pulmonary rehabilitation - new patient · phlegm, rare wheeze ... 6 rcts; 219 copd patients...
TRANSCRIPT
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Paul Hernandez, MDCM, FRCPCRespirologist and Medical Director
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program
QEII Health Sciences Centre
Associate Professor of Medicine
Dalhousie University
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Faculty Disclosure:
• Dr. Hernandez has participated on medical
advisory boards, conducted CME activities and/or
industry-sponsored clinical research for the
following companies:
Actelion, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli
Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Frosst, Novartis,
Nycomed, Pfizer, ZLB Behring
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Learning Objectives:
Know who to refer for pulmonary rehabilitation
Know the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation
Understand the typical treatment modalities
used in pulmonary rehabilitation
Become aware of new approaches to improve
exercise training in pulmonary rehabilitation
Treatable. Preventable.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Case Study: Ms. Jones
• 64 y.o. woman, retired journalist
• Ex-smoker for 5 years (40 pack years)
• Known severe COPD
• Dyspnea with routine household chores, daily cough, scant phlegm, rare wheeze
• 2-3 acute exacerbations per year
• Hospitalization 6 months ago
• PMHx: hypertension
Case Study: Ms. Jones
• Meds: Tiotropium 18 mcg OD;
Fluticasone/Salmeterol 250/50
mcg BID; Salbutamol QID prn;
HCTZ 25 mg OD
• Exam: no cyanosis or clubbing,
mild accessory muscle use; Ht.
165 cm, Wt. 48 kg (BMI 18); RR
24/min, HR 105/min, BP 135/75
mmHg, SpO2 90%; signs of
severe airflow obstruction; JVP 3-
4 cm, minimal bipedal edema
Spirometry values:
• FEV1 45% predicted,
• FVC 55% predicted
• FEV1/FVC 60%
1 2
Case Study: Ms. Jones
Volume (L)
Q1. Is her COPD optimally managed?
Q2. Is there evidence of “systemic
manifestations” of COPD?
Q3. Which non-pharmacological therapies
would be of benefit?
Case Study: Ms. Jones
Key Message
Comprehensive Management of COPD
Clinical Course o COPD
Breakdown of Limiting Symptoms in COPD Patients at Peak Exercise
Skeletal Muscles in COPD
Treatable. Preventable.
Who to Reefer to Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Who to Refer to Pulmonary Rehabilitation?
Symptomatic chronic lung disease affecting quality of life despite optimal medical therapy
obstructive lung diseases (COPD, asthma, CF)
interstitial fibrosis
lung transplantation (pre, post)
lung volume reduction surgery (pre, post)
obstructive sleep apnea/obesity hypoventilation
lung cancer
pulmonary hypertension
Treatable. Preventable.
Benefits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Treatable. Preventable.
Benefits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Comorbidities Associated with COPD
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
What are the health benefits of exercise training?
Reduction of all cause mortality
Reduction of cardiovascular events
Improved diabetic control
Improved hypertension control
Improved lipid profile
Weight reduction
Improved psychological well-being
Improved health-related quality of life
Reduced health care utilization
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Following AECOPD
6 RCTs; 219 COPD patients
Pulmonary rehabilitation (including exercise, of any duration) versus conventional care following AECOPD
Significantly reduced:
Hospital admissions - pooled OR 0.13 (0.04-0.35); NNT 3 over 34 weeks
Mortality pooled OR 0.29 (0.10-0.84); NNT 6 over 107 weeks
Significantly improved HRQOL:
CRQ weighted mean differences in dyspnea, fatigue, emotional function & mastery 1.15 -1.88
Puhan M, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1):CD005305 (ISSN:1469-493X.
Just Do It!
Survey
1999
Survey
2005
Number of
programs 44 98
National
capacity 4500 8900
% COPD
population
being served0.5 1.2
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Canada
Brooks et al. CRJ 1999; 6: 55-63.
Brooks et al. CRJ 2007; 14: 87-92.
