puji eco project
TRANSCRIPT
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pg. 1
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION 3
STUDY AREA:- 3
OBJECTIVES:- 3
DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:- 3
SOURCE:- 7
EXPORTS:- 7
IMPORTS:- 7
TRADE BALANCE:- 8
INTRODUCTION 10
MEANINGS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE:- 12
BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 14
TRENDS IN INDIA'S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 16
INDIAS TRADE PERFORMANCE 17
WORLD TRADE SCENARIO 17EXPORTS 18
IMPORTS 19
TRADE BALANCE 20
FOREIGN TRADE POLICY, 2009-14 21
EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES 21PLANTATION CROPS 23
AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 23
ORES AND MINERALS 23
LEATHER AND LEATHERMANUFACTURES 23
GEMS AND JEWELERS 24
CHEMICALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 24
ENGINEERING GOODS 24
ELECTRONIC GOODS 25
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TEXTILES 25
HANDICRAFTS AND CARPETS 25
PROJECT GOODS 25
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 26
COTTON RAW INCLUDING WASTE 26
IMPORTS OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES 26FERTILIZERS 27
PETROLEUM CRUDE &PRODUCTS 28
PEARLS,PRECIOUS AND SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES 28
CAPITAL GOODS 28
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS 28
COAL,COKE &BRIQUETTES 29
GOLD &SILVER 29
DIRECTION OF INDIAS FOREIGN TRADE 29
FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS 31
TRENDS IN EXPORT 37
TRENDS IN IMPORT 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY:- 47
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INTRODUCTION
Since independence the number of changes has been took place in all most all sectors of the
Indian economy, As far as foreign trader is concerned India has adopted an inward-oriented
restrictive trade policy till 1960"s. Since 1960"s, India has adopted the import substitution
policy, however the liberalisation era was started in 1970"s, but it is a mild in nature, in the late
1980"s and early 1990"s the drastic changes have been took place under the leadership of our
late Prime Minister Mr. P.V.NarshimhaRao, and the finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Indian economy has shifted towards the globalization and our economy is linked with world
economy. During 1950-1951 to 2003-2004 the Govt, of India have been implemented number of
foreign trade policies, these policies have brought a tremendous changes in Indians foreign trade.
Study area:-
In the present work an attempt has been made to the study the Trends in Indias foreign trade
since planning period In order to study the trends in foreign trade the three components of trade
are considered i.e. Exports, Imports, Trade balance .
Objectives:-
To examine the impact of Govt, foreign trade policy on (A) Exports (B) Imports (C) Trade
balance
Data and research methodology:-
The entire data used for the present study have been obtained from the secondary sources; the
data required for the analysis of different periods are collected from the following sources.
1. R.B.I. Annual Reports and Monthly Reports various issues
2. Economic and Political Weekly - Various issues.
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3. Foreign TradeReview various issues
4. Internet.etc
5. Economic surveys- Ministry of finance, Govt of India various issues.
As far as research methodology is concerned the data has been analyzed by using simple to
moderate statistical tools like Averages, Percentages, and Graphs are used for analyzing the data.
International trade or foreign trade implies that the trade between two or more countries. It is one
of the important macro- fundamental variables of an Economy. The Foreign trade is considered
as Engine of growth this Engine of growth is depend upon the various factors such as the ratio
of foreign trade of an economy with world trade, terms of trade, volume of export, volume of
import and trade balance etc. As far as foreign trade policy is concerned number of changes have
been took place during the planning period i.e. 1951-1952 onwards
In the initial period of planning India has adopted restrictive trade and import substitution policy
till 1970s during this period public sector has assigned a major role to play in economic
development of the country, on the other hand private sector play its role with regulation
However, at the end of 1970s and beginning of 1980s India has changed its foreign trade policy
from restrictive trade to liberal trade policy During 1980s and 1990s the drastic changes have
been took place in the economies of the world. Economic power centres in the world have
shifted over the years and the Engine of growth has also altered, the late 1980s and early
1990s have seen a new wave towards globalisation of finance and greater integration of
production through trade under different political conditions including trade policies in order to
share the benefits of globalisation. Since planning period Indias foreign trade has passed
through the above mentioned foreign trade policies which has impacted on the volume of
imports, exports, trade balance etc. Impact of foreign trade policy on Indias foreign trade is
shown in the following table and graphs.
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YEAR EXPORT IMPORT TRADE BALANCE
1 2 3 4
1 9 5 0 - 5 1
1 9 5 1 - 5 2
1 9 5 2 - 5 3
1 9 5 3 - 5 4
1 9 5 4 - 5 5
1 9 5 5 - 5 6
1 9 5 6 - 5 7
1 9 5 7 - 5 8
1 9 5 8 - 5 9
1 9 5 9 - 6 0
1 9 6 0 - 6 1
1 9 6 1 - 6 2
1 9 6 2 - 6 31 9 6 3 - 6 4
1 9 6 4 - 6 5
1 9 6 5 - 6 6
1 9 6 6 - 6 7
1 9 6 7 - 6 8
1 9 6 8 - 6 9
1 9 6 9 - 7 0
1 9 7 0 - 7 1
1 9 7 1 - 7 2
1 9 7 2 - 7 3
1 9 7 3 - 7 4
1 9 7 4 - 7 5
1 9 7 5 - 7 61 9 7 6 - 7 7
1 9 7 7 - 7 8
1 9 7 8 - 7 9
1 9 7 9 - 8 0
1 9 8 0 - 8 1
1 9 8 1 - 8 2
1 9 8 2 - 8 3
1 9 8 3 - 8 4
1 9 8 4 - 8 5
1 9 8 5 - 8 6
1 9 8 6 - 8 7
1 9 8 7 - 8 8
606
716
578
531
593
609
605
561
581
640
642
660
685793
816
810
1157
1199
1358
1413
1535
1608
1971
2523
3329
40365142
5408
5726
6418
6711
7806
8803
9771
11744
10895
12452
15674
608
890
702
610
700
774
841
1035
906
961
1122
1090
11311223
1349
1409
2078
2008
1909
1582
1634
1825
1867
2955
4519
52655074
6020
6811
9143
12549
13608
14293
15831
17143
19658
20096
22244
-2
-174
-124
-79
-107
-165
-236
-474
-325
-321
-480
-430
-446-430
-533
-599
-921
-809
-551
-169
-99
-217
104
-432
-1190
-122968
-612
-1025
-2725
-5835
-5802
-5490
-6060
-5399
-8763
-7644
-6570
Table showing volume of exports, imports, trade balance during pre and post liberalization
period
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1 9 8 8 - 8 9 20232 28235 -8003
1 9 8 9 - 9 0 27658 35328 -7670
1 9 9 0 - 9 1 32533 43198 -10645
1 9 9 1 - 9 2 44041 47851 -3810
1 9 9 2 - 9 3 53688 63375 -96871 9 9 3 - 9 4 69751 73101 -3350
1 9 9 4 - 9 5 82674 89971 -7298
1 9 9 5 - 9 6 106465 121647 -15182
1 9 9 6 - 9 7 118817 138919 -20102
1 9 9 7 - 9 8 130100 154176 -24067
1 9 9 8 - 9 9 139753 178332 -38579
1 9 9 9 - 0 0 159561 215236 -55675
2 0 0 0 - 0 1 203571 230872 -27301
2 0 0 1 - 0 2 209018 245199 -36181
2 0 0 2 - 0 3 255137 291133 -35996
2 0 0 3 - 0 4 283605 346474 -62869
Graph showing volume of exports, imports and trade balance since
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Source:-
1) Economic survey Govt of India 2002-2003
Table No.6.3 Page.No.101 2) Annual Report RBI 2003-
2004. Page No.94. 3) Economic and Political Weekly
May 15-21. 2003- 2004 Page 1982.
