public review draft entity-scale quantification of ... review draft contract no. gs-23f-8182h august...
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Public Review Draft
Contract No.
GS-23F-8182H
August 2013
Science-Based Methods for Entity-Scale Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks from Agriculture and Forestry Practices
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ScienceBasedMethodsforEntityScaleQuantificationofGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksfromAgricultureandForestryPractices
WorkdoneunderUSDAContract#GS23F8182Hinsupportoftheproject:TechnicalGuidelinesandScientificMethodsforEntityScaleGreenhouseGasEstimation.
TheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)prohibitsdiscriminationinallitsprogramsandactivitiesonthebasisofrace,color,nationalorigin,age,disability,and,whereapplicable,sex,maritalstatus,familialstatus,parentalstatus,religion,sexualorientation,geneticinformation,politicalbeliefs,reprisal,orbecauseallorapartofanindividualsincomeisderivedfromanypublicassistanceprogram.(Notallprohibitedbasesapplytoallprograms.)Personswithdisabilitieswhorequirealternativemeansforcommunicationofprograminformation(Braille,largeprint,audiotape,etc.)shouldcontactUSDAsTARGETCenterat(202)7202600(voiceandTDD).TofileacomplaintofdiscriminationwritetoUSDA,Director,OfficeofCivilRights,1400IndependenceAve,S.W.,Washington,D.C.202509410orcall(800)7953272(voice)or(202)7206382(TDD).USDAisanequalopportunityproviderandemployer.ThisdraftreportwasprovidedtoUSDAundercontractbyICFInternationalandispresentedintheforminwhichitwasreceivedfromthecontractor.AnyviewspresentedarethoseoftheauthorsandarenotnecessarilytheviewsoforendorsedbyUSDA.FormoreinformationontheScienceBasedMethodsforEntityScaleQuantificationofGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksfromAgricultureandForestryPracticesproject,visithttp://usda.gov/oce/climate_change/estimation.htm,orcontacttheUSDAClimateChangeProgramOfficebyemailattechguide@oce.usda.gov,fax2024011176,orphone2024010979.
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HowtoObtainCopies:YoumayelectronicallydownloadthisdocumentfromtheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureswebsiteat:[Thislinkwillbeincludedinthefinalreport]
SuggestedCitationReportCitation[Thiswillbeincludedinthefinalreport]
ChapterCitations[Thiswillbeincludedinthefinalreport]
Acknowledgements:TheDepartmentofAgriculturewouldliketoacknowledgethesecontributorstothisreport:SarahBiggar,ICFInternationalMarkFlugge,ICFInternationalDerinaMan,ICFInternationalDianaPape,ICFInternationalKeithPaustian,ColoradoStateUniversityMarybethRileyGilbert,ICFInternationalRachelSteele,ICFInternationalWorkingGroups:Croplands/GrazingLands:
StephenOgle,ColoradoStateUniversity(LeadAuthor)PaulAdler,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceJayBreidt,ColoradoStateUniversityStephenDelGrosso,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceAlanFranzleubbers,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceRobertGleason,U.S.GeologicalSurveyMarkLiebig,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceBruceLinquist,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisPhilRobertson,MichiganStateUniversityMicheleSchoeneberger,USDAForestServiceJohanSix,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisChrisvanKessel,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisRodVenterea,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceTristramWest,PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory
Wetlands:StephenOgle,ColoradoStateUniversity(LeadAuthor)RobertGleason,U.S.GeologicalSurvey
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PatrickHunt,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceCarlTrettin,USDAForestService
AnimalAgriculture:WendyPowers,MichiganStateUniversity(LeadAuthor)BrentAuvermann,TexasA&MUniversityAndyCole,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceCurtGooch,CornellUniversityRichGrant,PurdueUniversityJerryHatfield,USDAAgriculturalResearchServicePatrickHunt,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceKristenJohnson,WashingtonStateUniversityAprilLeytem,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceWeiLiao,MichiganStateUniversityMarkPowell,USDAAgriculturalResearchService
Forestry:CoeliHoover,USDAForestService(LeadAuthor)RichardBirdsey,USDAForestService(CoLeadAuthor)BruceGoines,USDAForestServicePeterLahm,USDAForestServiceGreggMarland,AppalachianStateUniversityDaveNowak,USDAForestServiceStephenPrisley,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityElizabethReinhardt,USDAForestServiceKenSkog,USDAForestServiceDavidSkole,MichiganStateUniversityJamesSmith,USDAForestServiceCarlTrettin,USDAForestServiceChrisWoodall,USDAForestService
AdditionalContributorsBooneKauffman,USDAForestServiceAndreWright,UniversityofVermontTomWirth,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
AgroupofexpertswereconvenedinFebruary2012toreviewthesoilN2Omethodsinthecroplands/grazinglandssectionoftheReport.SoilN2OWorkshopOrganizationCommittee:
StephenOgle,ColoradoStateUniversitySteveDelGrosso,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceJohanSix,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisPhilRobertson,MichiganStateUniversityRodVenterea,USDAAgriculturalResearchService
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SoilN2OWorkshopParticipants:MartinBurger,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisRayDesjardin,AgricultureandAgriFoodCanadaRonGehl,NorthCarolinaStateUniversityPeterGrace,QueenslandUniversityofTechnologyPeterGroffman,CaryInstituteofEcosystemStudiesArdellHalvorson,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceWillHorwath,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCesarIzaurralde,JointGlobalChangeResearchInstituteChangshengLi,UniversityofNewHampshireNevilleMillar,MichiganStateUniversityWilliamParton,ColoradoStateUniversityKeithPaustian,ColoradoStateUniversityPhilippeRochette,AgricultureandAgriFoodCanadaWilliamSalas,AppliedGeosolutionsCliffSnyder,InternationalPlantNutritionInstitute
ExpertReviewersUSDAwouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingexpertreviewers,whoreviewedallorpartsofthedocumentduringtheMarch2013ExpertReview:
BobAbt,NorthCarolinaStateUniversityLeonHartwellAllen,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceBenBondLamberty,JointGlobalChangeResearchInstituteSandraBrown,WinrockInternationalDavidClay,SouthDakotaStateUniversityJasonClay,WorldWildlifeFundSteveDeGryze,TerraGlobalCapitalPeteEpanchin,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyErinFitzgerald,InnovationCenterforU.S.DairyRonGehl,NorthCarolinaStateUniversityAmrithGunasekara,CaliforniaDepartmentofAgricultureNoelGurwick,UnionofConcernedScientistsLindaHeath,USDAForestServiceWillieHorwath,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCesarIzaurralde,JointGlobalChangeResearchInstituteJenJenkins,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyKurtJohnsen,USDAForestServiceErmiasKebreab,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisWilliamLazarus,UniversityofMinnesotaDeanneMeyer,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisTimParkin,USDAAgriculturalResearchService
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CharlesRice,KansasStateUniversityNeilSampson,TheSampsonGroupKaramatSistani,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceCliffSnyder,InternationalPlantNutritionInstituteBrentSohngen,OhioStateUniversityRichardTodd,USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceMicheleWander,UniversityofIllinoisTomWirth,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
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AcronymsandChemicalFormulaeAA AminoAcidsAD AnaerobicDigestionADF AcidDetergentFiberAGP AntibioticGrowthPromoterBCH4 BaselineMethaneBEF BiomassExpansionFactorbLS BackwardLagrangianstochasticBNR BiologicalNitrogenRemovalBUN BloodUreaNitrogenBW BodyweightC CarbonCaCO3 CalciticLimestoneCAFO ConcentratedAnimalFeedingOperationCaMG(CO3)2 DolomiticLimestoneCAST CouncilforAgriculturalScienceandTechnologyCCPO ClimateChangeProgramOfficeCEA CouncilofEconomicAdvisersCEQ CouncilonEnvironmentalQualityCH4 MethaneCl ChlorineCNCPS CornellNetCarbohydrateandProteinSystemCO CarbonMonoxideCO(NH2)2 UreaCO2 CarbonDioxideCO2e CarbonDioxideEquivalentsCOD ChemicalOxygenDemandCOLE CarbonOnLineEstimatorCOMET CarbonManagementOnlinEToolforagricultureandagroforestryCP CrudeProteinCRM ComponentRatioMethodCRP ConservationReserveProgramCSTR ContinuousStirredTankReactorCSUNREL ColoradoStateUniversity NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryDairyGEMModel DairyGasEmissionsModelDBH DiameteratBreastHeightDDGS DistillersDriedGrainswithSolublesDDW DowndeadwoodDE DigestibleEnergyDGS DistillersGrainsDM DryMatterDMI DryMatterIntakeDNDCModel DeNitrificationandDeCompositionmodelDOE DepartmentofEnergyDOI DepartmentofInteriorDOM DeadOrganicMatterDRC DryrolledCornE EmissionsEF EmissionFactor
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EI EmissionsIntensityEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPICModel ErosionProductivityImpactCalculatorET EvapotranspirationFe2+ IronOxideFFE FireandFuelsExtensionFIA ForestInventoryandAnalysisFIADB ForestInventoryandAnalysisDatabaseFIDO ForestInventory DataOnlineFOFEM FirstOrderFireEffectsModelFVS ForestVegetationSimulatormodelFVSFFE ForestVegetationSimulatormodelwithFireandFuelsmoduleFYM FarmyardManureGE/GEI GrossEnergy/GrossEnergyIntakeGHG GreenhouseGasGPS GlobalPositioningSystemGRACEnet GreenhouseGasReductionthroughAgriculturalCarbon
EnhancementNetworkGWP GlobalWarmingPotentialH2CO3 CarbonicAcidH2S HydrogenSulfideHCO3 BicarbonateHMC HighmoistureCornHNO3 NitricAcidHW HardwoodHWP HarvestedWoodProductsIFSM IntegratedFarmSystemModelIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeK PotassiumLCA LifeCycleAssessmentLU LivestockUnitLUC LandUseChangeLULUCF Landuse,landusechange,andforestryMCF MethaneConversionFactorME MetabolizableenergyMEI MEIntakeMg MagnesiumMLRA MajorLandResourceAreasMOLLY AdynamicmechanisticmodelofnutrientutilizationincattleMRTN MaximumReturntoNitrogenMT MetricTonMUN MilkUreaNitrogenN NitrogenN2 MolecularNitrogenN2O NitrousOxideNADP NationalAtmosphericDepositionProgramNDF NeutralDetergentFiberNFC NonFiberCarbohydrateNGO NonGovernmentalOrganizationNH3 Ammonia
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NH4+ AmmoniumNIR NationalInventoryReportNLCD NationalLandCoverDatasetNMVOC NonMethaneVolatileOrganicCompoundsNO NitricOxideNO2 NitrogenDioxideNO3 NitrateNOx MononitrogenOxidesNPP NetPrimaryProductionNRCS NaturalResourceConservationServiceNRCSSSURGO SoilSurveyGeographicDatabaseNRI NationalResourcesInventoryNUE NitrogenUseEfficiencyNWI NationalWetlandsInventoryO OrganicO2 OxygenOM OrganicMatterOMB OfficeofManagementandBudgetP PhosphorousPDF ProbabilityDensityFunctionPg PetaGramsPRISM ParameterElevationRegressionsonIndependentSlopesModelPRP Pastures,RangelandsandPaddocksPW PulpwoodRFI ResidualFeedIntakeRMSPE ResidualMeanSquarePredictionErrorRUSLE2 RevisedUniversalSoilLossEquation2SF6 SulfurHexafluorideSFC SteamflakedCornSL SawlogsSMS SandManureSeparationSO4 SulfateSOC SoilOrganicCarbonSSURGO SoilSurveyGeographicDatabaseSTATSGO StateSoilGeographicDatabaseSTIRModel SoilTillageIntensityRatingSW SoftwoodTAN TotalAmmoniacalNitrogenTDN TotalDigestibleNutrientsTMR TotalMixedRationUASB UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanketUFORE UrbanForestEffectsUNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUSDA UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureUSDAARS USDAAgriculturalResearchServiceUSDANASS USDANationalAgriculturalStatisticsServiceUSDAPM USDAProjectManagerUUN UrinaryUreaNitrogenUV UltravioletVFA VolatileFattyAcids
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VS VolatileSolidsWCGF WetCornGlutenFeedWEPS WindErosionPredictionSystemYm MethaneConversionRate
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TableofContentsExecutiveSummary1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 OverviewoftheReport....................................................................................................................................................111.2 ReportObjectives...............................................................................................................................................................131.3 ProcessfortheDevelopmentoftheMethods........................................................................................................141.4 ContentsoftheReport.....................................................................................................................................................171.5 UsesandLimitationsoftheReport............................................................................................................................18Chapter1References...................................................................................................................................................................111
2. ConsiderationswhenEstimatingAgricultureandForestryGHGEmissionsandRemovals...........22
2.1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................................................222.1.1 DefinitionofEntity............................................................................................................................222.1.2 DefinitionofSystemBoundaries................................................................................................23
2.2 ReviewofRelevantCurrentToolsandMethods...............................................................................................2122.3 SelectionofMostAppropriateMethodandMitigationPracticestoInclude........................................2132.4 OverviewofSectors........................................................................................................................................................214
