publishing and open access by danny kingsley

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Publish! Publish! Publish!

How the scholarly publishing system works & how it fits into your career

Dr Danny Kingsley Executive Officer, Australian Open Access Support Group [email protected]

Lifecycle of scholarly information

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Formation

Registration

Evaluation

Dissemination Preservation

Reuse

Measurement

Getting information into the system

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Formation

Registration

Evaluation


Reuse

Measurement

So you have finished your paper…

•  What next? –  Choosing an appropriate publication outlet –  Formatting for submission –  Submitting for review –  Waiting –  Reworking/response to reviews –  Resubmitting (to another outlet? - see ‘Formatting for submission’) –  Waiting –  Accepted –  Waiting –  [Eventually] Publication – [Economics can be five years, know of books

taking longer than nine years, some disciplines within a month]

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Where to publish? Spectrum of scholarly communication

•  Hard science •  ‘Urban’

•  Arts & humanities •  ‘Rural’

ANU Office of Scholarly Communication 5

Journal articles

Conference papers Monographs

The process

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•  From Journal publishing - what happens between submission and publication? http://www.sgm.ac.uk/en/publications/microbiology-today/past-issues.cfm/publication/antimicrobials/article/9A5C69BE-1895-4AC2-AE3C135723789259

It’s not you it’s them •  Rejection rates are very high

–  JAMA rejection rate is as high as 92% (DeAngelis & Musacchio 2004)

–  All journals in the Nature stable have an acceptance rate of less than 10% (McCook, 2006)

–  Nature itself has to reject about 95% of biomedical papers (P. Lawrence, 2003)

–  The Economic Record rejection rates for 2001- 2004 ranged from 56% to 70% of completed submissions (Editors, 2005)

–  The rejection rate for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery was approximately 55% (Goldwyn, 2005)

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Who are the peer reviewers?

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Invisible colleges are described in Diane Crane’s 1972 book which built on Derek J de Solla’s work on citation networks

Peer review •  Has two purposes:

–  to verify the research & –  to improve the paper

•  Is usually double blind –  they don’t know who you are & –  you don’t know who they are

•  Is time consuming –  Some people take a whole day to review a longer work

•  Is unrecognised work –  No payment for or registration of reviews so some people do a huge

amount (300 per year) others do none •  Seen as part of the ‘academic gift’ •  Takes a long time (from the author’s PoV)

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Publication


Formation

Registration

Evaluation


Reuse

Measurement

Generally

Authors can’t sign away their moral rights they just sign away their right to make money!!

Copyright is different in academia

This copyright symbol is copyrighted

Authorship = responsibility

Author

Paper

Citation - Getting people to see your work


Formation

Registration

Evaluation


Reuse

Measurement

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Regular publishing

Institutional reader

Library $ Publisher

Non-institutional reader X

Author

Who are non-institutional readers?

•  Policy makers in government •  Practitioners – nurses, economists,

teachers, pharmacists •  Start-up technology companies •  Ex-students (that could be you soon!) •  Researchers in smaller universities •  Average people wanting to look something

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Fewer institutional readers too

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Scholarly publishing = failed economy

Academic credit

Open Access to the rescue!

“the results of publicly funded scholarly research should be freely available to anyone with access to

the internet”

Open access images are available under a Crea<ve Commons licence. I don’t have to seek permission.

Green and Gold roads to open access

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Gold (open access) publishing

Institutional reader

free Publisher

Non-institutional reader

Author Funding body

free

Article processing

charges

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Publishing in an open access journal

Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org/ Currently about 10-15% of journals are OA. Many subscription journals offer a ‘hybrid’ option

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Article processing charges (APCs)

•  The Gold model moves the cost from the READER to the AUTHOR. –  Advertising works this way

•  This means from the LIBRARY to the FUNDER. •  Funding bodies are increasingly requiring

research publications be available OA –  eg: UK Finch report which is adding BP10 million to

cover this

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The business model works - PLoS One Interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and medical research.

•  Short peer review period •  Multi-disciplinary •  Estab 2007, by 2010 world’s largest journal (6749 articles) •  Lower article processing costs

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Green open access publishing

Institutional reader Library $ Publisher

Non-institutional reader

Author

Repository free

free

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Green road

Disseminate by putting a version in an a repository:

–  Institutional Repository Eg: ANU Research repository

– Subject-based repository ArXiv RepEc PubMed Central

About 60% of publishers allow this

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Office Hours: Open Access •  4 April 2013 - Harvard Professors Gary King and Stuart Shieber

provide advice to graduate students about open access, dissertations, and journal publishing.

•  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jD6CcFxRelY

•  1.35 – Should dissertations be made open access? •  3.23 – Won’t people steal my ideas?

What can you do with your work?

•  Have a look at the Copyright Transfer Agreement

•  Sherpa Romeo can give you this information - http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

•  Publisher websites will have this information – look for ‘Information for authors’ or ‘re-use rights’ or ‘copyright’

•  Eg: http://www.elsevier.com/about/open-access/green-open-access



It comes down to the version Preprint

Submitted Version Work sent to publishers for

review Postprint

Accepted Version/ Accepted Manuscript

Author’s peer reviewed and corrected final version

Published Version

Version of Record


For green OA the accepted version is gold!