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Program structure
Where (inpatient, outpatient, home)
Duration (4 - 24 weeks)
Frequency (2 -5 per week)
Staff (coordinator, physician, physiotherapist,
nurse, dietitian, occupational therapist,
psychologist, respiratory therapist, pharmacist)
Facilities (gym, treadmills, cycle ergometers,
weights, mats, changing rooms, classroom,
rescucitation equipment, oxygen)
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Program personnel
Program Coordinator/Manager
Physician (Respirologist)/Medical Director
Respiratory Nurse Specialist
Physiotherapist
Dietitian
Respiratory Therapist
Others: Psychologist, Occupational Therapist, PFT laboratory technologist, Secretary
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Infrastructure
Exercise training equipment, gym, and track
Exercise testing equipment
Resuscitation equipment
Oxygen gas supply
Scales, pulse oximeters, sphygmomanometers
Telemetry
Audiovisual equipment and classroom
Office furniture, computers
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ProgramQEII Health Sciences Centre
First group started in 1997
12-week program with continuous intake dates
12-15 participants at a time
Participants with a respiratory diagnosis who remain symptomatic despite medical management
Exercise stress test done prior to intake
2 exercise, 1 education sessions weekly
Equipment: treadmills, recumbent bikes, upright bikes, arm ergometers, free weights, walking track
Current wait time ~2 to 3 months
Outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation
PPMC, Hôpital LavalMontreal Chest Institute
St-Paul’s Hospital
CH Mont-Sinaï
Halifax Infirmary
CRMSBC
Hôpital CHA Enfant-Jésus
Jewish Rehabilitation Centre
252 patients
Exercise
2 months
Maintenance
10 months
Hospital vs. Home-Based
Study design
Maltais et al. Can Respir J. 2005;12:193-198.
Group
education
program
Outpatient rehabilitation
Home rehabilitation
Randomization
CRQ dyspnea at 1 year
Outpatient
Home
Home - Outpatient
MCID MCID
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Maltais, Bourbeau et al. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149:869-78
Hospital vs. Home-Based
Results: Dyspnea
SGRQ at 3 months
Hospital vs. Home-Based
Results: Health Status
Outpatient
Home
Home - Outpatient
MCID MCID
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Maltais, Bourbeau et al. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149:869-78
Treatable. Preventable.
Components of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Patient Education Sessions
Lung structure and function
Energy conservation
Coping with stress
Nutrition and lung disease
Respiratory medications/equipment
Action plan for acute exacerbations
Physical therapy/caring for your lungs
Psychosocial aspects (support network, sexuality, end-of-life decisions)
Treatable. Preventable.
Smoking Cessation – Physician’s Role
Treatable. Preventable.
Self-Management Education: Reduces Hospitalization
Exercise Training: How?
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Exercise training
Exercise prescription individually tailored
determined by patient goals and initial CPET
Frequency (/week): 2-3 supervised, 2-5 at home
Intensity 50-80% VO2max (target HR/RPE)
Training session = 5-10 min warm-up; exercise
30-45 min at THR or RPE; 5-10 min cool down
Enjoyable exercise modalities for legs and arms
Patients taught to monitor own HR and RPE
Supplemental O2 by NP to keep SaO2 > 88%
F
I
T
T
Effect of Exercise Training Intensity
Casaburi et al ARRD 1991
Attaining Exercise Training Targets
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0
20
40
60
80
100
Training weeks
Tra
inin
g in
ten
sit
y(%
Wm
ax)
0
15
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0
15
30
Training weeks
Tra
inin
g t
ime (
min
)
Maltais F, et al. AJRCCM 1997; 155:555-61.
Strategies to Improve Exercise Training
Increase muscle performance:
• endurance training
• interval training
• strength/resistance training of
peripheral muscles
• neuromuscular electrical
stimulation of peripheral muscles
• pharmacological approaches
(anabolic steroids, growth
hormone)
• nutritional supplementation
• inspiratory muscle training
Ventilatory load/drive:
• optimizing pharmacological
management
• biofeedback
• supplemental oxygen
• supplemental heliox
• NIVS
Interval training
Coppoolse, et al. ERJ 1999; 14:258.
