontables:

There was too much sugar.

TOO MANY (demasiados, demasiadas): Se usa con nombres contables:

There were too many people.

Recordamos que TOO + adjetivo puede emplearse como sinónimo de NOT + adjetivo contrario + ENOUGH (lo suficiente, suficiente, bastante):

He is not short enough. She is not old enough (compara estas frases con las primeras).

Page 8: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

A LITTLE / A FEWA FEW: unos pocos, unas pocas, pocos, pocas.

Se utiliza con sustantivos CONTABLES en PLURAL:

A few people, a few studentsA LITTLE: un poco de, poco, poca.

Se utiliza con sustantivos INCONTABLES en SINGULAR.

LITTLE: pequeño. A little house, a little salt

(Una casa pequeña, un poco de sal)

Page 9: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

HOW MUCH / HOW MANY?HOW MUCH + INCONTABLE?

Se utiliza con sustantivos incontables, y se puede responder con A LITTLE:

"How much beer can you drink?""A little / much"

HOW MANY + CONTABLE?Se utiliza con sustantivos contables en PLURAL y se puede responder con A FEW:

"How many people were?"“Many / a few"

Page 10: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

THECuando el sustantivo es único:

The Earth.The + singular: representa una clase. Puede

ser con adjetivo o sustantivo:The Spanish, The whale, The rich

(Los españoles, las ballenas, los ricos)

Page 11: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

THE (OMISIÓN)En plural cuando representan a la clase en

general o nombres abstractos en singular:Cows eat grass. Love moves us to do things.

THE cows jumped the fence (vacas particulares)

Con las partes del cuerpo y la ropa se suele usar el POSESIVO:

Raise your hand. He took off his coat.Delante de los deportes:

He plays football.

Page 12: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

THE (OMISIÓN)Con work (como sustantivo), office:

He went to work. He is at work.

Con “home”: He is (at) home.

Con “town” se omite SOLAMENTE si se habla del pueblo del sujeto:

He went to town.

Con bed, church, hospital, prison, school, college, university cuando son usados para su propósito principal:

He went to bed (to sleep).He went to the bed to take the pillow.

Page 13: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

OTHER / ANOTHERADJETIVO PRONOMBRE

SINGULAR Another Another

PLURAL Other Others

Have you met Paul’s sister? – I’ve met one. I didn’t know he had another (sister) – Oh, he has two others / two other sisters.

ONE ANOTHER / EACH OTHER: indican RECIPROCIDAD:Sue and Carol looked at one another / each other

(Sue y Carol se miraron)

Page 14: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSETHIS: este, esta + sustantivo; esto.THESE: estos, estas + sustantivo.THIS ONE: éste, ésta.THESE ONES: éstos, éstas

THAT: ese, esa, aquel, aquella + sustantivo, eso, aquello.

THOSE: esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas + sustantivo.

THAT ONE: ése, ésa, aquél, aquélla.THOSE ONES: ésos, aquéllos.

Page 15: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

ONE / ONESOne of us: uno de nosotros.Entre otros casos, se pueden utilizar para

reemplazar al sustantivo tanto en singular como en plural con THIS / THE / ANOTHER , etc.

Do you like those shoes? – No, I like these ones.

This is the one I told you.Another one, please!

Page 16: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

SOME / ANYSOME se utiliza en afirmativa con nombres

CONTABLES en plural y con nombres INCONTABLES en singular:

Some people, some oil.ANY se utiliza en negativa e interrogativa con

nombres CONTABLES en plural y con nombres INCONTABLES en singular.

…any students? …any salt?

Page 17: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS-BODY -ONE -THING -WHERE

AFFIRMSomebody(alguien)

Someone(alguien)

Something(algo)

Somewhere(en alguna parte, en

algún lugar)

ELSESomebody else(otra persona, alguien más)

Someone else(otra persona, alguien más)

Something else

(algo más)

Somewhere else (en otro

lugar)

NEG / INT

Anybody Anyone Anything Anywhere

NEG

Nobody(nadie)

No one(ninguno,

nadie)

Nothing(nada)

Nowhere(en ninguna

parte, en ningún lugar)

EVERYEverybody

(todo el mundo)Everyone(todo el mundo)

Everything(todo)

Everywhere(en todas partes, en todos los lugares)

Page 18: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

PROPÓSITO

To do, to laugh, to sing…

A veces el propósito es que otra persona haga algo. También utilizaremos un “to + forma base”, pero

en este caso, añadiendo un pronombre objeto delante. Normalmente se traduce como

subjuntivo:I want to go (quiero ir)

I want HER to go (quiero que vaya ella).I asked her to do it (le pedí –a ella- que lo hiciera).

Para hacer, para reír, para cantar, etc. Siempre que queramos expresar un propósito (en español: “para” + infinitivo), usaremos en inglés “to” + verbo en forma base:

Page 19: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

EACH / EVERYLos dos llevan el verbo en singular:

Every student reads a different book.

EVERY: significa “cada” y se utiliza como DETERMINANTE. Se usa con un número grande:

Every man had a weapon.

EACH: significa “cada” y se utiliza como DETERMINANTE o PRONOMBRE. Se usa cuando hay un número pequeño:

Each man had a weapon.Each had a weapon.

Page 20: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

BOTHSignifica AMBOS y va con el verbo en plural.Puede ir solo: Both (doors) were opened.Con of + pronombre objeto: Both of us knew that.Con pronombre personal sujeto: We both knew

that.

ALL OF US: todos nosotros.ALL OF YOU: todos vosotros.ALL OF THEM: todos ellos.

ALL

Page 21: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

EITHER / NEITHEREITHER significa uno de los dos / ninguno (cuando el

verbo va en negativa):I didn’t like either of them.

EITHER…OR / NEITHER…NOR (o…o / ni…ni)

The room wasn’t either large or bright.The room was neither large nor bright.

NEITHER significa ninguno (ni uno ni otro). El verbo va en afirmativa:

I tried both passwords but neither worked.

Page 22: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

DOBLE NEGATIVASe aplica con

SOME (+) / ANY (-) EITHER…OR (+) / NEITHER…NOR (-) NEVER (-) / EVER (+)

Solamente usamos la negativa UNA VEZ en la frase:She didn’t find anything.

- * + = -She found nothing.

+ *- = -She didn’t find nothing.

- * - = +

Page 23: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

CONNECTORSCopulativos and, not only … but also, no sooner … thanDisyuntivos or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise Condicionales if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of Concesivos although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of Conclusivos therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently Continuativos then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to Adversativos but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary Causales because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as Comparativos as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though Funcionales so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to

http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/connectors.php

Page 24: PUNTOS GRAMATICALES BÁSICOS. ÍNDICE A / an Determinantes y pronombres Much / many / a lot of Too much / too many / enough A little / a few How much

FRASES PARA PRACTICAR María estudiaba en una universidad europea. Juan me pidió que escribiera mi nombre en un sobre. Mi hermano fue a prisión a visitar a un amigo. Hay otras personas que quieren que hables con ellos. Esos libros son mejores que éstos. Cuando lo necesito, nunca encuentro a alguien que me ayude. No vimos ni a Juan ni a Miguel.

Mary used to study at a European university. Juan asked me to write my name on an envelope. My brother went to the prison to visit a friend. There are other people who want you to talk to them. Those books are better than these ones. When I need it, I never find someone to help me. We didn’t see either Juan or Miguel / We saw neither Juan nor

Miguel.