2.4.1 CroplandsandGrazingLands...................................................................................................2172.4.2 Wetlands.............................................................................................................................................2182.4.3 AnimalProduction.........................................................................................................................2192.4.4 Forestry...............................................................................................................................................221
2.5 LanduseChange..............................................................................................................................................................223Chapter2References...................................................................................................................................................................224
3 QuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksinCroplandandGrazingLandSystems...............31
3.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................................313.1.1 OverviewofManagementPracticesandResultingGHGEmissions...........................323.1.2 SystemBoundariesandTemporalScale.................................................................................363.1.3 SummaryofSelectedMethods/ModelsSourcesofData..................................................363.1.4 OrganizationofChapter/Roadmap...........................................................................................37
3.2 CroplandManagement.....................................................................................................................................................373.2.1 ManagementInfluencingGHGEmissionsinUplandSystems.......................................373.2.2 ManagementInfluencingGHGEmissionsinFloodedCroppingSystems..............3203.2.3 LanduseChangetoCropland...................................................................................................323
3.3 GrazingLandManagement..........................................................................................................................................3253.3.1 ManagementActivityInfluencingGHGEmissions...........................................................3253.3.2 LandUseChangetoGrazingLands........................................................................................331
3.4 Agroforestry.......................................................................................................................................................................3323.4.1 CarbonStocks...................................................................................................................................3353.4.2 NitrousOxide....................................................................................................................................3363.4.3 Methane..............................................................................................................................................3363.4.4 ManagementInteractions...........................................................................................................337
3.5 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................................................3373.5.1 BiomassCarbonStockChanges................................................................................................3383.5.2 LitterCarbonStockChanges......................................................................................................3433.5.3 SoilCarbonStockChanges..........................................................................................................3443.5.4 SoilNitrousOxide...........................................................................................................................3513.5.5 MethaneUptakebySoils.............................................................................................................3663.5.6 MethaneandNitrousOxidefromFloodedRiceCultivation........................................368
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3.5.7 CO2fromLiming..............................................................................................................................3753.5.8 NonCO2EmissionsfromBiomassBurning........................................................................3773.5.9 CO2fromUreaFertilizerApplications...................................................................................382
3.6 SummaryofResearchGapsforCropandGrazingLandManagement....................................................384Appendix3A:SoilN2OModelingFrameworkSpecifications...................................................................................3893A.1DescriptionofProcessBasedModels......................................................................................................................3903A.2EmpiricalScalarsforBaseEmissionRates............................................................................................................3973A.3PracticeBasedScalingFactors...................................................................................................................................398Chapter3References.................................................................................................................................................................3104
4 QuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksinManagedWetlandSystems.................................41
4.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................................414.1.1 OverviewofManagementPracticesandResultingGHGEmissions..........................424.1.2 SystemBoundariesandTemporalScale................................................................................454.1.3 SummaryofSelectedMethods/ModelsandSourcesofData.......................................454.1.4 OrganizationofChapter/Roadmap..........................................................................................46
4.2 ManagementandRestorationofWetlands.............................................................................................................464.2.1 DescriptionofWetlandManagementPractices..................................................................464.2.2 LandUseChangetoWetlands.................................................................................................411
4.3 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................................................4124.3.1 BiomassCinWetlands................................................................................................................4124.3.2 SoilC,N2OandCH4inWetlands.............................................................................................415
4.4 ResearchGapsforWetlandManagement.............................................................................................................420Chapter4References...................................................................................................................................................................422
5 QuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksinAnimalProductionSystems...............................51
5.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................................515.1.1 OverviewofManagementPracticesandResultingGHGEmissions...........................515.1.2 SystemBoundariesandTemporalScale.................................................................................575.1.3 SummaryofSelectedMethods/Models/SourcesofData..............................................585.1.4 OrganizationofChapter/Roadmap...........................................................................................59
5.2 AnimalProductionSystems........................................................................................................................................5115.2.1 DairyProductionSystems..........................................................................................................5125.2.2 BeefProductionSystems.............................................................................................................5155.2.3 SheepProductionSystems.........................................................................................................5185.2.4 SwineProductionSystems.........................................................................................................5195.2.5 PoultryProductionSystems......................................................................................................522
5.3 EmissionsfromEntericFermentationandHousing........................................................................................5255.3.1 EmissionsfromDairyProductionSystems.........................................................................5295.3.2 EmissionsfromBeefProductionSystems...........................................................................5355.3.3 EmissionsfromSheep..................................................................................................................5415.3.4 EmissionsfromSwineProductionSystems........................................................................5425.3.5 EmissionsfromPoultryProductionSystems.....................................................................5455.3.6 EmissionsfromOtherAnimals.................................................................................................5485.3.7 FactorsAffectingEntericFermentationEmissions.........................................................5505.3.8 UncertaintyinEntericFermentationandHousingEmissionsEstimates.............557
5.4 ManureManagement.....................................................................................................................................................5585.4.1 TemporaryStack&LongTermStockpile...........................................................................5605.4.2 Composting........................................................................................................................................5645.4.3 AerobicLagoon................................................................................................................................5695.4.4 AnaerobicLagoon,RunoffHoldingPond,StorageTanks.............................................5715.4.5 AnaerobicDigestionwithBiogasUtilization......................................................................575
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5.4.6 CombinedAerobicTreatmentSystems................................................................................5775.4.7 SandManureSeparation.............................................................................................................5785.4.8 NutrientRemoval...........................................................................................................................5795.4.9 SolidLiquidSeparation...............................................................................................................5795.4.10 ConstructedWetland..................................................................................................................5815.4.11 ThermochemicalConversion................................................................................................5825.4.12 UncertaintyinManureManagementEmissionsEstimates.......................................583
5.5 ResearchGaps...................................................................................................................................................................5945.5.1 EntericFermentation.................................................................................................................5945.5.2 ManureManagement..................................................................................................................595
Appendix5A:ModelReview:ReviewofEntericFermentationModels.........................................................................598Appendix5B:ManureManagementSystemsShapeFactors( )...................................................................................5108Appendix5C:FeedStuffsCompositionTable..........................................................................................................................5111Appendix5D:EstimationMethodsforAmmoniaEmissionsfromManureManagementSystems.................5120
5D.1 MethodforEstimatingAmmoniaEmissionsUsingEquationsfromtheIntegratedFarmSystemModel 51205D.1.1 RationaleforSelectedMethod......................................................................................................................51205D.1.2 ActivityData..........................................................................................................................................................51205D.1.3 AncillaryData.......................................................................................................................................................51215D.2 MethodforAmmoniaEmissionsfromTemporaryStack,LongTermStockpile,AnaerobicLagoons/RunoffHoldingPonds/StorageTanks,andAerobicLagoons..............................................................51215D.3 Composting..................................................................................................................................................................51265D.3.1 RationaleforSelectedMethod......................................................................................................................51265D.3.2 ActivityData..........................................................................................................................................................51265D.3.3 AncillaryData.......................................................................................................................................................51265D.3.4 MethodforAmmoniaEmissionsfromComposting.............................................................................5126Chapter5References.................................................................................................................................................................5128
