punnett squares how can i predict the appearance of offspring based on the traits of the parents?

Punnett Squares

How can I predict the appearance of offspring based on the traits of the parents?

Two kinds of inheritance: Mendelian

inheritance includes any trait which has only a pair of contrasting alleles and one of the alleles is dominant to the other allele.

These traits will follow Mendel’s principles of heredity.

Two kinds of inheritance: Non-Mendelian

inheritance includes traits which may share dominance, be linked with a second trait (such as sex), rely on multiple genes within the chromosomes, or have multiple forms (alleles) which may be inherited.

These traits do not follow all of Mendel’s principles of inheritance.

Probability & inheritance Punnett developed

a graphical method to predict the results of a cross between two parent organisms.

These are called Punnett squares.

Probability & inheritance A Punnett Square

shows all of the possible outcomes each time gametes from the two parents combine.

Steps to solving a Punnett square:

Problem: tongue rolling is

dominant to non-rolling

Tongue rolling = RNon-rolling = r

Assign each allele (form of the trait) a letter


Problem: cross two

heterozygous individuals

Parent 1 = RrParent 2 = Rr

Determine the genotype of each parent based on the information in the problem.


Set up the Punnett square by putting one parent’s genotype across the top and the other down the side of the square.

These represent possible gametes.

R r

R

r


Complete the Punnett square by recording the letter on top of the column and on the side of the row.

Always put the capital letter first.

R r

R

r

RR Rr

Rr rr


Use the laws of probability and the Punnett square to answer any questions posed in the problem.

Problem 1: what is the genotype ratio?

Answer: 1RR : 2Rr : 1rr 1 : 2 : 1

R r

R

r

RR Rr

Rr rr


Problem 2: what is the phenotype ratio?

Answer: 3 Tongue rolling : 1

Non-rolling 3 : 1

R r

R

r

RR Rr

Rr rr


Problem 3: what is the chance the couple will have a non-rolling child?

Answer: 1/4 or 25%

R r

R

r

RR Rr

Rr rr

Fill It In …

Genotype Ratio follows the format:

______ : ______ : ______

Phenotype Ratio follows the format:

______ : ______

Hybrid crosses: Punnett squares

can be used to solve crosses involving only one trait (called a monohybrid cross) or crosses involving two traits (called a dihybrid cross).

Monohybrid cross The monohybrid

cross requires four squares to represent all possible gamete combinations.

Dihybrid cross The dihybrid cross

requires sixteen squares to represent all possible gamete combinations.

What are the different patterns of inheritance?

Mendelian/simple dominance

Dominant masks ressessive alleles

Monohybrid Problem: tall pea plant

height is dominant dominant to short pea plant height. Cross a pure breeding tall pea plant with a pure breeding short pea plant. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio.

Solution: tall = H short = h

P1 = HH P2 = hh

G: 0 : 4 : 0 (HH : Hh : hh)P: 4 : 0 (tall : short)

H H

h

h

Hh Hh

Hh Hh

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Codominance Both alleles are

equally dominant and so both are equally expressed.

To represent the equal dominance each allele is assigned a different capital letter.

**use as superscripts!!!

Fill It In …

WORD HELP!

Co = ______________

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Codominance Problem: Black feathers and

white feathers are codominant in chickens. Cross a chicken with black and white feathers and a chicken with only black feathers. What is the chance they will have a chick with only white feathers?

black feathers = B white feathers = WP1 = BW P2 = BB

0% chance of chick with white feathers

B

B

B W

BB

BB

BW

BW

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Incomplete dominance Neither allele is sufficiently dominant to mask the

other allele. When both alleles are present in an individual’s

genotype (heterozygous) an entirely different, blended phenotype appears.

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Incomplete dominance To represent the incomplete dominance both share

the same capital letter, but one is assigned a “prime” symbol.

RR RR’ R’R’

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Incomplete

dominance Problem: In four o’clock flowers

red petals and white petals are incompletely dominant. Cross a red flower and a white flower. What is the resulting phenotype of all offspring?

red = R white = R’P1 (red) = RRP2 (white) = R’R’

All offspring are pink.

R R

R’

R’

RR’ RR’

RR’RR’

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Multiple alleles More than two alleles

exist within the population for the given trait.

However, each individual may only inherit two of the possible alleles

To represent the multiple alleles, a base letter is used for each allele and the allele is represented by a unique superscript letter.

