public research and innovation

Alan B. Bennett, Ph.D.Executive Director, Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture

Public research and innovation: Opportunities and challenges

University research represents a $50B investment –mostly from the government, but does it lead to innovation and economic development?

1. Created clarity about IP ownership

2. Localized licensing of IP near researcher/inventor

3. Created incentives to build technology transfer infrastructure

How are U.S. universities using this How are U.S. universities using this research base to support innovation research base to support innovation and economic development?and economic development?

Focus on intellectual property Focus on intellectual property

BayhBayh--Dole Act >25 years oldDole Act >25 years old

Licensing activity and royalty revenues indicate thatuniversity innovation accounts for >$20B in economic activity

And contribute to a robust engine for future innovation cycles:

University innovation and technology transfer can:

Strengthen institutional research capacity

Provide “real world” research experiences for students

Contribute to regional economic development

And contribute to a better world

So, what is not to like?

And can institutions adopt deliberate strategies todrive innovations from labs to the market?

UC Davis – from its roots

A comprehensive university campus

College of Letters and Science

Division of Humanities, Arts and Cultural Studies

Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

Division of Social Sciences

College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

College of Engineering

College of Biological Sciences

4 Colleges

5 Professional Schools

Plus National Primate Center

Research Funding 1996-2006

in millions

FY 1996-97 $183.6

FY 1997-98 $195.5

FY 1998-99 $246.3

FY 1999-00 $268.6

FY 2000-01 $298.3

FY 2001-02 $356.9

FY 2002-03 $426.3

FY 2003-04 $420.7

FY 2004-05 $505.3

FY 2005-06 $544.0

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

Technology Transfer Services(lawyers and scientists)

Business Development Services(MBAs and entrepreneurs)

Deliberate and strategic IP management to identify best innovative path

Founded 2004

Strong research base

Culture supporting innovation in the university and faculty

Infrastructure to support technology transfer and industry collaborations

Networks with business development resources – legal, investment

Three strategies – a lo mismo tiempo

“Our mission is education, research, and public service.

Technology transfer is a vehicle that helps us do all three. It boosts research

support. It creates internships and educational opportunities for our students. It

stimulates the regional economy. And hopefully, it benefits society.” Chancellor

Dynes

“California's economic rise is closely tied to the rise of its research universities. New

industries have been invented, new products have been developed and new medical

techniques have been invented to both save lives and enhance their quality.”

President Atkinson

leadership counts

Campus “Events” – 15 to 20 per year

Info Sessions Monthly panel discussions focused on topics of interest to entrepreneurs

Biz 4 Academics Briefings on business topics relevant to entrepreneurs - created a

peer-oriented environment for faculty

Office Hours One-on-one mentoring sessions on specific topics.

Springboard Mentoring Mentoring program where a company would be matched with

a mentor to provide guidance.

Little Bang Annual poster competition with a specific focus on encouraging graduate

students in the sciences and engineering to form teams with MBAs.

Entrepefest Annual invitation-only networking event to bridge academia, industry, and

the investor communities. Attendance between 125 and 400.

Life Science Summits Major one-day sector-focused conferences

.

SBIR Seminars One-day seminars focused on writing successful SBIR grant applications.

Monthly newsletter

2000: Uniax founder, Alan Heeger, 2000: Uniax founder, Alan Heeger, shares Nobel Prizeshares Nobel Prize

High profile examples of success and campus recognition– i.e. Entrepreneur of the year

UNIAX UNIAX -- Founded 1993Founded 1993

DuPont acquisition, Oct. 2000, DuPont acquisition, Oct. 2000,

Conducting polymers

http://www.innovationaccess.ucdavis.edu/home.cfm?id=OVC,23,1728,1718,1276

Supporting faculty entrepreneurs

Faculty Roadmap for a

Start-up Company

Supporting student entrepreneurs





Three strategies

Invention Disclosure - ROI

Patent Evaluation and Filing

Market Evaluation

License to Existing Company License to Start-up Company

What skills are needed?

