Pun

For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation).The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word

KLEPTOROUMANIAPunch cartoon of the Second BalkanWar. King Carol I of Roma-nia points his pistol at King Petar of Serbia and King Constantineof Greece while he steals Southern Dobrudja from the disarmedTsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria. The title “KLEPTOROUMANIA” isa pun on kleptomania, the mental disorder of impulsive stealingfor the sake of stealing.

play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploit-ing multiple meanings of words, or of similar-soundingwords, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.[1][2]These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use ofhomophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative lan-guage. A pun differs from a malapropism in that amalapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expres-sion, while a pun involves expressions with multiple cor-rect interpretations. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes oridiomatic constructions, as their usage and meaning arespecific to a particular language and its culture.Puns have a long history in human writing. Sumeriancuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs were originallybased on punning systems, and the Roman playwright

Plautus was famous for his puns and word games.[3][4]Punning has been credited as the fundamental conceptbehind alphabets, writing, and even human civilisation.[3]

1 Typology

Puns can be classified in various ways:The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairswhich sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.Walter Redfern exemplified this type with his statement,“To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms.”[5] For exam-ple, in George Carlin's phrase “Atheism is a non-prophetinstitution”, the word prophet is put in place of its ho-mophone profit, altering the common phrase "non-profitinstitution". Similarly, the joke “Question: Why do westill have troops in Germany? Answer: To keep the Rus-sians in Czech" relies on the aural ambiguity of the ho-mophones check and Czech. Often, puns are not strictlyhomophonic, but play on words of similar, not identical,sound as in the example from the “Pinky and the Brain”cartoon film series: “I think so, Brain, but if we give peasa chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which playswith the similar—but not identical—sound of peas andpeace.[6]

A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled thesame (homographs) but possess different meanings andsounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight morethan hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They arealso known as heteronymic puns. Examples in which thepunned words typically exist in two different parts ofspeech often rely on unusual sentence construction, as inthe anecdote: “When asked to explain his large numberof children, the pig answered simply: 'The wild oats ofmy sow gave us many piglets.'" An example that com-bines homophonic and homographic punning is DouglasAdams's line “You can tune a guitar, but you can't tunafish. Unless of course, you play bass.” The phrase usesthe homophonic qualities of tune a and tuna, as well as thehomographic pun on bass, in which ambiguity is reachedthrough the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instru-ment), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from theexploitation of words which are both homographs andhomophones. The statement “Being in politics is justlike playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie af-ter another” puns on the two meanings of the word lieas “a deliberate untruth” and as “the position in which

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2 2 USE

something rests”. An adaptation of a joke repeated byIsaac Asimov gives us “Did you hear about the little mo-ron who strained himself while running into the screendoor?" playing on strained as “to give much effort” and“to filter”.[7] A homonymic pun may also be polysemic,in which the words must be homonymic and also pos-sess related meanings, a condition that is often subjective.However, lexicographers define polysemes as listed undera single dictionary lemma (a unique numbered meaning)while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata.A compound pun is a statement that contains two ormore puns. For example, a complex statement byRichard Whately includes four puns: “Why can a mannever starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eatthe sand which is there. But what brought the sand-wiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descen-dants mustered and bred.”[8] This pun uses sand which isthere/sandwiches there,Ham/ham,mustered/mustard, andbred/bread. Similarly, the phrase “piano is not my forte”cleverly links two meanings of the words forte and piano,one for the dynamic markings in music and the secondfor the literal meaning of the sentence. Compound punsmay also combine two phrases that share a word. For ex-ample, “Where do mathematicians go on weekends? Toa Möbius strip club!" puns onMöbius strip and strip club.A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect ofa pun relies on the understanding of an element in thefirst. For example the statement "π is only half a pie.” (πradians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a com-plete circle). Another example is "Infinity is not in finity”,which means infinity is not in finite range. Another ex-ample is “a Freudian slip is when you say one thing butmean your mother.”[9] Finally, we are given "Immanueldoesn't pun, he Kant” by Oscar Wilde.Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia,and other graphic symbols, in which one or more ofthe pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In Europeanheraldry, this technique is called canting arms. Visual andother puns and word games are also common in Dutchgable stones as well as in some cartoons, such as LostConsonants and The Far Side. Another type of visual punexists in languages which use non-phonetic writing. Forexample, in Chinese, a pun may be based on a similar-ity in shape of the written character, despite a completelack of phonetic similarity in the words punned upon.[10]Mark Elvin describes how this “peculiarly Chinese formof visual punning involved comparing written charactersto objects.”[11]