In the above table and graph the volume of export, imports and trade balance is shown from
1950-51 to2003-2004. Since planning period there is increase in the volume of all factors either
positively or negatively.
Exports:-
In the year 1950-51 the volume of exports were Rs.606/-crores and it has increased up to
Rs.1413/- crores in 1969-1970 in the initial years of pre liberalization period the volume of
exports have been increased gradually, However in the liberalization period volume of exports
has been increased up to Rs1531/- in 1970-71, in 1989-90 it has increased up to Rs27658/-crores
in the post liberalization period the volume of exports has increased up to Rs283605/-crores i.e.
In 2003-2004.
Imports:-
In the initial year of planning period the volume of imports were Rs608/-crores i.e. is in 1950-51,
after two decades it has increased up toRs1582/- crores in 1969-70, during the liberalization
period the volume of imports has increased from Rs.1634/-crores in1971-
72 to Rs.35328/- in 1989-90, in post reform period it has increased from RS44041/- crores to
Rs.346474/- crores in 2003-04.
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Trade balance:-
The volume of trade balance of India has remained always negative (i.e. Due to the volume of
imports exceeds the volume of exports) expect for only two years trade balance of India has
remained positive i.e. is in the year 1972-73 and 1976-77. The volume of trade balance was Rs -
2/-crores in1950-51, and it was increased up to Rs.-169/- in 1969- 70, however there is a
continuously increase in the negative volume of trade balance in pre-reform period it was Rs.-
7670/- in1989-90 crores, and in post reform period it has increased up toRs.-62869/- crores i.e. is
in2003-2004.
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pg. 9
INTRODUCTION
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pg. 10
INTRODUCTIONThe economy of India is the 12th largest economy in the world by market exchange rates and the
4th largest by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In 1990s, following the economic reforms from a
socialist-inspired economy, the country began to experience swift economic growth, as market
opened for international competition. In the 21st century, India is an emerging power with vast
human and natural resources, and huge knowledge base. Economists predict that by 2020, India
will be among the largest economies of the world.
India was under socialistic democratic-based policies from 1947 to 1991. The economy was
characterized by regulations and public ownership, leading to corruption and slow growth rate.
Since 1991 continuing economic liberalization has moved the economy towards a market based
system. A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in 2000s accelerated India's
economic growth. In 2008 India established itself as the world's 2nd largest growing economy.
However, year 2009 saw a significant slowdown in India's official GDP growth rate to 6.1% as
well as the return of a large projected fiscal deficit of 10.3% of GDP.
The international trade has been growing faster than world output indicates that the international
market is expanding faster than the domestic markets. There are indeed many Indian firms too
whose foreign business is growing faster than the domestic business. This is manifested/
necessitated/ facilitated by the following facts:
(a) The Competitive business Environment
(b) Globalization
(c) The universal liberalization Policy.
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pg. 11
Table-1 shows the growth of world merchandise exports. The table indicates that during 1950-
60, the value of world exports become double. In the next 10 years it increased nearly 2 times.
During 1970s, the value of the world exports increased by about 5 times. Worldwide inflation,
particularly the successive hikes in oil prices, significantly contributed to sharp increase in the
value of exports. During 1980-90, the value of world exports increased by 80%. Between 1990-
2000, it increased by over 90%. In fact, exports of developing countries have been increasing
faster than those of the developed.
The Second half of the 20th century has seen trade expansion substantially faster than output. In
the last two decades of the 20th century, world trade has grown twice as fast as world real GDP
(6%versus 3%).India presented an interesting case. There was near stagnation in its foreign
trade-GDP ratio for about four decades since the commencement of development planning.
During this period it was around 15%. The inward looking economic policy, import compression
and slow progress on the export front were responsible. Since the economic liberalization, in
1991 there has however, been an increase in Indias foreign trade-GDP ratio it is about 20%
now.
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pg. 12
Meanings of International Trade:-
Internal trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between the buyers and sellers within
the political boundaries of the same country. It may be carried on either as a wholesale trade or aretail trade. External trade or international trade, is the trade between different countries i.e. it
extends beyond the political boundaries of the countries. In other words, it is the trade between
two countries. Hence, it is also known as foreign trade.
Trading with nations beyond the seas is however not new to Indians. Evidences about our
international trade are found in the ancient literatures of our country. But the volume of such
trade was insignificant and continued to remain so tight through the middle ages and up to the
advent of the British rule in India. It is only after the British rule that Indias foreign trade took a
definite shape. International trade on large scale has become a phenomenon of the 20th century
especially after the IInd World War. There is practically no country today, which is functioning
as a closed system. Even socialist countries like Russia and China are now taking concrete steps
to capture foreign markets for the products produced in their country. International trade, thus,
has become as essential ingredient of the normal economic life of any country.
Similarities and Differences between Internal and International Trade:-
The general procedure and operations are similar to both internal trade and international trade.
The following are the similarities between the two:-
1. Satisfaction of Consumer: In domestic trade and in international trade, success depends upon
effectively satisfying the basic requirements of the consumers.
2. Goodwill Creation: It is necessary to build goodwill both in the domestic market as well as in
the international market. If a firm is able to develop goodwill of the consumers, its task will be
much simpler than the one, which is not able to build up its own reputation. In both the cases,the seller should take all positive measures to gain the confidence of the consumers in his
product.
3. Market Research: The marketing program should be formulated after a careful market
research. Failure to assess the target market shall ultimately bring failure in the task of
marketing.
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4. Product Planning and Development: Research and development with a view to product
improvement is necessary in both internal and international trade. The marketer should keep a
constant watch over the changes occurring in the consumers tastes and the preferences and
develop or modify his product to suit the needs of his customers.
However, there are certain special features, which differentiate internal trade from
international trade. The difference are as follows:-
1. Demand and Supply: Demand and supply can`t work out their full effects where foreign trade
is concerned. Whereas such factors can work out their full efforts in the case of internal trade.
2. Physical Obstacle to Commerce: Where international trade is carried on, a far greater degreeof inequality between conditions of production in different countries is necessary to
stimulate trade when the countries are widely separated than when they are adjoining.
3. Artificial Barriers to Trade: The natural difficulties may be increased by artificial barriers to
trade, either through prohibitive laws as in war time of through customs duties or protective
tariffs.
4. Obstacles of Mobility of Capital: Men who refuse to leave their own land may invest capital
abroad. A foreign loan must offer a much higher rate of interest than a home loan. Not only is
there a real risk of loss of interest and even capital, but an investor feels a sense of insecurity
when money is invested abroad.
5. Differences in Economic Environment from country to country: Different countries may have
different facilities for carrying out productive activities. Differences in system of national and
local taxation, regulations for health, factory organization, education and insurance, policy
regarding the transport and public utilities, laws relating to industrial combinations and trade,
etc., do exist between countries. These differences bring about a
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pg. 14
6. The geographical and climatic conditions: they may give rise to territorial division of labour
and localization of industries. Some countries may have natural resources is abundance such as
iron ore, coal, etc., whereas in some other countries climatic conditions give advantages to them.
7. Long-distance: International trade is generally of long-distance. This may affect the transportcosts and the cost of different factors of production.