6 QuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksinManagedForestSystems.....................................61
6.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................................616.1.1 OverviewofManagementPracticesandResultingGHGEmissions...........................616.1.2 SystemBoundariesandTemporalScale.................................................................................656.1.3 SummaryofSelectedMethods/Models...................................................................................656.1.4 SourcesofData...................................................................................................................................676.1.5 OrganizationofChapter/Roadmap...........................................................................................67
6.2 ForestCarbonAccounting...........................................................................................................................................6106.2.1 DescriptionofForestCarbonAccounting............................................................................6106.2.2 DataCollectionforForestCarbonAccounting..................................................................6186.2.3 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6206.2.4 Uncertainty,Limitations,andResearchGaps....................................................................623
6.3 Establishing,Reestablishing,andClearingForests........................................................................................6246.3.1 Description........................................................................................................................................6246.3.2 ActivityDataCollection................................................................................................................6286.3.3 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6296.3.4 SpecificProtocolforComputation..........................................................................................6326.3.5 ActualGHGRemovalsandEmissionsbySourcesandSinksfromForest
Clearing.................................................................................................................................6386.3.6 UncertaintyandLimitations......................................................................................................639
6.4 ForestManagement........................................................................................................................................................6406.4.1 Description........................................................................................................................................6406.4.2 ActivityData......................................................................................................................................648
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6.4.3 ManagementIntensityCategories..........................................................................................6516.4.4 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6586.4.5 UncertaintyandLimitations......................................................................................................660
6.5 HarvestedWoodProducts...........................................................................................................................................6616.5.1 GeneralAccountingIssues..........................................................................................................6616.5.2 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6626.5.3 ActivityDataCollection................................................................................................................6636.5.4 Uncertainty,Limitations,andResearchGaps....................................................................664
6.6 UrbanForestry..................................................................................................................................................................6656.6.1 Description........................................................................................................................................6656.6.2 ActivityDataCollection................................................................................................................6676.6.3 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6696.6.4 UncertaintyandLimitations......................................................................................................675
6.7 NaturalDisturbanceWildfireandPrescribedFire.......................................................................................6776.7.1 Description........................................................................................................................................6776.7.2 ActivityDataCollection................................................................................................................6776.7.3 EstimationMethods.......................................................................................................................6776.7.4 UncertaintyandLimitations......................................................................................................681
Appendix6A:HarvestedWoodProductsLookupTables..........................................................................................682Chapter6References.................................................................................................................................................................6101
7 QuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinksfromLandUseChange..............................................71
7.1 Overview................................................................................................................................................................................717.2 DefinitionsofLandUse....................................................................................................................................................727.3 Caveats....................................................................................................................................................................................747.4 StepsforEstimatingGHGFluxfromLandUseChange.....................................................................................74
7.4.1 CarbonPoolsinLiveBiomass,DeadBiomass,andSoilOrganicCarbon..................767.4.2 ChangesinSoilCarbon....................................................................................................................767.4.3 ChangesinotherGHGemissions.............................................................................................711
Chapter7References...................................................................................................................................................................7128. UncertaintyAssessmentforQuantifyingGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinks....................................81
ComponentsandInputstoanEntityScaleMonteCarloUncertaintyAssessment...............................828.18.1.1 ParameterUncertainty....................................................................................................................838.1.2 SamplingMethodUncertainty.....................................................................................................848.1.3 LargeDatasetUncertainty.............................................................................................................878.1.4 ModelUncertainty..........................................................................................................................813
ResearchGaps...................................................................................................................................................................8188.2Chapter8References...................................................................................................................................................................819Appendix8A:ExampleOutputFilefromFVSSamplingUncertaintyBootstrappingApplicationFVSBoot(asprovidedinGreggandHummel,2002)........................................................................................................................822Appendix8B:UncertaintyTables.........................................................................................................................................823
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Executive Summary
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ExecutiveSummary
SCIENCEBASEDMETHODSFORENTITYSCALEQUANTIFICATIONOFGREENHOUSEGASSOURCESANDSINKSFROMAGRICULTUREANDFORESTRY
PRACTICES
BackgroundProvisionsofSection2709oftheFood,ConservationandEnergyActof2008,directtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)topreparetechnicalguidelinesandsciencebasedmethodstomeasureenvironmentalservicebenefitsfromconservationandlandmanagementactivities,initiallyfocusedoncarbon.Themethodscontainedinthisdocumentaddressgreenhousegasemissionsandremovalsfromagriculturalandforestryactivities.Throughthedevelopmentofthisreport,theUSDAhaspreparedtwoprimaryproducts:1. Acomprehensivereviewoftechniques
currentlyinuseforestimatingGHGemissionsandremovalsfromagriculturalandforestryactivities;and
2. AtechnicalreportdocumentoutliningthepreferredsciencebasedapproachandspecificmethodsforestimatingGHGemissionsatthefarmorforestscale(i.e.,thisdocument).
PurposeoftheReportTheobjectiveforthisReportistocreateastandardsetofGHGestimationmethodsforusebyUSDA,landowners,andotherstakeholderstoassisttheminevaluatingtheGHGimpactsoftheirmanagementdecisions.ThemethodspresentedintheReportaddressGHGemissionsandcarbonsequestrationfortheentireentityoroperation,andalsoprovidetheopportunitytoassessindividualpracticesormanagementdecisions.Therefore,easeofuseiscritical.AcoobjectiveistodemonstratecapacitywithintheDepartment,establishingastandardized,consensussetofmethodsfortheDepartment,thatbecomethescientificbasisforentityscaleestimationoftheGHGimpactsoflandownermanagementdecisions.Therefore,scientificrigorandtransparencyarealsocritical.ThisReportwillbeusedwithintheDepartmentandbyfarmers,ranchers,andforestlandowners,andwillbemadepubliclyavailable.Thesemethodsaredesignedto:
1. Providescientificbasisforcomprehensivemethodsthatcanbeusedbylandownersandmanagers,USDAandotherstakeholderstoestimatechangesinGHGemissionsandremovalsatthelocalentityscale;
UsesoftheReportandMethods:
EstimatingincreasesanddecreasesinGHGemissionsandcarbonsequestrationresultingfromcurrentandfutureconservationprogramsandpractices;
EvaluatingandimprovingnationalandregionalGHGinventoryefforts;and
EstimatingincreasesanddecreasesinGHGemissionsandcarbonsequestrationassociatedwithchangesinlandmanagement.
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2. CreateastandardsetofGHGquantificationguidelinesandmethodsforusebyallstakeholders;
3. Quantifyallsignificantemissionsandremovalsassociatedwithspecificsourcecategories;4. Quantifyemissionsfromlandusechangeandcarbonsequestrationfromlandmanagement
practicesandtechnologies;and5. Supportthedevelopmentofentity,farm,orforestscaleGHGinventoriesthatwill
facilitatetheparticipationoflandownersinpublicandprivateregistriesandreportingsystems.
TheReportalsoservesasinputintothedevelopmentofaUSDAGHGEstimationTool.TheReportandthemethodsarenotintendedasanadditiontoorreplacementofanycurrentFederalGHGreportingsystemsorrequirements.ProcessfortheDevelopmentoftheReportThisReportwasdevelopedbythreeauthorteams(i.e.,workinggroups)underthedirectionofoneleadauthorforeachteam(plusonecoleadauthorfortheforestrychapter).TheleadauthorswerechosenbasedontheirexperiencewithGHGinventoriesandaccountingmethodologies,andtheirprofessionalresearchexperience.Withinputfromeachleadauthor,USDAchose812workinggroupmembersperteamtowritetheReport.Theseworkinggroupmemberseachhaddifferentbackgroundsthatfitwiththeanticipatedcontentofthedocument,andalsohadexperiencewithGHGaccountingand/orfieldresearchthatwasuniqueandaddressedoneormoreofthenichemethodsthatwereessentialforensuringthecomprehensivenessofthemethodsforeachsector.Theauthorteamswereprovidedwithapreliminaryoutlineoftheirchapterandwithtwobackgroundreportsdevelopedaspartoftheproject.Onebackgroundreportwasananalysisofthescientificliteraturerelatedtoratesofcarbonsequestrationoremissionsreductionresultingfromvariousmanagementpracticesandtechnologies(Denefetal.,2011).Theotherreportwasacompilationofalloftheavailabletools,protocolsandmodels,withbasicinformationoneachone(Denefetal.,2012).Themethodsweredevelopedaccordingtoseveralcriteriainordertomaximizetheirusefulness.Inparticular,themethodsmust:
1. Standontheirown,independentofanyotheraccountingsystem,yetmaintainconsistencywithotheraccountingsystemstothemaximumextentpossible;
2. Bescalableforuseatentityscale1sitesacrosstheUnitedStates,withapplicabilityatcountyand/orstatelevelsaswell;
3. FacilitateusebyUSDAinassessingtheperformanceofconservationandrenewableenergyprograms;
4. ProvideabroadframeworktoassessmanagementpracticestoevaluatetheGHGaspectofproductionsustainability;
1Anentityisthewholeorpartofanyagriculturalorforestrylandholding,landmanaging,oroperatingbusiness,institution,organization,group,cooperative,partnership,orindividualthat:isrecognizedasanentityunderanyU.S.Federal,State,orlocallawthatappliestoit;islocatedandoperates,atleastinpart,intheUnitedStates;andtheemissionsofsuchoperationsarereleased,atleastinpart,intheUnitedStates.