STRENGTH: n=2470% 1-RM: 3x8 repetitions
n=48 6 upper and lower extremity muscle groups
ENDURANCE: n=2460% Wmax + 60% Wspeed
40 minutes exercise time
12-week out-patient rehabilitation: 36 sessions
Strength vs. Endurance Exercise Training
Spruit et al. ERJ 2002; 19:1072-1078.
0
10
20
30
40
50
6MWD VO2max CRDQ
STRENGTH
ENDURANCE
(% initial or
point
s)
Spruit et al. ERJ 2002; 19:1072-1078.
Bourjeily-Haber, et al. Thorax 2002; 57:1045-1049.
Peripheral Neuromuscular Electrical
Stimulation
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING
Threshold loading device Resistive breathing device
PImax (cm H2O)
Endurance (sec)
Endurance (cm H2O)
6MWD (m)
Dyspnea (Borg)
Dyspnea (TDI)
11
154
10
48
-1.5
+2.7
0.001
0.01
0.001
0.11
0.01
0.01
Effect size p value
Lötters et al. ERJ 2002; 20:570-576.
RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING
Combining Pulmonary Rehabilitation and LABD
Palange P, et al. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97:1637-1642.
Flow-volume curves for 2 representative COPD patients (A and B) on air (left) and on heliox (right)
Heliox and Exercise in COPD
Changes in operational lung volumes during exercise, on air ({blacksquare}) and on heliox ({square})
Heliox and Exercise in COPD
Palange P, et al. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97:1637-1642.
Mean rates (SD) of increase in VE and VCO2 output during constant work rate exercise on air (solid) and on heliox (open) in COPD (n = 12)
Palange P, et al. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97:1637-1642.
Heliox and Exercise in COPD
Inspiratory Pressure Support
during Exercise Training in COPD
Van 't Hul, et al. ERJ 2006;27:65-72.
Van 't Hul, et al. ERJ 2006;27:65-72.
Inspiratory Pressure Support
during Exercise Training in COPD
Inspiratory Pressure Support
during Exercise Training
Van 't Hul et al Eur Respir J. 2006;27:65-72
Van 't Hul, et al. ERJ 2006;27:65-72.
Cycle Endurance
• 29 Subjects
• Mean age 70 yrs
• Mean FEV1 1.1L
• Ventilatory limited
• 8-week cycle
exercise program
Inspiratory Pressure Support
during Exercise Training
Van 't Hul, et al. ERJ 2006;27:65-72.
Shuttle Walk Test• No significant
difference in
effect on
HRQoL (SGRQ)
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Maintenance
Ries AL, et al. AJRCCM 2003; 167:880-8.
172 graduates of PRP randomized to 12-month
maintenance (weekly telephone calls + monthly sessions)
vs. standard care. Modest improvements at 12-months.
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Outcome measures
Dyspnea (CRDQ-dyspnea, BDI/TDI, MRC, VAS)
Exercise performance (CPET, 6-MWT, Shuttle walk test)
Health-related quality of life (SF-36, CRDQ, SGRQ)
Cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, body composition, BP, lipids, smoking status, HbA1C )
Patient satisfaction (questionnaire)
Health care utilization (hospitalizations, ER visits)
Long-term clinical outcomes (maintenance, survival)
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Participant Feedback
“This program has been helpful not only from the exercise and educational aspects, but also as a support system. It has been very helpful being around people who share similar challenges due to lung issues even though those issues are caused by different medical problems. It is easy to feel isolated, at times anxious and depressed, when you are battling a disability that affects all aspects of your life. Being around people with the same problems helps you to fight harder, try to achieve a little more because we encourage and support each other whilst having an understanding of how day to day activities are harder due to health issues. All staff members of this program have offered encouragement, support, advice and a great sense of humour for which they are to be thanked!”
Pulmonary rehabilitation participant – QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax NS – Feb 2009
PULMONARY REHABILITATION
Take home messages:
All symptomatic, stable patients with chronic lung
disease may benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation involves exercise training,
education and nutritional counseling
The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation include less
dyspnea, improved exercise tolerance and improved
health-related quality of life