8. Preference: Preference for home and the prejudice against foreigners remain as one of the
major factors that would explain as to why the rates of earning of the different of equal
efficiency would not be equalized between different countries.
Benefits of International Trade
The various gains of international trade are as follows:
1. International Specialization: International trade enables to specialize in the production of
those goods in which each country has special advantages. Some countries are rich in minerals
and in hydroelectric power. Some are blessed with extensive land but have very little population.
In the absence of trade, every country will be forced to produce all types of goods, even those for
which they do not have facilities for production. International trade, on the other hand, will
enable each country to specialize in the commodities in which it has absolute or comparative
advantages. Thus, international trade brings about specialization and also all other advantages
associated with such specialization.
2. Increased Production and Higher Standard of Living: It is well known that specializationleads to the following:
Best utilization of resources.
Concentration on the production of goods in which they have advantages.
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pg. 15
Saving of time and energy in production and perfecting the skills in production.
Inventing and using new techniques of production.
All these indicate one basis advantage viz., increased production. Increased production will alsomean higher standard of living for people in both the countries.
3. Availability of Scarce Materials: International trade is the only method by which a country
can supplement its storage of resources or certain essential materials. There is no country in the
world which has all the resources it requires. At the same time, there are some countries which
have been blessed by nature with some rare materials. International trade ensures equal
access to raw materials for all countries.
4. Equalization of Prices between Countries: An important gain of international trade or the
effect of it is the tendency of internationally traded goods to have the same price everywhere.
Through international trade, supply is increased in the importing country and thereby the prices
are reduced.
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pg. 16
TRENDS IN INDIA'S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
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pg. 17
Indias Trade Performance
Indias merchandise exports reached a level of US $ 251.14 billion during 2010-11 registering a
growth of 40.49 percent as compared to a negative growth of 3.53 percent during the previous
year. Indias export sector has exhibited remarkable resilience and dynamis m in the recent
years. Despite the recent setback faced by Indias export sector due to global slowdown,
merchandise exports recorded a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20.0 per cent from
2004-05 to 2010-11.
Indias merchandise exports reached a level of US $ 304.62 billion during 2011-12 registering a
growth of 21.30 percent as compared to a growth of 40.49 percent during the previous year.
Despite the recent setback faced by Indias export sector due to global slowdown, merchandise
exports still recorded a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20.3 per cent from 2004-05
to 2011-12.
World Trade Scenario
As per IMFs World Economic Outlook January, 2013, the volume of world trade (goods and
services) in 2012 slowed down to 2.8 per cent compared to the 5.9 per cent achieved in 2011.
As per IMF projections, growth in the volume of world trade is expected to rise to 3.8 per cent
in 2013.The IMF has put its growth projections of world output at 3.5 per cent in 2013. The
advanced economies are expected to grow at 1.4 per cent while the emerging and developing
economies to grow at 5.5 per cent in 2013. The projected growth rates in different countries are
expected to determine the markets for our exports.
As per WTOs International Trade Statistics, 2012, in merchandise trade, India is the 19th
largest exporter in the world with a share of 1.7 per cent and the 12th largest importer with ashare of 2.5 per cent in 2011.
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pg. 18
Exports
Indias merchandise exports reached a level of US$ 178.7 billion during 2009-10 registering a
negative growth of 3.5 percent as compared to a growth of 13.6 percent during the previous year.
Notwithstanding the deceleration of the growth in 2009-2010, Indias export sector has exhibited
remarkable resilience and dynamism in recent years. Our merchandise exports recorded a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.0 per cent during the five year period from 2004-05
to 2008-09 as compared to the preceding five years when exports increased by a lower CAGR of
14.0 per cent. According to latest WTO data (2009), Indias share in the world merchandise
exports increased from 0.8 per cent in 2004 to 1.3 per cent in 2008. India also improved its
ranking among the leading exporters in world merchandise trade from
30th in 2004 to 21st in 2009. Indias exports have not been affected to the same extent as that of
other economies of the world during the phase of global slowdown. After declining consistently
for the first seven months of the year 2009-10, Indias exports reversed the trend in October,
2009 by registering a positive growth of 3.4%. The upward trend has been maintained since then
wherein exports grew at the rate of 30.0 % in November 2009; 20.3% in December, 2009, 18.7%
in January, 2010, 34.8% in February, 2010; 54.1 % in March 2010, 38.5 % in April 2010, 30.1 %
in May 2010, 43.8% in June 2010, 11.7 % in July 2010, 22.5% The Government had set an
export target of US$ 175 billion for 2009-10. With merchandise exports reaching US$ 178.7billion in 2009-10, the actual exports exceeded the target by 2.1 per cent which is a remarkable
achievement during a period of recession in Indias major export destinations.
During 2010-11 (Apr-Dec) exports reached a level of US$ 164.7 billion registering a growth of
29.5 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups making positive growth. Only seven
(7) commodities showed negative growth viz. Tea (1.95), Cashew (7.73), Fruits & Vegetables
(28.03), Iron Ore (93.14), Computer Software (92.73), Petroleum Products (13.50) and
Handicrafts (excl. Handmade carpets) (56.90).
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pg. 19
Exports recorded a growth of 21.30 per cent during Apr-Mar 2011-12. The Government has set
an export target of US $ 360 billion for 2012-13. The merchandise exports have reached US $
265.95 billion in 2012-13 (Apr.-Feb.). Export target and achievement from 2004-05 to 2011-12
and 2012-13 (Apr.-Feb.) is given in the below:
Imports
Cumulative value of imports during 2012-13 (Apr.-Feb.) was US $ 448.04 billion as against US
$ 446.94 billion during the corresponding period of the previous year registering a growth of
0.25 per cent in $ terms. Oil imports were valued at US $ 155.57 billion during 2012-13 (Apr.-
Feb.) which was 11.92 per cent higher than oil imports valued US $ 139.00 billion in thecorresponding period of previous year. Non-oil imports were valued at US $ 292.47 billion
during 2012-13 (Apr.-Feb.) which was 5.03 per cent lower than non-oil imports of US $ 307.94
billion in previous year.
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pg. 20
Trade Balance
The Trade deficit in 2012-13 (Apr.-Feb.) was estimated at US $ billion 182.09 which was
higher than the deficit of US $ 169.81 billion during 2011-12 (Apr.-Feb.). Performance of
Exports, Imports and Balance of Trade during 2004-05 to 2012-13 (April-Feb.) is given in the
table below
(Values in Rs crores)
S.No
Year Exports %Growth Imports %Growth TradeBalance
1 2004-2005 3,75,340 27.94 5,01,065 39.53 -1,25,7252 2005-2006 4,56,418 21.60 6,60,409 31.80 -2,03,9913 2006-2007 5,71,779 25.28 8,40,506 27.27 -2,68,7274 2007-2008 6,55,864 14.71 10,12,312 20.44 -3,56,4485 2008-2009 8,40,755 28.19 13,74,436 35.77 -5,33,6806 2009-2010 8,45,534 0.57 13,63,736 -0.78 -5,18,2027 2010-2011 11,42,922 35.17 16,83,467 23.45 -5,40,5458 2011-2012(Provisional) 14,59,281 27.68 23,44,772 39.28 -8,85,4929 2011-12 (April-February) Press
Release13,20,836 21,32,198 -8,11,362
10 2012-13 (April-February) PressRelease
14,46,627 9.52 24,36,564 14.27 -9,89,938
(Values in US$ Millions)S.No.