Technical/scientific

Legal

Business

EntrepreneurialLegal/Business


Associate Vice

Chancellor

Alan Bennett

Executive Director

UC Davis

InnovationAccess

David McGee

Business Officer

(Open Position)

Director

Business Development

& Entrepreneurship

Meg Arnold

Director

Industry Research

Alliances

Mona Ellerbrock

Associate Director

Technology Transfer

Services

Basic Sci. & IP Serv.

Clint Neagley

Associate Director

Technology Transfer

Services

Life Sci. & IP Services

Barbara Boczar

Material Transf & IP Serv.

Associate Director

Technology Transfer

Material Transf & IP Serv.

Rafael Gacel

Project Manager

Rebeca Madrigal

Marketing Assistant

Jasmine A. Bonoan

Interim Program

Coordinator

Thomas Spahr

Manager


Tod Stoltz

(20%) Manager


Strategy

Sajeel Malani

Intellectual Property

Officer

Andrei Chakhovskoi


Officer

Nancy Rashid


Officer

Copyright

Jan Dwyer


Analyst

Denise Meade


Officer

Randi Jenkins


Officer

Luanna Putney


Officer

Raj Gururajan


Analyst

Sharron Thompson


Analyst

Stacey Finney


Analyst

Linda Dixon


Analyst

Pakou Vang


Assistant

Gina Melville

An infrastructure for technology management

www.iphandbook.org





Three strategies

Created a culture supporting innovation in the university, in the faculty and graduate students

Infrastructure to manage existing intellectual property assets (technology transfer office)

Developed networks with business developmentresources – legal, investment and entrepreneurship





Preparation leads to surprises and success

research diversity driving innovation

Celebrex, Vioxx

Soluble expoxide

hydrolase Patent portfolio


The universityThe university--based technology cluster based technology cluster

Intellectual Property can be an important tool to support innovation

AND

Universities are important sources of innovation and IP

What about agriculture?

Specialty crops; low value traits; public breeders

Subsistence crops for developing countries

Agricultural research – historically a public good…

Agricultural research – increasingly a private asset…

US 2007/0022495 A1

patent application1.A transgenic plant having an improved trait relative to a control plant, wherein: (a) the transgenic plant comprises a

recombinant polynucleotide encoding a first polypeptide having a conserved domain at least 65% identical to the

conserved domain of a second polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 110, 112, 116, 120, 124,

128, 131, 135, 139, 143, 147, 151, 155, 159, 163, 167, 171, 175, 179, 183, 187, 191, 195, 199, 203, 207, 211, 215, 219,

223, 227, 231, 235, 239, 243, 247, 251, 255, 259, 263, 267, 271, 275, 280, 284, 288, 292, 296, 299, 303, 306, 309, 313,

317, 321, 325, 329, 333, 337, 341, 345, 349, 353, 357, 361, 365, 369, 373, 377, 381, 385, 389, 393, 397, 401, 404, 406,

409, 413, 416, 419, 422, 425, 428, 431, 435, 439, 443, 447, 451, 454, 458, 462, 465, 468, 471, 475, 478, 482, 485, 489,

493, 497, 501, 505, 509, 512, 515, 519, 522, 526, 530, 534, 538, 542, 546, 550, 553, 557, 561, 565, 568, 571, 574, 577,

581, 585, 588, 591, 594, 597, 601, 605, 609, 613, 616, 620, 624, 628, 632, 636, 640, 644, 648, 652, 656, 660, 664, 667,

671, 674, 678, 682, 686, 689, 692, 696, 700, 704, 708, 712, 715, 719, 723, 727, 731, 734, 738, 741, 745, 749, 752, 756,

760, 762, 766, 770, 774, 778, 782, 786, 789, 793, 797, 801, 805, 809, 813, 816, 819, 823, 827, 831, 835, 839, 843, 847,

851, 855, 859, 863, 867, 871, 874, 878, 882, 886, 890, 894, 898, 901, 905, 909, 913, 917, 921, 925, 929, 933, 937, 941,

945, 949, 953, 957, 960, 963, 966, 970, 973, 976, 980, 984, 988, 992, 995, 999, 1003, 1007, 1011, 1015, 1019, 1023,

1027, 1031, 1037, 1041, 1045, 1049, 1052, 1056, 1060, 1064, 1067, 1071, 1075, 1078, 1081, 1085, 1089, 1093, 1097,