Richard J. Alexander notes two additional forms whichpuns may take: graphological (sometimes called visual)puns, such as concrete poetry; and morphological puns,such as portmanteaus.[12]

2 Use

2.1 Comedy and jokes

Puns are a common source of humour in jokes andcomedy shows. They are often used in the punch lineof a joke, where they typically give a humorous mean-ing to a rather perplexing story. These are also known asfeghoots. The following example comes from the movieMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the World,though the punchline stems from far older Vaudevilleroots.[13] The final line puns on the stock phrase "thelesser of two evils".

Captain Aubrey, played by RussellCrowe: “Do you see those twoweevils, Doctor?...Which wouldyou choose?"Dr. Maturin: “Neither. There’snot a scrap of difference betweenthem. They're the same species ofCurculio.”Captain Aubrey: “If you had tochoose. If you were forced to makea choice. If there were no other op-tion.”Dr. Maturin: “Well, then, if you'regoing to push me. I would choosethe right-hand weevil. It has signif-icant advantage in both length andbreadth.”Captain Aubrey: “There, I haveyou!...Do you not know that in theService, one must always choosethe lesser of two weevils?"

Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. Aparody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a titlethat hints at the title of the work being parodied, substi-tuting some of the words with ones that sound or looksimilar. For example, collegiate a cappella groups areoften named after musical puns to attract fans throughattempts at humor. Such a title can immediately commu-nicate both that what follows is a parody and also whichwork is about to be parodied, making any further “setup”(introductory explanation) unnecessary.2014 saw the inaugural UK Pun Championships, at theLeicester Comedy Festival, hosted by Lee Nelson. Thewinner was Darren Walsh. The competition includedthe line “My computer’s got a Miley Virus. It’s stoppedtwerking.”[14] Walsh went on to take part in the O. HenryPun-Off World Championships in Austin, Texas.[15] In2015 the UK Pun Championship was Leo Kearse.[16]

2.2 Literature

Non-humorous puns were and are a standard poetic de-vice in English literature. Puns and other forms of

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word play have been used by many famous writers, suchas Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov,Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and WilliamShakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000puns in his plays.Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:

“Now is the winter of our discon-tent made glorious summer by thisson of York” (Son/sun)

Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with lessserious puns, the “quibbles” of the sort that made SamuelJohnson complain, “A quibble is to Shakespeare what lu-minous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to alladventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to en-gulf him in the mire. It has some malignant power overhis mind, and its fascinations are irresistible.”[17] Else-where, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as “thelowest form of humour”.In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne,married to Anne More, reportedly puns repeatedly:“Son/sun” in the second quoted line, and two compoundpuns on “Donne/done” and “More/more”. All three arehomophonic, with the puns on “more” being both homo-graphic and capitonymic. The ambiguities serve to in-troduce several possible meanings into the verses.

“When Thou hast done, Thou hastnot done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shallshine as he shines now, and hereto-foreAnd having done that, Thou hastdone; / I fear no more.”

Alfred Hitchcock stated “Puns are the highest form ofliterature.”[18]

2.3 Rhetoric

Puns can function as a rhetorical device, where the punserves as a persuasive instrument for an author or speaker.Although puns are often perceived as cliché, if used re-sponsibly a pun "…can be an effective communicationtool in a variety of situations and forms”.[19] Amajor dif-ficulty in using puns in this manner is that the meaningof a pun can be interpreted very differently according tothe audience’s background and can significantly subtractfrom a message.[20]

2.4 Design

Like other forms of wordplay, paronomasia is occasion-ally used for its attention-getting or mnemonic qualities,

making it common in titles and the names of places,characters, and organizations, and in advertising andslogans.[21][22]