Year Exports %Growth Imports %Growth TradeBalance
1 2004-2005 83,536 30.85 1,11,517 42.70 -27,9812 2005-2006 1,03,091 23.41 1,49,166 33.76 -46,0753 2006-2007 1,26,414 22.62 1,85,735 24.52 -59,3214 2007-2008 1,63,132 29.05 2,51,654 35.49 -88,522
5 2008-2009 1,85,295 13.59 3,03,696 20.68 -1,18,4016 2009-2010 1,78,751 -3.53 2,88,373 -5.05 -1,09,6217 2010-2011 2,51,136 40.49 3,69,769 28.23 -1,18,6338 2011-2012(Provisional) 3,04,624 21.30 4,89,181 32.29 -1,84,5589 2011-12 (April-February) Press
Release2,77,125 4,46,939 -1,69,814
10 2012-13 (April-February) PressRelease
2,65,946 -4.03 4,48,037 0.25 -1,82,090
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pg. 21
Foreign Trade Policy, 2009-14
The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2009-14 was announced on 27th August, 2009 in the backdrop
of a fall in Indias exports due to global slowdown. The short term objective of FTP (2009-14)
was to arrest and reverse the declining trend of exports as well as to provide additional support
especially to those sectors which were hit badly by recession in the developed world. The
Policy envisaged an annual export growth of 15 per cent with an annual export target of US$
200 billion by March 2011 and to come back on the high export growth path of around 25 per
cent per annum in the remaining three years of this Foreign Trade Policy i.e. up to 2014. The
long term policy objective for the Government is to double Indias share in global trade by
2020. Subsequently, an Annual Supplement 2010-11 to the FTP (2009-14) was announced on
23rd August, 2010. In this Supplement further measures to enhance exports have beenelaborated. Further measures were announced on 11th February 2011. (Details are available in
Chapter 3).
Exports of Principal Commodities
Disaggregated data on exports of Principal Commodities, both in Rupee and Dollar terms,
available for the period 2012-13 (April- January) as compared with the corresponding period of
the previous year are given in Appendix at Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 respectively. Exports of the
top five commodities during the period 2012-13 (April-January) registered a share of 50.8 per
cent in US $ terms mainly due to significant contribution in the exports of Petroleum (Crude &
Products), Gems & Jewellery, Transport Equipments, Machinery and Instruments and Drugs,
Pharmaceuticals & Fine Chemicals. The share of top five Principal Commodity Groups in
Indias total exports during 2012-13 (April-January) is given at Chart shown below.
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pg. 22
The export performance (in terms of growth in US $ terms) of top five commodities during
2012-13 (April-January) vis-a-vis the corresponding period of the previous year is shown in
Chart shown below.
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pg. 23
Plantation Crops
Export of Plantation crops during 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), decreased by 9.95 per cent in US $
terms compared with the corresponding period of the previous year. Export of Coffee registered
a negative growth of 11.44 per cent, the value decreasing from US $ 741.05 million to US $
656.26 million. Export of Tea also decreased by 8.50 per cent.
Agriculture and Allied Products
Agriculture and Allied Products as a group include Cereals, Pulses, Tobacco, Spices, Nuts and
Seeds, Oil Meals, Guargum Meals, Castor Oil, Shellac, Sugar & Molasses, Processed Food,
Meat & Meat Products, etc. During 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), exports of commodities under this
group registered a growth of 27.57 per cent with the value of exports increasing from US $
21353.59 million in the previous year to US $ 27240.35 million during the current year.
Ores and Minerals
Exports of Ores and Minerals were estimated at US $ 4389.03 million during 2012-13 (April-
January) registering a negative growth of 35.48 per cent over the same period of the previous
year. Sub groups viz. Iron Ore, Mica, Other ores & minerals and Coal have recorded a negative
growth of 64.99 per cent, 0.80 per cent, 9.46 per cent and 5.24 percent respectively. Processed
minerals registered a growth of 12.14 per cent.
Leather and Leather Manufactures
Export of Leather and Leather Manufactures recorded a negative growth of 2.22 per cent during
2012-13 (April-January). The value of exports decreased to US $ 3973.92 million from US $
4064.33 million during the same period of the previous year. Exports of Leather and
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Manufactures have registered a growth of 3.98 per cent and Leather Footwear registered a
negative growth of 10.01 per cent.
Gems and Jewelers
The export of Gems and Jewellery during 2012-13(April-January) decreased to US $ 34758.78
million from US $ 38755.30 million during the corresponding period of last year showing a
negative growth of 10.31 per cent.
Chemicals and Related Products
During the period 2012-13 (April-January), the value of exports of Chemicals and Related
Products increased to US $ 34686.90 million from US $ 32319.14 million during the same
period of the previous year registering a growth of 7.33 per cent. Basic Chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics and Rubber, Glass & Other Products have registered a positive
growth and Residual Chemicals and allied products and Plastic & linoleum registered a negative
growth.
Engineering Goods
Items under this group consist of Machinery, Iron & Steel and Other Engineering items. Export
from this sector during the period 2012-13(April-January) stood at US $ 45543.37 million
compared with US $ 47966.60 million during the same period of the previous year, registering a
negative growth of 5.05 per cent. The growth in export of Other Engineering items stood at 5.78
per cent, Machinery & Instruments stood at 3.53 per cent and Machine Tools stood at 4.59 per
cent.
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pg. 25
Electronic Goods
During the period 2012-13 (April-January), exports of Electronic Goods as a group was
estimated at US $ 7102.84 million compared with US $ 7441.50 million during the
corresponding period of last year, registering a negative growth of 4.55 per cent.
Textiles
During the period 2012-13 (April-January), the value of Textiles exports was estimated at US $
21200.12 million compared with US $ 22447.75 million in the corresponding period of the
previous year, recording a negative growth of 5.56 per cent. The export of Readymade
Garments, Manmade Textiles & Made Ups, Natural Silk Textiles, Wool and Woolen
manufactures, Coir and coir manufactures and Jute manufactures registered negative growth of
7.80 per cent, 12.61 per cent, 23.34 per cent, 19.98 per cent, 7.18 per cent and 16.37 per cent
respectively. However, Cotton yarn/Fabrics/Made-ups etc. registered a positive growth of 6.38
per cent.
Handicrafts and Carpets
Exports of Handicrafts declined to US $ 180.51 million during 2012-13 (April- January), from
US $ 214.84 million during the corresponding period of the previous year registering a negative
growth of 15.98 per cent. Export of carpets increased to US $ 812.17 million from US $ 699.26
million during the same period last year registering a growth of 16.15 per cent.
Project GoodsDuring 2012-13 (April-January), the export of Project Goods were estimated at US $ 87.70
million compared with US $ 44.10 million during the corresponding period of last year
registering a substantial growth of 98.88 per cent.
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pg. 26
Petroleum Products
Export of Petroleum Products increased to US $ 48613.38 million during 2012-13 (April-
January), as compared with US $ 46489.12 million during the same period of last year
recording a growth of 4.57 per cent.
Cotton Raw including Waste
There was a negative growth in the exports of Cotton Raw including waste by 21.13 per cent
from US $ 3326.67 million in 2011-12 (April-January) to US $ 2623.68 million during 2012-13
(April-January).
Imports of Principal Commodities
Disaggregated data on imports of principal commodities, both in Rupee and Dollar terms,
available for the period 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), as compared to the corresponding period of
the previous year are given in Appendix at Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 respectively. Imports of thetop five commodities during the period 2012-13 (April-January) registered a share of 61.8 per
cent mainly due to significant imports of Petroleum (Crude & Products), Gold, Electronic
Goods, Machinery except electrical and electronic and Pearls, precious and semi-precious
stones.