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Executive Summary
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5. Maintainmaximumapplicabilityforuseinenvironmentalmarkets,includingpossiblefuturefederal,stateorlocalGHGoffsetsinitiatives;
6. BescientificallyvettedthroughUSDA,U.S.governmentandacademicexpertreviewandpubliccomment;
7. Providereliable,real,andverifiableestimatesofonsiteGHGemissions,carbonstorage,andcarbonsequestration.ThemethodswillbedesignedsothatovertimetheycanbeappliedtoquantifyonsiteGHGreductionsandincreasesincarbonstorageduetoconservationandlandmanagementactivities;and
8. Provideabasisforconsistencyinestimationandtransparencyinreporting.DevelopmentoftheReporthasbeeniterativeasvariousdraftsofthedocumenthavebeenputthroughseveralreviewstagesincluding:anUSDAintraagencytechnicalreview,aninteragencytechnicalreview,ascientificexpertreview,andapubliccommentperiod.Thisversionofthereportconstitutestheversionforpublicreview.Finalpublicationofthereportisanticipatedduringthefallof2013.OverviewofRecommendedGHGEstimationMethodsintheReportThissectionprovidesanoverviewofthecurrentestimationmethodsorapproachesanentitycouldusetoestimateGHGemissionsandsinksontheirproperty.ThisoverviewisfollowedbyasummaryofeachsectorsproposedmethodologiesforentityGHGestimations.ThereareseveralapproachesthatafarmerorlandownercanusetoestimateGHGemissionsatanentityscale,andeachapproachgivesvaryingaccuracyandprecision.Themostaccuratewayofestimatingemissionsisthroughdirectmeasurement,whichoftenrequiresexpensiveequipmentortechniquesthatarenotfeasibleforaforasinglelandownerormanager.Ontheotherhand,lookuptablesandestimationequationsaloneoftendonotadequatelyrepresentlocalvariabilityorlocalconditions.Thisreportattemptstodelineatemethodsthatbalanceuserfriendliness,datarequirements,andscientificrigorinawaythatistransparentandjustified.Thefollowingapproacheswereconsideredfortheseguidelines: Basicestimationequationsbasicestimationequationsinvolvecombinationsofactivity
data2withparametersanddefaultemissionfactors.Anydefaultparametersordefaultemissionfactors(e.g.,lookuptables)areprovidedinthetext,orifsubstantialinlength,inanaccompanyingcompendiumofdata.
Processmodelsprocessmodelsusecombinationsofactivitydatawithparametersanddefaultemissionfactors.Theinputsforthesemodelscanbeancillarydata(e.g.,temperature,precipitation,elevation,andsoilnutrientlevelsthatmaybepulledfromanunderlyingsource),biologicalvariables(e.g.,plantdiversity)orsitespecificdata(e.g.,numberofacres,numberofanimals).Theaccuracyoftheprocessmodelsisdependentontherobustnessofthemodelandtheaccuracyoftheinputs.
2ActivityDatarepresentthemagnitudeofhumanactivityresultinginemissionsorremovalstakingplaceduringagivenperiodoftime(IPCC,1997).
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Fieldmeasurementsactualmeasurementsthatafarmerorlandownerwouldneedtotaketomoreaccuratelyestimatethepropertiesofthesoil,forest,orfarmortoestimateactualemissions.Measuringactualemissionsonthelandrequiresspecialequipmentthatmonitorstheflowofgasesfromthesourceintotheatmosphere.Thisequipmentisnotreadilyavailabletomostentities,somoreoftenfieldmeasurementsareincorporatedintoothermethodsdescribedinthissectiontocreateahybridapproach.Afieldmeasurementsuchasasamplemeantreediametercouldbeincorporatedintoothermodelsorequationstogiveamoreaccurateinput.
Inferencethisapproachusesstate,regional,ornationalemissions/sequestrationfactorsthatapproximateemissions/sequestrationperunitoftheinput.Theinputdataisthenmultipliedbythisfactortodeterminethetotalonsiteemissions.Thisfactorcanhavevaryingdegreesofaccuracyandoftendoesnotcapturethemitigationpracticesonthefarmortheuniquesoilconditions,climate,livestockdiet,livestockgenetics,oranyfarmspecificcharacteristics,althoughtheycanbedevelopedwithspecificsoiltypes,livestockcategories,orclimacticregions.
Hybridestimationapproachesahybridestimationapproachisanapproachthatusesacombinationoftheapproachesdescribedabove.Theapproachoftenusesfieldmeasurementsorprocessmodelstogenerateinputsusedforaninferencebasedapproachtoimprovetheaccuracyoftheestimate.
ThetypesofapproachesthattheauthorsrecommendedinthisReportareIPCCTier1,IPCCTier2,modifiedIPCC/empiricalmodeling,andprocessbasedmodeling.TableES1categorizesthesourcesofemissionswiththetypesofapproachesthatarerecommendedinthisReport.TableES2summarizesthesourcesofagriculturalandforestryGHGemissionsandremovalsdiscussedinthisreport,therecommendedmethodforestimatingemissionsandremovalsforeachsourcecategory,andthereference(s)usedforthedevelopmentofthemethod.
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TableES1:SummaryoftheSourcesofEmissionsandTypesofApproachesinthisReport
IPCCTier1 IPCCTier2ModifiedIPCCorEmpiricalModel
ProcessedBasedModel
Croplands/GrazingLands
IndirectN2OEmissions
CO2fromUreaFertilizerApplication
CH4EmissionsfromRiceCultivation
DirectN2OEmissionsfromDrainageofOrganicSoils
SoilOrganicCarbonStocksforOrganicSoils
CO2fromLiming N2OEmissionsfromRiceCultivation
NonCO2EmissionsfromBiomassBurning
CH4 UptakebySoils
DirectN2OEmissionsfromMineralSoils
BiomassCarbonStockChanges
SoilOrganicCarbonStocksforMineralSoils
Wet
lands BiomassCarbon
SoilC,N2O,andCH4
AnimalProduction3
Swine OtherAnimals(Goats,AmericanBison)
Poultry PoultryManure AerobicLagoonCH4,N2O
TemporaryStackandLongTermStockpileCH4
Composting
DairyCattle,Sheep,CowCalf,Stockers,FeedlotCattle
TemporaryStackandLongTermStockpileN2O
AnaerobicLagoon,RunoffHoldingPond,StorageTanks
CombinedAerobicTreatmentSystems
AnaerobicDigesterCH4
ManureinHousingAreasCH4,N2O
ManurefromBarnFloorsandBeddedPackCH4
Forestry Establishing,Reestablishing,and
ClearingForest HarvestedWoodProducts
ForestCarbon ForestManagement UrbanForestry EmissionsfromNaturalDisturbances
3Ammonia(NH3),asanimportantprecursortoGHGs,isincludedinanimalproductionsystemsdiscussionwherenecessary,butisnotofprimaryfocus.Ifreadersareinterestedinmoretechnicalinformation,methodsforestimatingNH3emissionscanbefoundinAppendix5D
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OrganizationoftheReportTheReportislargelyorganizedbysectorwitheachchapterprovidinganoverviewofmanagementpracticesandresultingGHGemissionsandremovals.Foreachsector,backgroundandinformationonmanagementpracticesarepresentedfirst,followedbythedetailedmethodsproposedforestimatingemissionsandremovalsforthosepractices.Chapter1providesanintroductionincludinganoverviewofthereport,reportobjectives,contentsofthereport,andusesandlimitationsofthereport.Chapter2describesthelinkagesandcrosscuttingissuesrelatingtosectorspecificandentityscaleestimationofGHGemissionsandremovals.Chapter3describestheGHGemissionsfromcropandgrazinglandsystems.ThechapterpresentsmethodsforestimatingtheinfluenceoflanduseandmanagementpracticesonGHGemissions(andremovals)incropandgrazinglandsystems.Methodsaredescribedforestimating:biomassandsoilcarbonstockschanges,directandindirectsoilnitrousoxide(N2O)emissions,methane(CH4)andN2Oemissionsfromwetlandrice,CH4uptakeinsoils,carbondioxide(CO2)emissionsorremovalsfromliming,nonCO2GHGemissionsfrombiomassburning,andCO2emissionsfromureafertilizerapplication.Chapter4providesguidanceforestimationofcarbonstockchanges,CH4,andN2Oemissionsfromwetlands.Chapter5describesonfarmGHGemissionsfromtheproductionoflivestockandmanuremanagement.Theproductionisdividedbysector(beef,dairy,sheep,swine,andpoultry);however,themanuremanagementsectoriscombinedforalltypesofmanure.Chapter6providesguidanceonestimatingcarbonsequestrationandGHGemissionsfortheforestsector.Thechapterisorganizedtoprovideanoverviewoftheelementsofforestcarbonaccounting,includingdefinitionsofthekeycarbonpoolsandbasicmethodsfortheirestimation.Chapter7providesguidanceonestimatingthenetGHGemissionsandremovalsresultingfromchangesbetweenlandtypesi.e.,conversionsintoandoutofcropland,wetland,grazingland,orforestlandattheentityscale.SummaryIndevelopingthisReport,theauthorshavesoughttooutlinethemoststateoftheartandsuitablesciencebasedapproachesandspecificmethodsforestimatingfarmorforestscaleGHGemissions(seeTableES2).Insomecases,theproposedmethodshavenotpreviouslybeenappliedinspecificallythewaythatisproposed.Forexample,theforestrysystemschapterdescribestheintegrationoftheForestVegetationSimulator(FVS)withinotherestimationandtoolsforforestcarbonaccounting.ThisapplicationofFVS,whiletechnicallysound,willrequireadditionalefforttoimplement.Inothercases,theauthorshaveproposednewmethodsthatbuildonorenhancepreviouslyusedmethods.Forexample,anewhybridapproachisproposedforestimatingdirectandindirectsoilN2Oemissionsforcroplandsandgrazinglands.Thehybridapproachusesmodelstoderiveexpectedemissionratesatthetypicalfertilizationrateforthemajorsoiltextures,weatherpatterns,andcroprotationsystemsineachUSDALandResourceRegion;andusesametaanalysisofempiricalstudiestodevelopemissionscalingfactor.ThishybridapproachistheresultofaworkshopheldinFebruary2012thatconvenedexpertsonN2OemissionsfromcroplandsinordertodevelopestimationmethodsthatwereinclusiveandbestmettheobjectivesofUSDA.Inadditiontoproposingsciencebasedmethods,theauthorsalsoacknowledgethatforcertainpracticesandtechnologies,adequatedatadonotcurrentlyexisttoaccuratelyestimateGHGemissionsand/orcarbonsequestration.Ineachsectorchapter,theauthorshaveincludedadiscussionofresearchgaps,orpriorityareasforfuturedatacollectionthatareimportantinordertoimprovethecompletenessandaccuracyoftheestimationmethodsputforthinthisReport.Inthecontinualefforttoadvancethescienceandimprovetheunderstandingofthesecomplexanddynamicsystems,thisReportprovidesthefoundationforentityleveltoolstomeasurethegreenhousegas(GHG)benefitsfromconservationandlandmanagementactivities.