Many restaurant and shop names use puns: Cane& Able mobility healthcare, Sam & Ella’s ChickenPalace, Tiecoon tie shop, Planet of the Grapes wineand spirits,[23] as do books, such as Pies and Prejudice,comics (YU+ME: dream) and films (Good Will Hunting).The Japanese anime Speed Racer's original title, MachGoGoGo! refers to the English word itself, the Japaneseword for five (the Mach 5's car number), and the name ofthe show’s main character, GoMifune. This is also an ex-ample of a multilingual pun, full understanding of whichrequires knowledge of more than language on the part ofthe listener.Names of characters also often carry puns, such as AshKetchum and Goku (“kakarot”), the protagonists of theanime series Pokémon and Dragonball, respectively, bothfranchises which are known for including second mean-ings in the names of many of their characters. A recur-ring motif in the Austin Powers films repeatedly puns onnames which suggest male genitalia. In the science fic-tion television series Star Trek, "B-4" is used as the nameof one of four androids models constructed “before” theandroid Data, a main character.The parallel sequel The Lion King 1½ advertised withthe phrase “You haven't seen the 1/2 of it!". WyborowaVodka employed the slogan “Enjoyed for centuriesstraight”, while Northern Telecom used “Technology theworld calls on.”[21]

On 1 June 2015 the BBCRadio 4 You and Yours includeda feature on “Puntastic Shop Titles”. Entries includeda Chinese Takeaway in Ayr town centre called "Ayr’sWok", a kebab shop in Ireland called "Abra Kebabra" anda tree-surgeon in Dudley called ‘’Special Branch.” Thewinning competition entry, selected by Lee Nelson, wasa dry cleaner’s in Fulham and Chelsea called "Starchy andStarchy".[24]

3 Paronomasia in the media

Paronomasia, also known as the pun, has found a strongfoothold in the media. William Safire of the New YorkTimes suggests that “the root of this pace-growing [useof paranomasia] is often a headliner-writer’s need forquick catchiness, and has resulted in a new tolerance fora long-despised form of humor.”[25] It can be argued thatparonomasia is common in the media, especially head-lines, to draw the reader’s interest. The rhetoric is impor-tant because it connects people with the topic.Paronomasia is prevalent orally as well. Salvatore At-tardo believes that puns are verbal humor. He talks aboutPepicello and Weisberg’s linguistic theory of humor andbelieves the only form of linguistic humor is limited topuns.[26] This is because a pun is play on the word it-

4 6 SEE ALSO

self. Attardo believes that only puns are able to main-tain humor and this humor has significance. It is able tohelp soften a situation and make it less serious, it can helpmake something more memorable, and using a pun canmake the speaker seem witty.Paronomasia is strong in print media and oral conversa-tion so it can be assumed that paronomasia is strong inbroadcast media as well. Examples of paranomasia inmedia are sound bites. They could bememorable becauseof the humor and rhetoric associated with paronomasia,thus making the significance of the sound bite stronger.

4 Confusion and alternative uses

There exist subtle differences between paronomasia andother literary techniques, such as the double entendre.While puns are often simple wordplay for comedic orrhetorical effect, a double entendre alludes to a secondmeaning which is not contained within the statement orphrase itself, often one which purposefully disguises thesecond meaning. As both exploit the use of intentionaldouble meanings, puns can sometimes be double enten-dres, and vice versa. Puns also bear similarities withparaprosdokian, syllepsis and eggcorns. In addition, ho-mographic puns are sometimes compared to the stylisticdevice antanaclasis, and homophonic puns to polyptoton.Puns can be used as a type of mnemonic device to en-hance comprehension in an educational setting. Used dis-creetly, puns can effectively reinforce content and aid inthe retention of material.

4.1 Science and computing

Scientific puns rely on the contrast between precise tech-nical and imprecise informal definitions of the sameword. In statistical contexts, for example, the word sig-nificant is usually assumed to mean "statistically signif-icant", which has a precisely defined technical mean-ing. Using significant with the layperson meaning “ofpractical significance” in such contexts would qualify aspunning, such as the webcomic xkcd's pun “statisticallysignificant other".[27]

In formal linguistics, puns can often be found embed-ded within the etymological meaning or usage of words,which in turn may be buried over time and unknown tonative speakers. Puns may also be found in syntax, wheremorphological constructions have derived from what mayhave originally been humorous word play, slang, or oth-erwise idiosyncratic word usage.In computing, esoteric programming languages (EPLs)are based in or contain what may be regarded as concep-tual puns, as they typically misuse common programmingconcepts in ways which are absurd, or functionally use-less. Some EPL puns may be obvious, such as in the us-age of text images, while other puns are highly conceptual

and understandable to experts only.In computer science, the term type punning refers to aprogramming technique that subverts or circumvents thetype system of a programming language, by allowing avalue of a certain type to be manipulated as a value of adifferent type. For instance, a four-byte integer may be'cast' as a floating point value; or an instance of class Dogmay be treated as a member of a superclass Animal by'casting' the dog instance as a (more generic) animal.