The share of top five Principal Commodity in Indias total imports during 2012-13 (April
January) is given at Chart below.
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pg. 27
The import performance by growth of top five Principal commodities during 2012-13 (April
January) vis-a-vis the corresponding period of the previous year is shown at Chart below.
Fertilizers
During 2012-13 (April January), import of Fertilizers (manufactured) decreased to US $
6991.61 million from US $ 8718.13 million in April-January 2011-12 recording a negative
growth of 19.80 per cent.
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pg. 28
Petroleum Crude & Products
The import of Petroleum Crude & Products stood at US $ 140729.62 million during 2012-13
April - January as against US $ 125871.43 million during the same period of the previous year
registering a growth of 11.80 per cent.
Pearls, Precious and Semi-Precious Stones
Import of Pearls, Precious and Semi-Precious Stones during 2012-13 (April January)
decreased to US $ 17696.44 million from US $ 26339.27 million during the corresponding
period of the previous year registering a substantial decline of 32.81 per cent.
Capital Goods
Import of Capital Goods, largely comprises of Machinery, including Transport Equipment and
Electrical Machinery. Import of Machine Tools, Non-Electrical Machinery, and Electrical
Machinery registered a negative growth of 4.67 per cent, 6.94 per cent, 6.45 per cent
respectively and Transport Equipment registered a positive growth of 0.04 per cent.
Organic and Inorganic Chemicals
During 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), import of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals increased to US $
16116.77 million from US $ 15837.29 million during the same period of last year, registering a
growth of 1.76 per cent. Import of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Products increased to US $2550.01 million from US $ 2446.88 million during the corresponding period of last year
registering a growth of 4.21 per cent
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pg. 29
Coal, Coke & Briquettes
During 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), import of Coal, Coke & Briquettes decreased to US $
13301.43 million from US $ 14851.58 million during the same period of last year, registering a
negative growth of 10.44 per cent.
Gold & Silver
During 2012-13 (AprilJanuary) import of Gold and Silver decreased to US $ 46769.39 million
from US $ 51751.03 million during the corresponding period of the previous year registering a
negative growth of 9.63 per cent.
Direction of Indias Foreign Trade
The value of Indias exports and imports from major regions/ countries both in Rupee and
Dollar terms are given in Appendix at Table 3.3, 3.4, 3.7 and 3.8 respectively. Share of major
destinations of Indias Exports and sources of Imports during 2012-13 (April January) are
given in Chart respectively.
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pg. 30
During the period 2012-13 (AprilJanuary), the share of Asia comprising of East Asia, ASEAN,
West Asia, Other West Asia, North East Asia and South Asia accounted for 50.78 per cent of
Indias total exports in US $ terms. The share of Europe and America in Indias exports stood at
18.88 per cent and 18.77 per cent respectively of which EU countries (27) comprises 16.99 per
cent. During the period, USA (12.89 per cent) has been the most important country of export
destination followed by UAE (12.20 per cent), Singapore (4.79 percent), China (4.59 per cent)
and Hong Kong (3.95 per cent).
Asia accounted for 60.08 per cent of Indias total imports during the period followed by Europ e
(17.39 per cent) and America (11.64 per cent). Among individual countries the share of China
stood highest at (11.21 per cent) followed by UAE (7.67 per cent), Saudi Arabia (6.78 per cent),
Switzerland (6.01 per cent) and USA (5.00 per cent).
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pg. 31
Findings & Conclusions
During the first phase of international trade policy of India the volume of Exports and Imports
were less, due to the restrictive trade policy was followed by Indian Govt.(i.e. 1950-51 to 1969-
70) * In the pre-reform period Indias trade has increased, due to the liberalisation policy
adopted by the govt. Of India.* In the post-reform period Indias trade has increased
significantly because of LPG.
*Indias trade balance is always negative because of volume of imports are greater than
exports,so the govt. Of India should frame such policy which boost the volume * of exports,
ultimately it helps to transform negative trade balance into positive trade balance * The volume
of imports were always remained high, so it is necessary to curtail the imports of un necessary
goods and luxurious goods , which in turn help to maintain positive trade balance. * The govt of
India must frame such policies which induces the promotions of exports from all the sectors of
the economy
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pg. 32
EXPORTS
Export of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2004-2005
Top 10 Countries of Export for YR 2004-2005
Values in Rs. Crores
RANK COUNTRIES Apr-Mar 2004 Apr-Mar 2005 %Growth %Share
1 U S A 52,798.54 61,851.55 17.15 16.48
2 U ARAB EMTS 23,552.85 33,015.13 40.17 8.80
3 CHINA P RP 13,579.06 25,232.97 85.82 6.72
4 SINGAPORE 9,763.93 17,975.35 84.10 4.79
5 HONG KONG 14,988.52 16,587.91 10.67 4.42
6 U K 13,892.31 16,539.71 19.06 4.41
7 GERMANY 11,692.62 12,698.75 8.60 3.38
8 BELGIUM 8,297.56 11,276.48 35.90 3.009 ITALY 7,946.88 10,271.29 29.25 2.74
10 JAPAN 7,854.45 9,561.02 21.73 2.55
Total 293,366.75 375,339.50 27.94 100.00
Commodity Apr-Mar Apr-Mar %Growth %Share
A
PLANTATION 2,723.26 2,909.38 6.83 0.78
B
AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 24,844.48 28,276.93 13.82 7.53C
MARINE PRODUCTS 6,105.63 6,469.22 5.95 1.72
D
ORES & MINERALS 10,884.62 22,818.77 109.64 6.08
E
LEATHER & MNFRS 9,939.43 10,880.57 9.47 2.90
F) GEMS & JEWELLERY 48,586.07 61,833.71 27.27 16.47
G
SPORTS GOODS 455.48 459.60 0.90 0.12
H
CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 45,768.06 59,148.06 29.23 15.76
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 48,324.44 69,118.23 43.03 18.41
J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 8,293.86 8,493.43 2.41 2.26
K
PROJECT GOODS 386.58 337.03 -12.82 0.09
L)
TEXTILES
56,082.22
58,044.73
3.50
15.46M
HANDICRAFTS 2,296.13 1,695.79 -26.15 0.45
N
CARPETS 2,691.23 2,859.58 6.26 0.76
O
COTTON RAW INCL WASTE 942.37 422.58 -55.16 0.11
P
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 16,397.44 31,404.15 91.52 8.37
Q
UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 8,645.46 10,167.77 17.61 2.71
Total 293,366.75 375,339.50 27.94 100.00
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Export of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2005-2006
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodi
Apr-Mar 2005 Apr-Mar 2006 %Growth %Share
A) PLANTATION 2,909.38 3,319.41 14.09 0.73
B) AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 28,276.93 31,960.37 13.03 7.00C
MARINE PRODUCTS 6,469.22 7,035.91 8.76 1.54
D
ORES & MINERALS 22,818.77 27,288.34 19.59 5.98
E) LEATHER & MNFRS 10,880.57 11,943.45 9.77 2.62
F) GEMS & JEWELLERY 61,833.71 68,752.59 11.19 15.06
G
SPORTS GOODS 459.60 595.87 29.65 0.13
H
CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 59,148.06 69,148.93 16.91 15.15
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 69,118.23 85,462.14 23.65 18.72
J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 8,493.43 10,039.90 18.21 2.20
K) PROJECT GOODS 337.03 654.81 94.29 0.14
L) TEXTILES 58,044.73 68,823.32 18.57 15.08M
HANDICRAFTS 1,695.79 2,045.34 20.61 0.45
N
CARPETS 2,859.58 3,774.55 32.00 0.83
O
COTTON RAW INCL WASTE 422.58 2,904.35 587.29 0.64
P
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 31,404.15 51,532.80 64.10 11.29
Q
UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 10,167.77 11,135.77 9.52 2.44
Total 375,339.50 456,417.88 21.60 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Export for YR 2005-2006
Values in Rs. Crores
RANK Country Apr-Mar 2005 Apr-Mar 2006 %Growth %Share
1 U S A 61,851.55 76,828.09 24.21 16.83
2 U ARAB EMTS 33,015.13 38,038.85 15.22 8.33
3 CHINA P RP 25,232.97 29,924.91 18.59 6.56
4 SINGAPORE 17,975.35 24,019.65 33.63 5.26
5 U K 16,539.71 22,399.21 35.43 4.91
6 HONG KONG 16,587.91 19,796.10 19.34 4.34
7 GERMANY 12,698.75 15,877.02 25.03 3.48
8 BELGIUM 11,276.48 12,711.96 12.73 2.799 ITALY 10,271.29 11,152.67 8.58 2.44
10 JAPAN 9,561.02 10,985.39 14.90 2.41
Total 375,339.50 456,417.88 21.60 100.00
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Export of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2006-2007
Values in Rs. Crores
Top 10 Countries of Export for YR 2006-2007
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2006 Apr-Mar 2007 %Growth %Share1 U S A 76,828.