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ReferencesDenef,K.,S.Archibeque,andK.Paustian.2011.GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromU.S.Agricultureand
Forestry:AReviewofEmissionSources,ControllingFactors,andMitigationPotential:InterimreporttoUSDAunderContract#GS23F8182H.http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/techguide/Denef_et_al_2011_Review_of_reviews_v1.0.pdf.
Denef,K.,K.Paustian,S.Archibeque,S.Biggar,etal.2012.ReportofGreenhouseGasAccountingToolsforAgricultureandForestrySectors:InterimreporttoUSDAunderContract#GS23F8182H.http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/techguide/Denef_et_al_2011_Review_of_reviews_v1.0.pdf.
IPCC.1997.Revised1996IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme.Bracknell,UK:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.
Little,S.,J.Linderman,K.MacLean,andH.Janzen.2008.HOLOSatooltoestimateandreducegreenhousegasesfromfarms.Methodologyandalgorithmsforversions1.1x:AgricultureandAgriFoodCanada.http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFCAAC/displayafficher.do?id=1226606460726&lang=eng#s1.
Ogle,S.M.,F.J.Breidt,M.Easter,S.Williams,etal.2007.Anempiricallybasedapproachforestimatinguncertaintyassociatedwithmodellingcarbonsequestrationinsoils.EcologicalModelling205(34):453463.
Parton,W.J.,J.M.O.Scurlock,D.S.Ojima,T.G.Gilmanov,etal.1993.Observationsandmodelingofbiomassandsoilorganicmatterdynamicsforgrasslandbiomesworldwide.GlobalBiogeochemicalCycles7:785809.
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TableES2:SummaryofSourceCategories,RecommendedMethods,andEmissionFactorsinthisReport4
Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologiesCroplands/GrazingLands
BiomassCarbonStockChanges
HerbaceousbiomassisestimatedwithanIPCCTier2methodusingentityspecificdataasinputintotheIPCCequationsdevelopedbyLascoetal.(2006)andVerchotetal.(2006).WoodyplantgrowthandlossesinagroforestryorperennialtreecropsareestimatedwithanIPCCTier3method,usingasimulationmodelapproachwithentityinput.
Changesintheestimatedbiomasscarbonstockforcroplandandgrazinglandifthereisalandusechangeorachangeinthecroporforagespecies.
U.S.specificdefaultvalues(Westetal.,2010)areusedforestimatingbiomasscarbonforannualcropsandgrazinglandsTheIPCCdefaultisproposedforestimatingthecarbonfractionvalue.YieldinunitsofdrymattercanbeestimatedbytheentityoraveragevaluesfromUSDANASSstatisticscanbeused.
ThismethodwaschosenbecauseitcapturestheinfluenceoflandusechangeandchangesincroporforagespeciesonbiomasscarbonstocksbyusingU.S.specificdefaultvalueswhereentityspecificdataarenotavailableandaprocessbasedsimulationmodelforagroforestrysystems.
SoilOrganicCarbonstocksformineralsoils
AnIPCCTier3methodisusedtoestimatethesoilorganiccarbon(SOC)atthebeginningandendoftheyearformineralsoilswiththeDAYCENTprocessbasedmodel.ThestocksareenteredintotheIPCCequationsdevelopedbyLascoetal.(2006),Verchotetal.(2006)toestimatecarbonstockchanges.
Additionofcarboninmanureandotherorganicamendments;tillageintensity;residuemanagement(retentioninfieldwithoutincorporation,retentioninthefieldwithincorporation,andremovalwithharvest,burning,orgrazing);influenceofbareandvegetatedfallows;irrigationeffectsondecompositionincroplandandgrazinglandsystems;settingasidecroplandfromproduction;influenceoffireonoxidationofsoilorganicmatter;andwoodyplantencroachment,agroforestry,andsilvopastureeffectsoncarboninputsandoutputs.
TheDAYCENTmodel(Partonetal.,1987).
DAYCENTmodelhasbeendemonstratedtorepresentthedynamicsofsoilorganiccarbonandestimatesoilorganiccarbonstockchangeincroplandandgrasslands(Partonetal.,1993).TherehavebeenuncertaintiesnotedinthemodelinOgleetal.(2007).Themodelcapturessoilmoisturedynamics,plantproduction,andthermalcontrolsonnetprimaryproductionanddecompositionwithatimestepofamonthorless.
4Fullreferencesareprovidedintheassociatedchapter.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
SoilOrganicCarbonstocksfororganicsoils
CO2emissionsfromdrainageoforganicsoils(i.e.,histosols)areestimatedwithanIPCCTier2methodusingtheIPCCequationdevelopedbyAaldeetal.(2006)usingregionspecificemissionfactorsfromOgleetal.(2003).
Croplanddrainage.
EmissionfactorsarefromOgleetal.(2003)andareregionspecific,basedontypicaldrainagepatternsandclimaticcontrols(e.g.,temperature/precipitation)ondecompositionrates.
UsesentityspecificannualdataasinputintotheequationusedintheU.S.Inventory.
DirectN2OEmissionsfromMineralSoils
ThedirectN2OmethodsareestimatedwithanIPCCTier3method.Formajorcommoditycrops,(e.g.,corn,cotton,alfalfa)acombinationofexperimentaldataandprocessbasedmodelingusingDAYCENT5andDNDC6areusedtoderiveexpectedbaseemissionratesfordifferentsoiltextureclassesineachUSDALandResourceRegion.Forminorcommoditycrops(e.g.,barley,oats,peanuts)andincaseswherethereareinsufficientempiricaldatatoderiveabaseemissionrate,thebaseemissionrateisbasedontheIPCCdefaultfactormultipliedbytheagronomicNinput(DeKleinetal.,2006).Theseemissionratesarescaledwithpracticebasedscalingfactorstoestimatetheinfluenceofmanagementchangessuchasapplicationofnitrificationinhibitorsorslowreleasefertilizers.
Nitrogenapplicationtocrops.Inaddition,specificmanagementpracticesareincludedasscalingfactorsthatinfluenceaportionortheentirepoolofmineralN.7ManagementPracticesthatinfluenceaportionoftheemissionrateinclude: Useofslowreleaseformulation Additionsofmanureorcompost Pasture/range/paddockNaddition
ManagementPracticesthatinfluencetheentirepoolofmineralNinclude: Nitrificationinhibitorapplication
Tillage Irrigation
Thebaseemissionfactorsareadjustedbyscalingfactorsrelatedtospecificcropmanagementpracticesthatarederivedfromexperimentaldata.
ThemethodisbasedonusingresultsfromprocessbasedmodelsandmeasuredN2OemissionsincombinationwithscalingfactorsbasedonU.S.specificempiricaldataonaseasonaltimescale.8
5TheversionofDAYCENTcodedandparameterizedforthemostrecentU.S.nationalGHGinventory(EPA,2013)wasusedtoderiveexpectedbaseemissionrates.6DNDC9.5compiledonFeb25,2013wasusedtoderiveexpectedbaseemissionrates.7Emissionscalingfactors(0to1)areusedtoadjusttheportionoftheemissionrateassociatedwithslowreleasefertilizers,andpasture/range/paddockmanureNadditions.ThescalingfactorsareadjustedbytheamountofNinfluencedbythesepracticesandinputsrelativetotheentirepoolofN.Incontrast,scalingfactorsforinhibitors,tillage,andirrigationareusedtoscaletheentireemissionrateundertheassumptionthatthesepracticesinfluencetheentirepoolofmineralNandnotjustthespecificformofNadded.8AfulldescriptionofthemethodisincludedinChapter3anditsappendix.Supplementaldataoutputsfromthemodelrunswillbeavailableonlinetodownload.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
DirectN2OEmissionsfromDrainageofOrganicSoils
DirectN2Oemissionsfromdrainageoforganicsoils,i.e.,Histosols,areestimatedwiththeIPCCTier1method(DeKleinetal.,2006).
DrainageofOrganicSoilsEmissionrateforcroppedHistosolsbasedonanIPCCTier1emissionfactorof0.008tonnesN2ONha1yr1.
UsesentityspecificannualdataasinputintotheequationusedintheUSDAInventory.
IndirectN2OEmissions
IndirectsoilN2OemissionsareestimatedwiththeIPCCTier1method(DeKleinetal.,2006).
IrrigationIPCCdefaultsareusedforestimatingtheproportionofnitrogenthatissubjecttoleaching,runoffandvolatilization.
Thismethodusesentityspecificseasonaldataonnitrogenmanagementpractices.
MethaneUptakebySoils
Methaneuptakebysoilisestimatedwithanequationthatusesaveragevaluesformethaneoxidationvaluesinnaturalvegetationwhethergrassland,coniferousforest,ordeciduousforestattenuatedbycurrentlandusepractices.ThisapproachisanIPCCTier3method.
Landmanagementincluding:cultivationforcropproduction,grazingingrasslands,forestharvest,grassland,orforestfertilization.