5 History

Puns were found in ancient Egypt, where they were heav-ily used in development of myths and interpretation ofdreams.[28]

In China, Shen Dao (ca. 300 BC) used “shi”, meaning“power”, and “shi”, meaning “position” to say that a kinghas power because of his position as king.[29]

In ancient Iraq, about 2500 BC, punning was used byscribes to represent words in cuneiform.[30]

The Maya are known for having used puns in their hi-eroglyphic writing, and for using them in their modernlanguages.[31]

In Japan, “graphomania” was one type of pun.[32]

In Tamil, Sledai is the word used to mean pun in which aword with two different meanings. This is also classifiedas a poetry style in ancient Tamil literature.

6 See also

• Albur

• Alliteration

• Antanaclasis

• Auto-antonym

• Dajare

• Double entendre

• Eggcorn

• Feghoot

• Malapropism

• Mondegreen

• Paraprosdokian

• Polyptoton

• Satiric misspelling

• Syllepsis

5

7 Notes[1] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved 7

February 2009

[2] Dictionary.com. 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

[3] John Pollack (14 April 2011). The Pun Also Rises. Pen-guin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51386-6.

[4] M. Fontaine, Funny Words in Plautine Comedy, Oxford,2010.

[5] Puns, Blackwell, London, 1984

[6] See the citation on Wikiquote

[7] Asimov, Isaac. Isaac Asimov’s Treasury of Humor, p.175, § 252. 1971. Houghton Mifflin. New York.

[8] Tartakovsky, Joseph (March 28, 2009). “Pun for theAges”. The New York Times.

[9] “PUNS”. Tnellen.com. Retrieved 2011-12-20.

[10] Attardo, Salvatore. Linguistic Theories of Humor, p.109.Walter de Gruyter, 1994. Alleton, V. : L'écriture chinoise.Paris, 1970.

[11] Mark Elvin “The Spectrum of Accessibility : Types ofHumor in The Destinies of the Flowers in the Mirror", p.113. In :- Roger T. Ames (et al.) : Interpreting Culturethrough Translation: a Festschrift for D. C. Lau. 1991.pp. 101–118.

[12] Alexander, Richard J. Aspects of Verbal Humour in En-glish, pp.21–41

[13] Levitt, Paul M. (2002). Vaudeville Humor: The CollectedJokes, Routines, and Skits of Ed Lowry. Southern IllinoisUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2720-1.

[14] Mercury, Leicester (14 February 2014). “Comedy Fes-tival Review: The UK Pun Championships at Just TheTonic”. Leicester Mercury. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[15] “Dave’s Leicester Comedy Festival”. Comedy-festival.co.uk. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 1 June2015.

[16] “Leo Kearse”. Leo Kearse. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[17] Samuel Johnson, Preface to Shakespeare.

[18] The Dick Cavett Show (Television production). UnitedStates: American Broadcasting Company. Event occursat 8 June 1972.

[19] Junker, Dave (Feb 2013). “In Defense of Puns: How toUse them Effectively”. Public Relations Tactics 20 (2): 18.

[20] Djafarova, Elmira (Jun 2008). “Why Do Ad-vertisers Use Puns? A Linguistic Perspective”.Journal of Advertising Research 48 (2): 267–275.doi:10.2501/s0021849908080306.

[21] “The Art and Science of the Advertising Slogan”. Adslo-gans.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-20.

[22] http://leo.aichi-u.ac.jp/~{}goken/bulletin/pdfs/No16/03AbassF.pdf

[23] Collins, Michelle (2008-06-06). “The 50 Best PunStores”. BestWeekEver.tv. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

[24]

[25] Safire, W. “On Language: A Barrel of Puns.” New YorkTimes (1923-Current file): SM2. 1980.

[26] Attardo S. “Puns, Relevance and Appreciation in Adver-tisements.” Journal of Pragmatics 37.5 (2005): 707-21.

[27] “Boyfriend”. xkcd. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

[28] Magic in ancient Egypt by Geraldine Pinch University ofTexas Press, 1995, 191 pages page 68

[29] Three ways of thought in ancient China by Arthur WaleyStanford University Press, 1982 – 216 pages, page 81

[30] Mathematics in ancient Iraq: a social history Eleanor Rob-son, Princeton University Press, 2008, 441 pages, page 31

[31] New theories on the ancient Maya Elin C. Danien, RobertJ. Sharer, University of Pennsylvania. University Museumof Archaeology and Anthropology, UPenn Museum ofArchaeology, 1992 – 245 pages, page 99

[32] The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan DelmerM. Brown, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge UniversityPress, 1993 – 650 pages page 463

8 References• Alexander, Richard J. (1997). Aspects of Verbal Hu-mour in English. Narr, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Ver-lag. ISBN 978-3-823-34936-5.