85,368.
11.12 14.93
2 U ARAB EMTS 38,038.
54,444.
43.13 9.523 CHINA P RP 29,924.
37,529.
25.41 6.56
4 SINGAPORE 24,019.
27,461.
14.33 4.805 U K 22,399.
25,421.
13.49 4.45
6 HONG KONG 19,796.
21,179.
6.99 3.70
7 GERMANY 15,877. 18,007. 13.42 3.158 ITALY 11,152.
16,212.
45.37 2.849 BELGIUM 12,711.
15,721.
23.68 2.75
10 JAPAN 10,985.
12,953.
17.92 2.27
Total 456,417.
571,779.
25.28 100.00
Commodi Apr-Mar 2006 Apr-Mar 2007 %Growth %ShareA) PLANTATION 3,319.41 3,938.51 18.65 0.69
B) AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 31,960.37 39,344.68 23.10 6.88
C
MARINE PRODUCTS 7,035.91 8,001.04 13.72 1.40
D
ORES & MINERALS 27,288.34 31,685.96 16.12 5.54
E) LEATHER & MNFRS 11,943.45 13,650.38 14.29 2.39
F) GEMS & JEWELLERY 68,752.59 72,295.17 5.15 12.64
G
SPORTS GOODS 595.87 573.54 -3.75 0.10
H
CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 69,148.93 83,357.37 20.55 14.58
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 85,462.14 119,874.96 40.27 20.97
J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 10,039.90 13,292.73 32.40 2.32K) PROJECT GOODS 654.81 622.43 -4.94 0.11
L
TEXTILES 68,823.32 74,391.06 8.09 13.01
M
HANDICRAFTS 2,045.34 1,981.91 -3.10 0.35
N
CARPETS 3,774.55 4,199.09 11.25 0.73
O
COTTON RAW INCL WASTE 2,904.35 6,107.81 110.30 1.07
P
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 51,532.80 84,520.15 64.01 14.78
Q
UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 11,135.77 13,942.50 25.20 2.44
Total 456,417.88 571,779.25 25.28 100.00
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Export of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2007-2008
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity Apr-Mar 2007 Apr-Mar 2008 %Growth %Share
A
PLANTATION 3,938.51 3,906.44 -0.81 0.60
B AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 39,344.68 54,510.53 38.55 8.31C
MARINE PRODUCTS 8,001.04 6,926.67 -13.43 1.06
D
ORES & MINERALS 31,685.96 36,716.93 15.88 5.60
E
LEATHER & MNFRS 13,650.38 14,101.30 3.30 2.15
F
GEMS & JEWELLERY 72,295.17 79,227.74 9.59 12.08
G
SPORTS GOODS 573.54 539.94 -5.86 0.08
H
CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 83,357.37 90,040.06 8.02 13.73
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 119,874.96 135,719.27 13.22 20.69
J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 13,292.73 14,131.50 6.31 2.15
K
PROJECT GOODS 622.43 584.06 -6.16 0.09
L) TEXTILES 74,391.06 74,399.19 0.01 11.34M
HANDICRAFTS 1,981.91 2,046.21 3.24 0.31
N
CARPETS 4,199.09 3,797.91 -9.55 0.58
O
COTTON RAW INCL WASTE 6,107.81 8,865.39 45.15 1.35
P
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 84,520.15 114,191.68 35.11 17.41
Q
UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 13,942.50 16,158.71 15.90 2
Total 571,779.25 655,863.50 14.71 100
Top 10 Countries of Export for YR 2007-2008
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2007 Apr-Mar 2008 %Growth %Share
1 U S A 85,368.48 83,388.07 -2.32 12.71
2 U ARAB EMTS 54,444.98 62,915.03 15.56 9.59
3 CHINA P RP 37,529.78 43,597.41 16.17 6.65
4 SINGAPORE 27,461.61 29,662.23 8.01 4.52
5 U K 25,421.29 26,967.48 6.08 4.11
6 HONG KONG 21,179.38 25,385.25 19.86 3.87
7 NETHERLAND 12,082.48 21,038.46 74.12 3.21
8 GERMANY 18,007.23 20,598.93 14.39 3.14
9 BELGIUM 15,721.71 16,943.10 7.77 2.58
10 ITALY 16,212.43 15,748.13 -2.86 2.40Total 571,779.25 655,863.50 14.71 100.00
Export of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2008-2009
Values in Rs. Crores
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Commodity Apr-Mar 2008 Apr-Mar 2009(P) %Growth %Share
A) PLANTATION 3,906.44 4,943.39 26.54 0.59
B) AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 54,510.53 65,769.38 20.65 7.83
C) MARINE PRODUCTS 6,926.67 7,064.11 1.98 0.84
D) ORES & MINERALS 36,716.93 35,874.05 -2.30 4.27
E) LEATHER & MNFRS 14,101.30 16,351.11 15.95 1.95F) GEMS & JEWELLERY 79,227.74 127,424.33 60.83 15.17
G) SPORTS GOODS 539.94 660.12 22.26 0.08
H) CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS 90,040.06 109,592.65 21.72 13.05
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 135,719.27 183,975.64 35.56 21.90
J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 14,131.50 32,781.90 131.98 3.90
K) PROJECT GOODS 584.06 626.05 7.19 0.07
L) TEXTILES 74,399.19 88,498.38 18.95 10.54
M) HANDICRAFTS 2,046.21 1,375.48 -32.78 0.16
N) CARPETS 3,797.91 3,564.09 -6.16 0.42
O) COTTON RAW INCL WASTE 8,865.39 2,865.85 -67.67 0.34P) PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 114,191.68 123,397.98 8.06 14.69
Q) UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 16,158.71 35,213.45 117.92 4.19
Total 655,863.50 839,977.94 28.07 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Export for YR 2008-2009
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2008 Apr-Mar 09(P) %Growth %Share
1 U ARAB EMTS 62,915.03 110,021.10 74.87 13.10
2 U S A 83,388.07 95,750.58 14.83 11.40
3 CHINA P RP 43,597.41 42,661.32 -2.15 5.08
4 SINGAPORE 29,662.23 37,746.56 27.25 4.49
5 HONG KONG 25,385.25 30,639.15 20.70 3.65
6 U K 26,967.48 30,330.95 2.47 3.61
7 GERMANY 20,598.93 29,177.71 41.65 3.47
8 NETHERLAND 21,038.46 28,883.16 37.29 3.44
9 SAUDI ARAB 14,922.55 22,941.17 53.73 2.73
10 UNSPECIFIED 1,467.74 20,321.50 1,284.54 2.42
Total 655,863.50 839,977.94 28.07 100.00
Trends in exports
S.No Commodit Apr-Mar 2004 Apr-Mar 2009(P) % Growth % Share
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A) PLANTATION 2,723.26 4,943.