Problem: blood type in humans

is determined by multiple alleles: IA, IB, i

In addition, IA and IB are codominant, while i is recessive to both.

Below is a chart representing all the possible genotypes and resulting phenotypes ….

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Blood Type (phenotype) Possible Genotypes

Type AType A IIAAIIAA or I or IAAiiType BType B IIBBIIBB or I or IBBii

Type ABType AB IIAAIIBB

Type OType O iiii

Fill It In …

Draw a blood cell for each type:A -B -O -**Add AB -

Fill It In …

Alleles for Blood Type:

Allele for A =

Allele for B =

Allele for O =

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Multiple alleles Problem: Cross a heterozygous Type A female with a Type O

male. What are all the possible blood types of the offspring?

P1 = IAi P2 = ii

Type A and Type O are the possible blood types.

i

i

iIA

IAi

IAi

ii

ii

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Sex-linkage One of the pairs of

chromosomes in an organism determines the sex.

This pair is called the sex chromosomes.

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance

Sex-linkage In humans, the two

types of sex chromosomes are represented by an X and a Y

Inheriting two X chromosomes makes a female; inheriting an X and a Y chromosomes makes a male.

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Sex-linkage The genes located

on a sex chromosome (almost always the X chromosome) are called sex-linked genes.

Thus, females inherit two alleles for the trait, while males only inherit one allele for the trait.

Fill It In …

What makes sex-linked genes DIFFERENT from other genes?

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Sex-linkage Problem: Colorblindness is a

recessive sex-linked trait. A colorblind man has a child with a woman who is a carrier (heterozygous) for colorblindness. What is the chance they will have a colorblind son?

“normal” vision = XB

colorblind = Xb

P1 = XbY P2 = XBXb

There is a 25% chance they will have a colorblind son

Xb

Xb

XB

Y

XBXb

XbXb XbY

XBY

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Sex-linkage

http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Colorblindness/colorblindtests.html

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Polygenic

inheritance Many traits actually

depend on several genes.

The interaction of the many genes within one individual creates a range of phenotypes

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Polygenic inheritance For example, height,

skin color and the size of your foot depend on the total number of dominant alleles inherited for these traits.

This means someone with four dominant alleles will have a slightly bigger foot than someone with three dominant alleles.

Non-Mendelian - 5 possible paths of inheritance Polygenic

inheritance This results in a

characteristic graphical pattern seen below:

Skin Color

Nu

mb

er o

f In

div

idu

als

Fill It In …

The SIX paths of inheritance:1. M_______________ (A, a)2. C_______________ (A, B)3. I________________

D_______________ (A, A’)4. M_______________

A_______________ (IA, IB, i)5. S____ - l_________ (XA, Xa)6. P_______________ (AaBbCc)

Paths of InheritancePath TypePath Type CharacteristicsCharacteristics

MendelianMendelian 1 allele is dominant and 1 allele is 1 allele is dominant and 1 allele is recessiverecessive

CodominantCodominant 2 alleles – both are equally 2 alleles – both are equally expressedexpressed

Incomplete Incomplete dominancedominance

2 alleles – if heterozygous, alleles 2 alleles – if heterozygous, alleles blend togetherblend together

Multiple allelesMultiple alleles More than 2 alleles possible for a More than 2 alleles possible for a trait (but each person gets 2)trait (but each person gets 2)

PolygenicPolygenic A traits is controlled by more than A traits is controlled by more than one gene in a personone gene in a person

Check Yourself!1. Name the five paths of non-Mendelian inheritance.

2. Which pattern of inheritance results in a third, blended phenotype of individuals?

3. What two patterns of inheritance does blood type follow?

4. Where are the sex-linked traits located?

5. Name three traits that follow polygenic inheritance?


CODOMINANCE, INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE, MULTIPLE ALLELES, SEX-LINKED, & POLYGENIC

2. Which pattern of inheritance results in a third, blended phenotype of individuals?






2. Which pattern of inheritance results in a third, blended phenotype of individuals? INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE







3. What two patterns of inheritance does blood type follow? MULTIPLE ALLELES & CODOMINANCE







4. Where are the sex-linked traits located? ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES (ESP THE X)






4. Where are the sex-linked traits located? ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES (ESP THE X)

5. Name three traits that follow polygenic inheritance? (ANSWERS WILL VARY)

punnett squares how can i predict the appearance of offspring based on the traits of the parents?

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