AnnualaverageCH4oxidationemissionsandremovalsarefromthedatasetusedbyDelGrossoetal.(2000).
ThisnewlydevelopedmethodologymakesuseofrecentU.S.basedresearchthatisnotaddressedbyIPCCortheU.S.Inventory.Themethodincorporatesentityspecificannualdata.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
MethaneandNitrousOxideEmissionsfromRiceCultivation
IPCCTier1methodsareusedtoestimateCH4andN2Oemissionsfromfloodedriceproduction(Lascoetal.,2006;DeKleinetal.,2006).
MethaneScalingfactorsaredifferentiatedbyhydrologicalcontext(e.g.,irrigated,rainfed,upland(i.e.,drysoil)allricefieldsintheUnitedStatesareirrigated),cultivationperiodfloodingregime(e.g.,continuous,multipleaeration),timesincelastflooding(priortocultivation;e.g.,over180days,under30days)andtypeoforganicamendment(e.g.,compost,farmyardmanure).NitrousOxide:additionsfrommineralfertilizers,organicamendments,andcropresidues.
Methane:thebaselineemissionfactor9ortypicaldailyrateatwhichCH4isproducedperunitoflandarearepresentsfieldsthatarecontinuouslyfloodedduringthecultivationperiod,notfloodedatallduringthe180dayspriortocultivationandreceivenoorganicamendments.CH4scalingfactorstoaccountforwaterregimescomefromLascoetal.(2006).N2O:emissionfactorsrelyonLascoetal.(2006)andthescalingfactortoaccountfordrainageeffectscomesfromAkiyamaetal.(2005;USDA,2011b).
TheN2OmethodusestheIPCC(2006)equationwiththeadditionofascalingfactorfordrainagefromAkiyamaetal.(2005).ThemethodformethaneemissionsusesentityspecificannualdataasinputintotheequationandisconsistentwithU.S.Inventorymethod.
CO2fromLiming
AnIPPCTier2methodisusedtoestimateCO2emissionsfromapplicationofcarbonatelimes(DeKleinetal.,2006)withU.S.specificemissionsfactors(adaptedfromWestandMcBride2005).
Theamountoflime,crushedlimestone,ordolomiteappliedtosoils.
U.S.specificemissionsfactors(WestandMcBride,2005).
UsesU.S.specificemissionfactorsasannualinputintotheIPCCequation,whichisconsistentwiththeU.S.Inventory.
NonCO2EmissionsfromBiomassBurning
NonCO2greenhousegasemissionsfrombiomassburningofgrazinglandvegetationorcropresiduesareestimatedwiththeIPCCTiermethod(Aaldeetal.2006).
Areaburned
EFsarefromvaluesintheIPCCguidelines(Aaldeetal.,2006)andWestetal.2010fortheresidue:yieldratios.
UsesentityspecificannualdataasinputintotheIPCCequation.
9Thisbaselinefactorrepresentsfieldsthatarecontinuouslyfloodedduringthecultivationperiod,notfloodedatallduringthe180dayspriortocultivation,andreceivenoorganicamendments.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
CO2fromUreaFertilizerApplication
CO2emissionsfromapplicationofureaorureabasedfertilizerstosoilsareestimatedwiththeIPCCTier1method(DeKleinetal.2006).
Theamountofureafertilizerappliedtosoils.
EFsarefromvaluesintheIPCCguidelines(DeKleinetal.,2006).ThismethodassumesthatthesourceofCO2usedtomanufactureureaisfossilfuelCO2capturedduringNH3manufacture.
UsesentityspecificannualdataasinputintotheIPCCequation,whichisusedfortheU.S.Inventory.
Wetlands
BiomassCarboninWetlands
MethodsforestimatingforestvegetationandshrubandgrasslandvegetationbiomasscarbonstocksuseacombinationoftheForestVegetationSimulatormodelandlookuptablesfordominantshrubandgrasslandvegetationtypesfoundintheCroplandandGrazingLandChapter.Ifthereisalandusechange,methodsforcroplandherbaceousbiomassaresuggested.
Forestedwetlands:SameasthosedescribedforuplandforestsinSection6.3.3.ShrubandGrasslandVegetation:SameasthosedescribedfortotalbiomasscarbonstockchangespresentedintheCropland/GrazingLandChaptersSections3.5.1.
Forestwetlands:RegionalvariantsareavailableforFVSthatallowforregionspecificfocusonspeciesandforestvegetationcommunities.Thedriverforproductivityistheavailabilityofsiteindexcurves,andtheRegionalVariantsincludemanywetlandtreespecies.However,ifaspeciesspecificcurveisnotavailable,thenadefaultfunctionisusedtoestimatecarbonstockchanges.ShrubandGrasslandVegetation:SameastheCroplands/GrazingLandsChapterSection3.5.1.
Usesentityspecificseasonaldata.NoIPCCmethodologiescurrentlyexistforthissource,hence,thisisanewlydevelopedmethod.
SoilCarbon,N2O,andCH4inWetlands
TheDNDCprocessbasedbiogeochemicalmodelisthemethodusedforestimatingsoilC,N2O,andCH4emissionsfromwetlands.DNDCpredictsplantgrowth,carbonandnitrogenbalance,andgenerationandemissionofsoilbornetracegasesbysimulatingcarbonandnitrogendynamicsinnaturalandagriculturalecosystems(Lietal.,2000;Miehleetal.,2006;Stangetal.,2000)andforestedwetlands(Zhangetal.,2002;Daietal.,2011).
Vegetationmanagement,watermanagementregime,soilmanagement,fertilizationpractices,andlandusehistory.
Processbasedmodelisused;hence,noemissionsfactorsareusedinthismethod.
ThismethodleveragestheDNDCmodeltosimulatesoilC,N2O,andCH4emissionsfromwetlandsonaseasonaltimescale.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
AnimalProductionSystems
EntericFermentation
DairyCattle
Mits3equationdevelopedbyMills,etal.(2003)andfurtherutilizedbyDairyGEM(Rotz,etal.,2011).Mits3equationisbasedprimarilyonmetabolizableenergyintake(MEI).Drymatterintake(DMI),starch,aciddetergentfiber(ADF),crudeprotein(CP),andtotaldigestiblenutrients(TDN)providetheinputsfortheequation.
Dietarychanges:increasingdrymatterintake(DMI),usingfibrousconcentrateratherthanstarchconcentrate,feedingrapidlydegradedstarch(suchasbarley),andadditionofdietaryfat.Activitychanges:confiningcurrentlygrazinganimals,fewerworkhoursperday,fewerdaysonfeedpriortoslaughter.
EmissionfactorscalculatedwithapproachdevelopedbyMillsetal.(2003)andRotzetal.(2011).
UseoftheDairyGEM/Mits3equationisrecommendedovertheIPCCTierIIequation(IPCC,2006)becauseithasproventobemoreaccurate,ingeneral,fordairycows.
CowCalf
IPCCTierIIapproach(IPCC,2006).Thecalculationconsidersweight,weightgain,matureweight,pregnancy,lactation,otheractivity(grazing,confined,dailywork),andtheenergycontentoftheanimals'diets.
Dietarychanges:increasingdrymatterintake(DMI),usingfibrousconcentrateratherthanstarchconcentrate,feedingrapidlydegradedstarch(suchasbarley),andadditionofdietaryfat.Activitychanges:confiningcurrentlygrazinganimals,fewerworkhoursperday.
EmissionfactorsaredeterminedwiththeIPCCTierIIequation(IPCC,2006).YmbasedonanimalspecificguidanceinEPA(2013)
Theequationsutilizedarethesameasexistinginventorymethods,however,themethodsutilizefarmspecificfeedtypesandutilizemonthly,ratherthanannual,leveldata(i.e.,accountforseasonalvariationinforagequality).
Stockers
IPCCTierIIapproach(IPCC,2006).Thecalculationconsidersweight,weightgain,matureweight,pregnancy,lactation,otheractivity(grazing,confined,dailywork),andtheenergycontentoftheanimals'diets.
Dietarychanges:increasingdrymatterintake(DMI),usingfibrousconcentrateratherthanstarchconcentrate,feedingrapidlydegradedstarch(suchasbarley),andadditionofdietaryfat.Activitychanges:confiningcurrentlygrazinganimals,fewerworkhoursperday,fewerdaysonfeedpriortoslaughter.
EmissionfactorsaredeterminedwiththeIPCCTierIIequation(IPCC,2006)onanentitybyentitybasis.YmbasedonanimalspecificguidanceinEPA(2013)
Theequationsutilizedarethesameasexistinginventorymethods,however,themethodsutilizefarmspecificfeedtypesandutilizemonthly,ratherthanannual,leveldata(i.e.,accountforseasonalvariationinforagequality).
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
FeedlotCattle
IPCCTierIIapproach(IPCC,2006).Thecalculationconsidersweight,weightgain,matureweight,pregnancy,lactation,otheractivity(grazing,confined,dailywork),andtheenergycontentoftheanimals'diets.
Dietarychanges:increasingdrymatterintake(DMI),usingfibrousconcentrateratherthanstarchconcentrate,feedingrapidlydegradedstarch(suchasbarley),andadditionofdietaryfat.Activitychanges:confiningcurrentlygrazinganimals,fewerworkhoursperday,fewerdaysonfeedpriortoslaughter.
EmissionfactorsaredeterminedwiththeIPCCTierIIequation(IPCC,2006).YmbasedonguidancedevelopedbyHales(2012).
Thecalculationconsidersweight,weightgain,matureweight,pregnancy,lactation,otheractivity(grazing,confined,dailywork),andtheenergycontentoftheanimals'diets.
SheepHowdenequation(Howden,etal.,1994),basedondietarydrymatterintake(DMI).
Dietarychanges,butnowelldevelopedresearchduetodifficultyofobtainingaccuratefeedintakeestimatesforgrazingsheep.
TheequationfromHowden,etal.(1994)estimatesemissionsbasedsolelyondrymatterintake(DMI),hence,emissionfactorsnotutilized.