81.52 0.58B) AGRI & ALLIED PRDTS 24,844.48 65,769.
164.72 7.82
C) MARINE PRODUCTS 6,105.63 7,064.
15.69 0.84D) ORES & MINERALS 10,884.62 35,874.
229.58 4.27
E) LEATHER & MNFRS 9,939.43 16,351.
64.50 1.94
F) GEMS & JEWELLERY 48,586.07 127,424. 162.26 15.16G) SPORTS GOODS 455.48 660.
44.92 0.07H) CHEMICALS & RELATED 45,768.06 109,592.
139.45 13.04
I) ENGINEERING GOODS 48,324.44 183,975.
280.70 21.90J) ELECTRONIC GOODS 8,293.86 32,781.
295.25 3.90
K) PROJECT GOODS 386.58 626.
61.94 0.07L) TEXTILES 56,082.22 88,498.
57.80 10.53
M) HANDICRAFTS 2,296.13 1,375.
-40.09 0.16N) CARPETS 2,691.23 3,564.
32.43 0.42
O) COTTON RAW INCL 942.37 2,865.
204.11 0.34
P) PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 16,397.44 123,397. 652.54 14.6Q) UNCLASSIFIED EXPORTS 8,645.46 35,213.
307.30 4.19Total 293,366.75 839,977.
186.32 100
Trends in export
We will consider only the top 5 commodity group as it constitutes 75.23% of total exports.
1. ENGINEERING GOODS:-
Export of items under this group comprising Manufactures of Metals, Machinery and
Instruments, Primary and Semi-finished Iron & Steel and Transport Equipment. This sector saw
a growth rate of 13.04% over past 6 years which is nominal seeing to the growth of Indian
economy.
2. GEMS & JEWELLERY:-
This part saw a nominal growth of 15.16%.
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3. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: -
This section consists of re-export of processed goods of crude petroleum. This section
constitutes a good portion of Indian exports to great surprise. It growed by 14.6%.
4. CHEMICALS & RELATED PRODUCTS:-
Three out of the four sub-groups under this head viz. Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals &
Cosmetics, Plastics & Linoleum, Rubber, and Glass. This section saw a nominal growth of
13.04%.
5. TEXTILES:
This section mainly comprises of:-
1. Wool
2. silk
3. jute,etc
This section saw a growth of 10.53%.
6. HANDICRAFT:-
Another interesting section to discuss here is the handicraft section which saw a decline which is
opposite to all other sections. This section includes Metal Art ware, Textiles (hand printed),
Wood wares and Zari goods. It saw a decline of 40.09% this may be due to the reason that it
highly depends upon the taste and preference which may change with time and region so that
might be the possible reason for such an abrupt behavior.
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IMPORTS
Import of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2004-2005
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity Apr-Mar 2004 Apr-Mar 2005 %Growth %ShareA) BULK IMPORTS 134,451.00 190,393.36 41.61 38.00
B) PEARLS, PRECIOUS &SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES
32,757.32 42,337.70 29.25 8.45
C) MACHINERY 42,752.62 58,234.16 36.21 11.62
D) PROJECT GOODS 1,819.62 2,678.94 47.23 0.53
E) OTHERS 147,327.10 207,420.39 40.79 41.40
Total 359,107.66 501,064.56 39.53 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Import for YR 2004-2005
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2004 Apr-Mar 2005 %Growth %Share
1 UNSPECIFIED 95,366.52 120,794.15 26.66 24.12 CHINA P RP 18,625.14 31,892.31 71.23 6.33 U S A 23,135.83 31,458.13 35.97 6.24 SWITZERLAND 15,222.52 26,688.96 75.33 5.35 U ARAB EMTS 9,465.27 20,853.17 120.31 4.16 BELGIUM 18,269.86 20,618.70 12.86 4.17 GERMANY 13,411.24 18,041.56 34.53 3.68 AUSTRALIA 12,173.59 17,184.18 41.16 3.49 U K 14,862.26 16,023.45 7.81 3.210 KOREA RP 13,000.48 15,765.42 21.27 3.1Total 359,107.66 501,064.56 39.53 100.0
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Import of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2005-2006
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity Apr-Mar 2005 Apr-Mar 2006 %Growth %Share
A) BULK IMPORTS 190,393.36 270,075.83 41.85 40.90
B) PEARLS, PRECIOUS &SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES
42,337.70 40,441.28 -4.48 6.12
C) MACHINERY 58,234.16 94,872.68 62.92 14.37
D) PROJECT GOODS 2,678.94 3,908.05 45.88 0.59
E) OTHERS 207,420.39 251,111.05 21.06 38.02
Total 501,064.56 660,408.88 31.80 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Import for YR 2005-2006
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2005 Apr-Mar %Growth %Shar1 UNSPECIFIED 120,794.15 109,830
-9.08 16.
2 Trade to Unspecified Countries 15,626.00 86,218.00 451.76 13.06
3 CHINA P RP 31,892.31 48,116
50.87 7.4 U S A 31,458.13 41,859
33.06 6.
5 SWITZERLAND 26,688.96 29,024
8.75 4.6 GERMANY 18,041.56 26,668
47.82 4.
7 AUSTRALIA 17,184.18 21,906
27.48 3.
8 BELGIUM 20,618.70 20,919 1.46 3. 9 KOREA RP 15,765.42 20,205
28.17 3.10 U ARAB EMTS 20,853.17 19,277
-7.56 2.
Total 501,064.56 660,408
31.80 100.