1101, 1104, 1108, 1112, 1116, 1120, 1123, 1126, 1130, 1134, 1138, 1142, 1145, 1148, 1151, 1154, 1157, 1161, 1165, 1169,

1173, 1177, 1181, 1185, 1188, 1192, 1195, 1199, 1203, 1207, 1211, 1215, 1219, 1222, 1226, 1229, 1233, 1236, 1240,

1243, 1247, 1251, 1254, 1258, 1262, 1266, 1269, 1273, 1277, 1281, 1285, 1289, 1293, 1297, 1300, 1304, 1308, 1311,

1314, 1318, 1322, 1326, 1330, 1334, 1338, 1342, 1346, 1350, 1354, 1358, 1361, 1365, 1369, 1372, 1376, 1380, 1384,

1388, 1392, 1396, 1400, 1404, 1408, 1411, 1415, 1419, 1423, 1427, 1431, 1435, 1439, 1443, 1446, 1449, 1452, 1455,

1459, 1463, 1467, 1470, 1474, 1477, 1481, 1488, 1492, 1495, 1499, 1503, 1507, 1511, 1515, 1519, 1522, 1526, 1530,

1533, 1537, 1541, 1545, 1549, 1553, 1557, 1561, 1565, 1568, 1572, 1576, 1579, 1583, 1586, 1589, 1593, 1596, 1598,

1602, 1604, 1608, 1611, 1614, 1617, 1620, 1624, 1628, 1632, 1636, 1640, 1645, 1648, 1652, 1656, 1660, 1664, 1668,

1672, 1676, 1680, 1684, 1688, 1692, 1696, 1700, 1704, 1707, 1711, 1715, 1719, 1722, 1726, 1729, 1733, 1737, 1741,

1745, 1749, 1753, 1757, 1761, 1765, 1769, 1773, 1777, 1781, 1785, 1789, 1793, 1796, 1800, 1803, 1806, 1809, 1812,

1816, 1820, 1824, 1827, 1831, 1835, 1838, 1841, 1844, 1846, 1850, 1853, 1857, 1861, 1865, 1869, 1873, 1877, 1881,

1885, 1889, 1893, 1897, 1901, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1935, 1939, 1943, 1949, 1957, 1961,

1964, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998; and 1999-2007; (b) the improved

trait is selected from the group consisting of larger size, larger seeds, greater yield, darker green color, increased rate of

photosynthesis, more tolerance to osmotic stress, more drought tolerance, more heat tolerance, more salt tolerance,

more cold tolerance, more tolerance to low nitrogen, early flowering, delayed flowering, more resistance to disease, more

seed protein, and more seed oil relative to the control plant.

And patent claims are appropriating public science…

70 proprietary technologies (40 US patents)70 proprietary technologies (40 US patents)�� IP uncertaintyIP uncertainty

�� High transaction costsHigh transaction costsKryder, Kowalsky & Kratigger, 2000Kryder, Kowalsky & Kratigger, 2000

… which creates IP challenges for public researchand missed opportunities for crop development.

IP in Agricultural Research and Innovation

IP (patents) can be difficult to navigate – especially for public sector institutions that don’t have the history, experience or resources.

Public-private partnerships require up-front agreementsthat address intellectual property rights.

The first step in a project intended to be commercializedis understanding and addressing the IP dimensions of the project.

PIPRA was established as a resource for public researchers and institutions.

PIPRA's founders wanted to created a partnership of public institutions

To enable access to agricultural technologies and the underlying IPRs

To develop IP strategies that will have the highest impact on the development of new technologies – especially for specialty crops and developing countries

To develop high standards of IP management

To leverage its broad base of experience for capacity building in developing countries

PIPRA’s world headquarters at the

University of California, Davis

[email protected]

Graphs constructed from data from: Trigo, et al. Agricultural Biotechnology and Rural Development in Latin

America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2000

Ag-Biotechnology R&D in Latin America and the Caribbean

Public

Universities

49%

Public R&D

Centers

29%

Private Firms

22%

78% Latin American R&D Developed in Public Sector

* Survey includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala,

Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela

An even greater responsibility for the public sector to both initiate and participate in completing the agricultural biotechnology R&D pipeline