Preprint Submitted Version

Work sent to publishers for review

Postprint Accepted Version/

Accepted Manuscript Author’s peer reviewed and

corrected final version

Published Version

Version of Record

Creative Commons

•  Very good video •  http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=AeTlXtEOplA (5:33)


What publication means


Formation

Registration

Evaluation


Reuse

Measurement


Unit of scholarly communication – scholarly article

1665 Philosophical

Transactions of the Royal Society est.

2012 Electronic–only journals

Publication is embedded in the reward system

•  Higher Education Research Data Collection (HERDC) –  Annual –  Feeds back to block grant funding –  Numbers of papers is all that counts –  Administered by Dept of Innovation

•  Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) –  Every few years (next in 2014) –  Provides a comparison to show which areas are excellent –  It matters where you publish –  Administered by ARC

•  Grant allocations from ARC & NHMRC •  Promotion within institutions •  Acceptance into Royal Societies etc

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Paper Reward = peer recognition

Reward ≠ $

Authorship means reward

Multi-authored papers

hBp://inbp.org/images2/scien<sts_group.jpg

Author

Paper Reward = peer recognition

Reward ≠ $ Credit

Authorship means credit

ASSESSING RESEARCH(ERS) Credit is important because of how reward is distributed

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Traditional ways to assess value –  1955 – Eugene Garfield founded Institute for

Scientific Information & Science Citation Index

•  Based on a calculation of no of citations –  1972 – Journal Impact Factor

•  Averages the number of citations per article in a journal

–  early 2000’s – bought by Thompson Reuter’s Web of Science and Web of Knowledge

•  Still based on citations & JIF

Journal Impact Factor is flawed •  The JIF is a measure of the frequency with which the "average

article" in a journal has been cited in a given period of time.

•  But the JIF measures the citations of articles only against all items that count as scholarly work in the journal.

•  Impact factor 2010 = A/B when: –  A = the number of times articles published in 2010-11 were cited in indexed journals during

2012 –  B = the number of articles, reviews, proceedings or notes published in 2010-2011

•  There are also problems for disciplines which have publishing turnaround times of over two years, or which has long half‐lives of papers ‐ like some geosciences.

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Jumping on the assessment bandwagon

•  Between 2004-2009 started up: –  Elsevier’s SciVerse Scopus

•  http://www.info.sciverse.com/scopus

–  Google Scholar •  http://scholar.google.com.au/

–  Microsoft’s Academic Search •  http://academic.research.microsoft.com/

•  Variations on a theme - still relying on citation data from bibliographic databases

•  IFs rank journals, not articles 42

Moves to article-level metrics

•  Changing ways to assess usage: –  MESUR

•  http://mesur.informatics.indiana.edu/ •  (Metrics for Scholarly Usage of Resources) 2006 Andrew W

Mellon Foundation grant

–  Eigenfactor •  Uni of Washington

–  altmetrics.org •  ‘community is striving to understand and measure the

products and practices of scholarly communication on the web’

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PLoS One metrics page (1)


PLoS metrics view (2)


Free & simple - Google citations


OPEN ACCESS IS A HOT TOPIC

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Open Access is on the world agenda •  UNESCO announces open access policy (13 May 2013) •  Research Councils of UK’s open access policy in effect (1 April 2013)

–  Researchers are to publish either in an open access journal or to have a copy of work deposited into a repository within 6 months of publication (12 months from some humanities fields).

•  Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) plans to change rules (25 February 2013)

–  only work that is deposited in a repository on acceptance would be eligible for consideration in the post-2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF).

•  Obama Administration new policy (22 February 2013) –  U.S. Federal agencies spending over $100 million in research and development

have to have a plan to “support increased public access to the results of research funded by the Federal Government” within 12 months.

•  The European Commission –  Under their Research & Innovation funding programme, all articles produced with

funding from Horizon 2020 . €80-billion (US$98-billion) research-funding programme for 2014–20 will have to be accessible as of 2014

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Publisher’s response?

•  Elsevier –  Green – ‘You may if you may but not if you must’ –  Gold – ‘opportunity’ to publish open access

•  Wiley Blackwell –  Green – ONLY if they have an agreement with a

funding body –  Gold – Only option for OA

•  Taylor & Francis –  Agreement for Green in some library licenses

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ARC & NHMRC - OA policies

•  ARC (introduced 1 January 2013) – All outputs (including books) – 2013 grants onward (we will not see OA

output for several years) •  NHMRC (introduced 1 July 2012)

– Journal articles only – Any publication after 1 July 2012 regardless of

the grant

Summary

•  If you want to follow an academic career you need to publish

•  Choose carefully where you publish: –  Time between submission & acceptance & publication –  Quality of the journal –  Publisher permissions

•  Ensure you keep your name consistent •  Make your work available – think of the eyeballs.

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More info?

Dr Danny Kingsley Executive Officer

Australian Open Access Support Group

w: http://aoasg.org.au e: [email protected] t: @openaccess_oz

p: 02 6125 6839

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