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Import of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2006-2007
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity
Apr-Mar 2006
Apr-Mar 2007
%Growth
%Share
A) BULK IMPORTS 270,075.83 380,740.54 40.98 45.30
B)PEARLS, PRECIOUS & SEMI-
PRECIOUS STONES 40,441.28 33,880.67 -16.22 4.03
C) MACHINERY 94,872.68 120,952.44 27.49 14.39
D) PROJECT GOODS 3,908.05 8,126.46 107.94 0.97
E) OTHERS 251,111.05 296,806.21 18.20 35.31
Total 660,408.88 840,506.31 27.27 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Import for YR 2006-2007
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2006 Apr-Mar 2007 %Growth %Share
1 CHINA P RP 48,116.65 79,008.61 64.20 9.40
2 SAUDI ARAB 7,226.93 60,561.50 738.00 7.21
3 U S A 41,859.46 53,105.41 26.87 6.32
4 SWITZERLAND 29,024.82 41,283.17 42.23 4.91
5 U ARAB EMTS 19,277.04 39,174.95 103.22 4.66
6 IRAN 3,110.05 34,515.48 1,009.80 4.11
7 GERMANY 26,668.73 34,146.75 28.04 4.06
8 NIGERIA 320.82 31,796.52 9,811.04 3.78
9 AUSTRALIA 21,906.15 31,710.90 44.76 3.77
10 KUWAIT 2,044.79 27,114.18 1,226.01 3.23
Total 660,408.88 840,506.31 27.27 100.00
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Import of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2007-2008
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity Apr-Mar 2007 Apr-Mar 2008 %Growth %ShareA) BULK IMPORTS 380,740.54 451,341.89 18.54 44.59
B) PEARLS, PRECIOUS &SEMI-PRECIOUS STONES
33,880.67 32,094.27 -5.27 3.17
C) MACHINERY 120,952.44 181,376.64 49.96 17.92
D) PROJECT GOODS 8,126.46 5,207.90 -35.91 0.51
E) OTHERS 296,806.21 342,291.00 15.32 33.81
Total 840,506.31 1,012,311.75 20.44 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Import for YR 2007-2008
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2007 Apr-Mar 2008 %Growth %Share
1 CHINA P RP 79,008.61 109,116.1
38.11 10.78
2 U S A 53,105.41 84,625.1
59.35 8.3
3 SAUDI ARAB 60,561.50 78,110.3
28.98 7.7
4 U ARAB EMTS 39,174.95 54,233.2
38.44 5.3
5 IRAN 34,515.48 43,945.9
27.32 4.3
6 GERMANY 34,146.75 39,736.0
16.37 3.9
7 SWITZERLAND 41,283.17 39,570.8
-4.15 3.9
8 SINGAPORE 24,839.97 32,682.1
31.57 3.2
9 AUSTRALIA 31,710.90 31,552.0
-0.50 3.1
10 KUWAIT 27,114.18 30,959.9
14.18 3.0
Total 840,506.31 1,012,311.7
20.44 100.00
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Import of Principal Commodities Groups for YR 2008-2009(P)
Values in Rs. Crores
Commodity Apr-Mar 2008 Apr-Mar 2009(P) %Growth %ShareA) BULK IMPORTS 451,341.89 620,105.80 37.39 46.26
B)PEARLS, PRECIOUS &
SEMI-PRECIOUS32,094.27 66,410.18 106.92 4.95
C) MACHINERY 181,376.64 183,033.69 0.91 13.65
D) PROJECT GOODS 5,207.90 14,383.74 176.19 1.07
E) OTHERS 342,291.00 456,654.36 33.41 34.06
Total 1,012,311.75 1,340,587.75 32.43 100.00
Top 10 Countries of Import for YR 2008-2009(P)
Values in Rs. Crores
Rank Country Apr-Mar 2008 Apr-Mar 2009(P) %Growth %Share
1 CHINA P RP 109,116.11 144,114.78 32.07 10.75
2 U ARAB EMTS 54,233.20 94,768.04 74.74 7.07
3 SAUDI ARAB 78,110.31 89,654.59 14.78 6.69
4 U S A 84,625.13 83,537.24 -1.29 6.23
5 IRAN 43,945.93 55,806.96 26.99 4.16
6 GERMANY 39,736.04 53,785.86 35.36 4.01
7 SWITZERLAND 39,570.82 52,649.41 33.05 3.93
8 KUWAIT 30,959.93 43,199.45 39.53 3.229 NIGERIA 30,662.91 39,995.41 30.44 2.98
10 KOREA RP 24,307.91 39,514.39 62.56 2.95
Total 1,012,311.75 1,340,587.75 32.43 100.00
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Trends in import
S.No Commodity Apr-Mar 2004 Apr-Mar 2009(P) %Growth %ShareA) BULK IMPORTS 134,451.00 620,105.80 361.21 46.25
B) PEARLS, 32,757.32 66,410.18102.73 4.95C) MACHINERY 42,752.62 183,033.69 328.12 13.65
D) PROJECT GOODS 1,819.62 14,383.74 690.48 1.07
E) OTHERS 147,327.10 456,654.36 209.95 34.06Total 359,107.66 1,340,587.75 273.31 100
Trends in import
The Indian import saw a increment of 273.31% over a period of 6 years (including projectionsfor year 2009) this an massive increment as the oil & petroleum products saw a massive growth
on account of increasing energy demand of the country also fertilizer, sugar and other bulk goods
saw a healthy growth in their consumption back home. This is a matter of concern as the deficit
in foreign trade is increasing year after year. The major group of the commodities saw the
following trend:-
1. Bulk imports:-
Import of items under bulk category as a whole comprising inter-alia Fertilizers, Cereals,
Sugar, Edible Oil, Iron and Steel and Petroleum Crude and Products, Paper and newsprint saw a
phenomenal growth of more than 361%. while oil and related products features growth over
years as a matter of increased awareness and high fuel prices and to some extent better public
transport facilities like metros and other projects and rules it saw only growth of mere 4%
during April-Dec 2008-2009 this shows that expenses on other expenses are increasing and it
can be well understood by the fact that the economic development is picking up over years and
as such requirements of other commodities increased in this section.
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2. Pearls, Precious & Semi-precious stones:-
This section grows at a constant pace each year without much fluctuations as India is becoming a
hub to finish the semi-finished jewelry products and then re-export it to other countries. This
section features a growth of 102.73%.
3. Machinery:-
Some of the major heads under this section are imports for
1. Transmission apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-broadcasting
2. Aircraft (for example, helicopters, airplanes); spacecraft
3. Automatic data processing machines, etc.
This section witnessed a growth of 328.18% and this very much understood by the increased
expenditure on defense and advancement in the field of aerospace.
4. Project goods:-
Project Imports are the imports of machinery, instruments, and apparatus etc., required for initial
sating up of a unit or for substantial expansion of an existing unit. This section saw an increment
of triumphing increase of 690.48% this phenomenal increase can be well understood by the good
GDP growth figures shown in years previous to 2008.
5. Others:- This head includes various other remaining commodities like
1. Gold & Silver
2. Artificial Resins & Plastic Materials
3. Professional Instruments etc. except electrical
4. Coal, Coke & Briquettes, etc.
5. Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Products
6. Chemical Materials & Products
7. Non-Metallic Mineral Manufactures, etc.
This section witnessed a growth of 209.95% which is well justified by the growth of different
horizons of the Indian market.
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This shows that there is weak negative relation between export and import so as when
one increases the other decreases but not that much dependent.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-1. www.commerce.nic.in
2. www.business.gov.in
3. www.wikipedia.org
4. http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Bulletin/PDFs/71947.pdf
5. www.wto.org
6. www.comtrade.un.org
7. www.dailyexportimportdata.com
8. www.dgciskol.nic.in
9. www.ustraderep.gov31
10. http://www.indiastat.com/india/ShowData.asp?secid=331671&ptid=107&level=3
R E F E R E N C E
1) Economic surveys- Ministry of finance, Govt of India various issues.
2) R.B.I. Annual Reports and Monthly Reports various issues
3) Economic and Political Weekly -Various issues.
4) Foreign TradeReview various issues
DATA AND GRAPHS SOURCES
1) Economic survey Govt of India 2002-2003
Table No.6.3 Page.No.101 2) Annual Report RBI 2003-
2004. Page No.94. 3) Economic and Political Weekly
May 15-21. 2003- 2004 Page 1982.
In the above table and graph the volume of export, imports and trade balance is shown from1950-51 to2003-2004. Since planning period there is increase in the volume of all factors eitherpositively or negatively.
2. http://commerce.nic.in/publications/anualreport_chapter2-2009-10.asp
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