• Augarde, Tony (1984). The Oxford Guide to WordGames. London: Oxford University Press.

• Fontaine, Michael (2010). Funny Words in PlautineComedy. Oxford University Press.

• Hempelmann, Christian F. (Sep 2004). “Script op-position and logical mechanism in punning”. Humor- International Journal of Humor Research 17 (4):381–392. doi:10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.381. (ac-cess restricted)

• Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

• Tartakovsky, Joseph (28 March 2009). “Pun for theAges”. The New York Times.

9 Further reading• Pollack, John (2011). The Pun Also Rises: How theHumble Pun Revolutionized Language, ChangedHis-tory, and Made Wordplay More Than Some Antics.Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-51386-6.

6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links• There’s a Sewer in the Sewer: a primer for het-eronymphiles

7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text• Pun Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun?oldid=676319468 Contributors: The Epopt, Tarquin, Sjc, Eclecticology, Toby Bartels,PierreAbbat, Ortolan88, David spector, Camembert, Montrealais, Hephaestos, Stevertigo, Paul Barlow, Ixfd64, Ihcoyc, Mac, BevRowe,Darkwind, Rossami, Lee M, Andrevan, RickK, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Furrykef, DR J, Ldo, Calieber, Robbot, Pigsonthewing,RemitMan, Altenmann, Psychonaut, Merovingian, Lord Bob, Vikreykja, Jooler, DocWatson42, Elf, Kenny sh, Subsolar, Anville, JorgeStolfi, Siroxo, SWAdair, Neilc, Richard K. Carson, Gadfium, Mu, Manuel Anastácio, Andycjp, Ljhenshall, The Inedible Bulk, Dragon-flySixtyseven, AndrewKeenanRichardson, Cynix, Publunch, ChrisCostello, Flyhighplato, Grunt, Thorwald, Mike Rosoft, Venu62, Sparkythe Seventh Chaos, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Wrp103, YUL89YYZ, Saintswithin, Kbh3rd, Jnestorius, Neko-chan,MaxPower, El C, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Saturnight, Coolcaesar, Wareh, Pablo X, Rlaager, Army1987, Aetherfukz, Dannish, Sund,Shenme, Blotwell, TheProject, Pearle, Benbread, Alansohn, Gary, Anthony Appleyard, Rbeard, Lokicarbis, Rd232, Spudley, Ynhockey,Mr.Tea, Swift, Mrestko, Malo, Stillnotelf, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, SidP, RJFJR, Zxcvbnm, Bsadowski1, Edwin s, Kazvorpal, Katealaurel,OleMaster, The JPS,Woohookitty, MattGiuca, Duncan.france, Dozenist, Wikiklrsc, Zzyzx11, Kvetch, Orangetuesday, Pastel-ink, Ashmoo,Graham87, Deltabeignet, TobyJ, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Hiberniantears, Bruce1ee, Vegaswikian, KyleT, FuriousFreddy, Dinosaurdarrell,VKokielov, Margosbot~enwiki, Ticktockjabberwock, Nivix, Numa, SuperDude115, RexNL, Gurch, Quuxplusone, Bedford, Metropoli-tan90, DVdm, VolatileChemical, Tommylommykins, Ben Tibbetts, Phelanpt, RobotE, Jimp, Mahahahaneapneap, RussBot, BruceDLim-ber, Red Slash, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Wimt, Tavilis, Jessesaurus, Astral, Aeusoes1, Spot87, WAS, Pstaight, RazorICE, Leontes,Lockesdonkey, Elkman, Rhain, Wknight94, Pooryorick~enwiki, BobGreenwade, Nikkimaria, Orbis 3, Saudade7, Scoutersig, HereTo-Help, ArielGold, Tom Duff, ViperSnake151, Katieh5584, Benandorsqueaks, Rollerbaby84, Carlosguitar, SmackBot, Lavintzin, Woop-erJeff, Christopherk, Shelog~enwiki, Kenif, Matin kun88, Korossyl, Brossow, Commander Keane bot, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Skizzik,Durova, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Emufarmers, Thumperward, Roscelese, Beerathon, Bazonka, J. 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