Thismethodusesactualmonthlyestimatesofdrymatterintake(DMI),ratherthanheadcount,asutilizedbytheIPCCTierIequation(IPCC,2006).
Swine IPCCTierIapproach(IPCC,2006). None.UtilizesIPCCTierIemissionfactorforU.S.(IPCC,2006),whichisindependentofweight.
None.
PoultryHOLOSmodelapproach,utilizinganemissionfactorforeachtypeofbirdandmultiplyingbypopulation(similartoIPCCTierIapproach)(Littleetal.,2008)
None. HOLOSmodelemissionfactorsforeachanimaltype(Littleetal.,2008). None.
OtherAnimals(Goats,AmericanBison)
IPCCTierIapproachforAmericanbison(basedonBuffalo,modifiedbyaverageanimalweight)andgoats(IPCC,2006).
None. UtilizesIPCCTierIemissionfactorforU.S.(IPCC,2006). None.
ManureStorageandTreatmentSolidManureStorageandTreatmentTemporaryStackandLongTermStockpile
MethaneEmissions
IPCCTier2approachusingIPCCandU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors,utilizingmonthlydataonvolatilesolidsanddrymanure.
Animaldiets. UtilizesacombinationofIPCCandU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors.UsesU.S.specificemissionfactorsandtakesintoaccountdietcharacterization.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
NitrousOxideEmissions
U.S.EPAInventorymethodutilizingU.S.basedemissionfactorsandmonthlydataonvolatilesolids,totalnitrogen,anddrymanure.
Durationofmanurestorage;animaldiets.
UtilizesemissionfactorsfromU.S.EPAInventory.
UsesU.S.specificemissionfactorsandtakesintoaccountdietcharacterization.
ManureStorageandTreatmentComposting
Methaneemissions
IPCCTier2approachusingU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors,utilizingmonthlydataonvolatilesolids,anddrymanure.
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,compostinginvessel,staticpile,intensivewindrow,passivewindrow);animaldiets.
UtilizesacombinationofIPCCandU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors.
UsesU.S.specificemissionfactorsandtakesintoaccountdietcharacterization.
NitrousOxideEmissions
IPCCTier2approachwithU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors,utilizingdataonanitrousoxideemissionfactor,totalinitialnitrogen,anddrymanure.
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,compostinginvessel,staticpile,intensivewindrow,passivewindrow);animaldiets.
UtilizesemissionfactorsfromU.S.EPAInventory.
UsesU.S.specificemissionfactorsandtakesintoaccountdietcharacterization.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentAerobicLagoon
MethaneEmissions
TheMCFforaerobictreatmentisnegligibleandwasdesignatedas0%inaccordancewiththeIPCC.
Notapplicable. UtilizesemissionfactorsfromIPCC. Notestimated.
NitrousOxideEmissions
IPCCTier2methodutilizingU.S.basedemissionfactorsfromtheU.S.EPAInventory.
Configurationofstorage(e.g.,volumeoflagoon),naturalorforcedaeration.
UtilizesemissionfactorsfromU.S.EPAInventory.
UtilizesU.S.basedemissionfactors.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentAnaerobicLagoon,RunoffHoldingPond,StorageTanks
MethaneEmissions
Sommermodel(2004)isusedwithdegradableandnondegradablefractionsofVSfromMolleretal.(2004).
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,coveredoruncoveredstorage,presenceorabsenceofcrust);animaldiets.
ParametersforestimationfromSommeretal.(2004).
Utilizesentityleveldietinformation.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
NitrousOxideEmissions
EmissionsareafunctionoftheexposedsurfaceareaandU.S.basedemissionfactors.
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,surfaceareaofmanure).
UtilizesemissionfactorsfromU.S.Inventory.
UtilizesU.S.specificemissionfactors.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentAnaerobicDigestion
MethaneEmissions
NotestimatedasanaerobicdigestionsystemconvertsorganiccarboninmanureintomethaneandsubsequentlycombustsmethaneintoCO2.
Configurationofdigester(e.g.,steelorlinedconcreteorfiberglassdigesterswithagasholdingsystemandmonolithicconstruction,UASBtypedigester).
Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
CombinedAerobicTreatmentSystems
MethaneEmissions
Assumedtobe10percentoftheemissionsresultingfrommethodtoestimateemissionsfromLiquidManureStorageandTreatmentAnaerobicLagoon,RunoffHoldingPond,StorageTanks.
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,coveredoruncoveredstorage,presenceorabsenceofcrust);animaldiets.
ParametersforestimationfromSommeretal.(2004).
Utilizesentityleveldietinformation.
NitrousOxideEmissions
Assumedtobe10percentoftheemissionsresultingfrommethodtoestimateemissionsfromLiquidManureStorageandTreatmentAnaerobicLagoon,RunoffHoldingPond,StorageTanks.
Configurationofstorageunit(e.g.,surfaceareaofmanure).
UtilizesemissionfactorsfromU.S.EPAInventory.
UsesU.S.specificemissionfactors.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentSand/ManureSeparation
NomethodprovidedasGHGemissionsarenegligible.However,resultingvolatilesolids,totalnitrogen,organicnitrogen,andmanuretemperatureoftheseparatedliquidmanureshouldbemeasuredandusedastheinputstoestimateemissionsofGHGsforsubsequentstorageandtreatmentoperations.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologiesLiquidManureStorageandTreatmentNutrientRemoval
NotestimatedduetolimitedquantitativeinformationonGHGsfromnitrogenremovalprocesses.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentSolid/LiquidSeparation
NomethodprovidedasGHGemissionsarenegligible.However,resultingvolatilesolids,totalnitrogen,organicnitrogen,andmanuretemperatureoftheseparatedliquidmanureshouldbemeasuredandusedastheinputstoestimateemissionsofGHGsforsubsequentstorageandtreatmentoperations.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
LiquidManureStorageandTreatmentConstructedWetlands
GHGRemovals
CurrentlynomethodisprovidedalthoughGHGremovalsarenotedtolikelybegreaterthanCH4andN2Oemissionswhichareconsiderednegligible.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
SolidManureStorageandTreatmentThermochemicalConversion
NotestimatedasCH4andN2Oemissionsconsiderednegligible. Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
ManureApplicationSolidManureApplicationSystems(manurehandlingpriortolandapplication)
NotestimatedduetolimitedquantitativeinformationonGHGsfrommanuremixingandremovalfromstoragesystemsorduringtransporttofieldswheremanureislandapplied.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologiesLiquidManureApplicationSystems(manurehandlingpriortolandapplication)
NomethodisprovidedasCH4andN2OGHGemissionsarenegligible,however,CO2emissionswouldresultfromtheoperationofequipment.
Notapplicable. Notapplicable. Notapplicable.
Housing
ManureinHousingAreasPoultry
HOLOSIPCCTierIapproach. Manurehandlingaswetordry.U.S.basedemissionfactorsthatvarybyclimateandaredependentonwhethermanureismanagedasdrymanureorasaliquid(Littleetal.,2008).
Ofthemodelsevaluatedforpoultry,onlytheHOLOSmodelprovidedanestimateofconfidenceforoutput.Specifictoestimatesofpoultry,onmanureCH4emissions,theuncertaintywaslessthan20%.
ManurefromBarnFloorsandBeddedPacksDairyCattle
IntegratedFarmSystemsModelisusedtoestimateCH4emissions. Animaldiets.
UtilizesacombinationofempiricaldataandIPCCandU.S.EPAInventoryemissionfactors.
Utilizesentityleveldietandclimateinformation.
Forestry
ForestCarbon
Methodsinclude:(1)ForestVegetationSimulatormodelwithFireandFuelsExtensionmodule(FVSFFE)withJenkinsetal.(2003)allometricequations;and(2)defaultlookuptables.
FVSFFEmodelshundredsofmanagementpractices(thinningfrombelow/above/evenlythroughastand,thinningwithspeciespreference,conditionalthinning/planting/regeneration,pilingofsurfacefuelsandprescribedfires,salvageoperations,masticationtreatments,insect/diseasemanagement,etc.)
AllometricequationsarefromJenkinsetal.(2003);defaultlookuptablesfromSmithetal.(2006;greenbookGTRNE343).
Themethodallowslargelandownerstoestimatebaseyearcarbonstocksfromfieldsurveys,andrepeatthefieldsurveyatrecommendedintervals(e.g.,fiveyear,tenyear)dependingontheregion/foresttypegroup.SmalllandownersestimatecarbonstocksfromlookuptablesbasedonUSDAForestInventoryandAnalysis(FIA)programdata,whichiscomparabletootherGHGmethodologies(e.g.,1605(b)Guidance).
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
Establishing,Reestablishing,andClearingForest
IPCCequationsdevelopedbyAaldeetal.(2006);withJenkinsetal.(2003)allometricequations.
Plantingtreesonpreviouslyunforestedlands;replantingtreesonpreviouslyforestedlands;andpermanentlyclearingtreesfromforestedlands.
AllometricequationsarefromJenkinsetal.(2003).
Thismethodallowslargelandownerstoestimatebaseyearcarbonstocksfromfieldsurveys,andrepeatthefieldsurveyatrecommendedintervals(e.g.,fiveyear,tenyear)dependingontheregion/foresttypegroup.TheNIRusesacarbonstockchangemethod,whichexplicitlyincludestheestablishment,reestablishment,andclearingofforests.
ForestManagement
Methodsinclude:(1)ForestVegetationSimulatormodelwithFireandFuelsExtensionmodule(FVSFFE)withJenkinsetal.(2003)allometricequations;(2)defaultlookuptablesofmanagementpracticescenarios.
Standdensitymanagement;Sitepreparationtechniques;Vegetationcontrol;Planting;Naturalregeneration;Fertilization;SelectionofRotationLength;HarvestingandUtilizationTechniques;Fireandfuelloadmanagement;Reducingriskofemissionsfrompestsanddisease;Shortrotationwoodycrops.
Defaultlookuptablesofcarbonstocksovertimebyregion,foresttypecategoriesincludingspeciesgroup(e.g.,hardwood,softwood,mixed);regeneration(e.g.,planted,naturallyregenerated);managementintensity(e.g.,low,moderate,high,veryhigh);siteproductivity(e.g.,low,high)tobedevelopedasasupportingproductusingFVS.
Thismethodprovidesaconsistentandcomparablesetofcarbonstocksforeachregion,foresttypegroup,managementintensity,andsiteproductivityovertimeundermanagementscenarioscommontotheforesttypesandmanagementintensities.
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Source MethodologyApproach PotentialManagementPractices SourceofEmissionFactors ImprovementsComparedtootherGHGMethodologies
HarvestedWoodProducts
U.S.specificharvestedwoodproductstablesdevelopedbySkog(2008)takingtheestimatedaverageamountofHWPcarbonfromthecurrentyearsharvestthatremainsstoredinendusesandlandfillsoverthenext100years.
Theapproachmodelsvariousmanagementpracticesincludingthe:dispositionofeachprimaryproduct(e.g.,lumber,structuralpanels)tomajorenduses(e.g.,percentageofproductgoingtoresidentialhousing,nonresidentialhousing,manufacturing(furniture)),andpercentagegoingtoexports;withdecayfunctionsindicatinghowquicklyproductsgooutofuseforeachenduse;fractionofmaterialgoingoutofusethatgoestolandfills;fractionofmaterialinlandfillsthatdoesnotdecay,andthedecayrateformaterialinlandfillsthatdoesdecay.
WOODCARBIImodelusedtoestimateannualchangeincarbonstoredinproductsandlandfills(Skog,2008).
Providesamethodthatissuitabletocounttheaverageamountofcarbonstoredinproductsinuseandinlandfills;andtheunderlyingmodelisthesameusedfortheNationalInventoryReport(NIR)(i.e.,TheNIRalsousesWOODCARBIImodeltoestimateannualchangeincarbonstoredinproductsandlandfills).TheHWPtables(Skog,2008)provideannualvaluesfor010yearsafterproductionandfiveyearintervalsfor10100yearsafterproduction.
UrbanForestry
Methodsinclude:(1)FieldDataMethodusingiTreeEco(formerlyUFORE)model;(2)AerialMethodusingiTreeCanopymodelwithaerialtreecoverestimatesandlookuptables.
Maintenance(useofvehicles,chainsaws,etc.)andAlteringBuildingEnergyUse(useoftreesforshadingandwindbreaks);quantitativemethodsforestimatingemissionsfromthesemanagementpracticesareincludedforinformationpurposesonly.
iTreeEcomodel;iTreeCanopymodel.
Thismethodprovidesarangeofoptionsdependentonthedataavailabilityoftheentities'urbanforestland.TheNIRusesequationsbasedonlookuptablesandaveragetreecanopyvalues.
EmissionsfromNaturalDisturbances
Methodsinclude:(1)FOFEMmodelenteringmeasuredbiomass;(2)FOFEMmodelusingdefaultvaluesgeneratedbyvegetationtype.
Fireandfuelloadmanagement. FOFEM(Reinhardtetal.,1997).
Thismethodprovidesarangeofoptionsdependentonthedataavailabilityoftheentities'disturbedforestland.TheuseofaU.S.specificfireandfuelloadmanagementmodelisanimprovementcomparedtotheNIRwhichusesequationsbasedonIPCC(2006).
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RiceCultivation+Burning(CH4)2%
ManagedLivestockWaste
(CH4+N2O)12%GrazedLands
(CH4+N2O)13%EnergyUse(CO2)14%
CroplandSoils(N2O)31%
1. IntroductionIn2008,agriculturecontributed6.1percentofthetotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsintheUnitedStates(USDA,2011).1ThedistributionofemissionsacrosstheagriculturesectorisillustratedinFigure11.Inaddition,Forestrysequesteredenoughcarbontooffsetabout13percentoftotalU.S.GHGemissions(USDA,2011).Sincethelate1990s,theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)hasanalyzedandreportedGHGemissionsandremovalsvianationalscaleinventories,andfieldscalemeasurementofthesefluxeshasbeendonefordecadesbyUSDAresearchers.USDAalsohasdonesignificantworkinthedevelopmentofGHGestimationmodelsandtoolswithintheagricultureandforestrysectors.ThisReportprovidesmethodsandascientificbasisforestimatingGHGemissionsandsequestrationatthelandowner,landmanagerscaleentityscale.TheReportwasauthoredbyrecognizedexpertsfromacrossUSDA,otherU.S.governmentagencies,andacademia,andreflectsestimationmethodsthatbalancescientificrigor,scale,practicality,andavailabilityofdata.ThischapterprovidesanoverviewoftheReportaswellastheobjectivessetoutfortheproject,andtheprocessusedindevelopingtheReport.Theremainderofthechapterisorganizedasfollows: OverviewoftheReport ReportObjectives ProcessfortheDevelopmentoftheMethods ContentsoftheReport UsesandLimitationsoftheReport Chapter1References
1.1 OverviewoftheReportUnderprovisionofSection2709oftheFood,Conservation,andEnergyActof2008,USDAhasbeendirectedtoestablishtechnicalguidelinesthatoutlinesciencebasedmethodstomeasuretheenvironmentalservicebenefitsfromconservationandlandmanagementactivitiesinordertofacilitatetheparticipationoffarmers,ranchers,andforestlandownersinemergingenvironmental1HeretheagriculturesectorincludesGHGemissionsandremovalsfrom:livestock,grasslands,croplands,andenergyuseonfarms;itdoesnotincludeGHGemissionsandremovalsfromindustrialprocesses(e.g.,fertilizerproduction)orfromofffarmenergyuse(e.g.,transportationfuelsusedinexportingcommoditycrops).
Source:USDA(2011).
Figure11:Agriculture SourcesofGreenhouseGasEmissionsin2008.
TotalEmissionsin2008=502TgCO2e
EntericFermentation(CH4)28%
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servicesmarkets.ThelegislationfurtherstatesthattheinitialemphasisofthemethodsdevelopmentshouldfocusonGHGemissions.AgreementonthatsetofmethodsistheprimaryscopeandpurposeforthisReport.ThefindingsinthisreportprovidethefoundationforentityleveltoolstomeasuretheGHGbenefitsfromconservationandlandmanagementactivities.ThisReportandtheestimationmethodsarenotintendedasanadditiontoorreplacementofanycurrentFederalorStateGHGreportingsystemsorrequirements.ThisReporthasbeenpreparedtooutlinemethodstocalculatedirectGHGemissionsandcarbonsequestrationfromagricultureandforestryprocesses,andbuildsuponexistinginventoryeffortssuchasU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)andUSDAsnationalinventoriesandtheDepartmentofEnergysVoluntaryGreenhouseGasReportingProgram1605(b)Guidelines,withanaimofprovidingsimple,transparent,androbustinventoryandreportingmethods.TheReportprovidestechnicalmethodsforestimatingandreportingGHGsfromallsignificantagricultureandforestrysourcesandsinks.Thesemethodsaredesignedtoquantifyallsignificantemissionsandsinksassociatedwithspecificsourcecategoriesaswellasannualreductionsinthoseemissionsorfluxesincarbonstorageresultingfromlandusechangeandlandmanagementpracticesandtechnologies.Therefore,theReportwillsupportthedevelopmentofcomprehensiveentity,farm,orforestscaleGHGestimatesandinventories.Themethodsweredevelopedaccordingtoseveralcriteriainordertomaximizetheirusefulness.Inparticular,themethodsmust:
1. Standontheirown,independentofanyotheraccountingsystem,yetmaintainconsistencywithotheraccountingsystemstothemaximumextentpossible;
2. Bescalableforuseatentityscale2sitesacrosstheUnitedStates,withapplicabilityatcountyand/orstatelevelsaswell;
3. FacilitateusebyUSDAinassessingtheperformanceofconservationandrenewableenergyprograms;
4. ProvideabroadframeworktoassessmanagementpracticestoevaluatetheGHGaspectofproductionsustainability;
5. Maintainmaximumapplicabilityforuseinenvironmentalmarkets,includingpossiblefuturefederal,stateorlocalGHGoffsetsinitiatives;
6. BescientificallyvettedthroughUSDA,U.S.governmentandacademicexpertreviewandpubliccomment;
7. Providereliable,real,andverifiableestimatesofonsiteGHGemissions,carbonstorage,andcarbonsequestration.ThemethodswillbedesignedsothatovertimetheycanbeappliedtoquantifyonsiteGHGreductionsandincreasesincarbonstorageduetoconservationandlandmanagementactivities;and
8. Provideabasisforconsistencyinestimationandtransparencyinreporting.
2Anentityisthewholeorpartofanyagriculturalorforestrylandholding,landmanaging,oroperatingbusiness,institution,organization,group,cooperative,partnership,orindividualthat:isrecognizedasanentityunderanyU.S.Federal,State,orlocallawthatappliestoit;islocatedandoperates,atleastinpart,intheUnitedStates;andtheemissionsofsuchoperationsarereleased,atleastinpart,intheUnitedStates.
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1.2 ReportObjectivesTheobjectiveforthisReportistocreateastandardsetofGHGestimationmethodsforusebyUSDA,landowners,andotherstakeholders,andtoserveasinputintothedevelopmentofUSDAestimationtools.ThemethodspresentedintheReportaddressGHGemissionsandcarbonremovalfortheentireentityoroperation,andalsoprovidetheopportunitytoassessindividualpracticesormanagementdecisions.
AcoobjectiveistoestablishconsensusonastandardizedsetofmethodsfortheDepartment,whichbecomethescientificbasisforentityscaleestimationoftheGHGimpactsoflandownermanagementdecisions.Therefore,scientificrigorandtransparencyarealsocritical.WhileUSDAhaslongbeeninvolvedindevelopmentofGHGinventoriesandestimationt