public-private partnerships in sustainable development: the biogas väst case study kim cornelissen...
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Public-private partnershipsin sustainable development:the Biogas Väst case study
Kim CornelissenMaster Degree in Urban Planning
School of Management, UQAM, MontréalGöteborg, September 11 2007
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Context of the research
• Political issues in 2004 i Québec• Public hearings on a by-law proposal
on sustainable development• Public hearings a by-law proposal on
Public-Private partnerships (PPP)
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Research question
In a context of globalization, can public-private partnerships
between the City and the Industry be used in a vision of sustainable
development?
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Axis of public hierarchy
Source: adapted from Proulx, Bourque and Savard, 2005
A B CPublic sector
doesn’t share its powerwith private sector or NGO
(hierarchy)
Public sectorshares some
responsibilities with private
sectors or NGOs
Public sectorshares equal power
with private sector or/and NGOs (no hierarchy)
contractual cooperation
complementarity
collaborationrepressionthird party
rivalrycompetition
ContractPPP
ConsensusPPP
Does not induceuse of PPP
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Public-private partnership (PPP)
Contract ConsensusFixed project
• Fixed planning• Fixed period
Development project• Flexible planning• Flexible period
Legal Agreement Agreement based on trust
Public services Common goal
Consortium Network
Investments in project
Investments out of the project
Alternate choice Interdependence
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Example of a Contract PPP(Arlanda-Stockholm rail link)
Public partner: Swedish Government
Private partner: Arlanda Link Consortium
Alstom, John Mowlem, NCC, Siab and Vatenfall
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Figure 2: Example of a Consensus PPP(USAid Campaign to Reduce Child Mortality)
Private
NGOs
Public
Source : UsAid, Unicef, Unilever et al. 2002:2
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• Contract PPPs• Objectives• Some Uses:
•Infrastructures (ex: roads, schools, jails)•Public services (taxes, public transport)•Utilities (ex: water, energy)
• Consensus PPPs• Objectives• Some Uses:
•Social issues (ex: health, education)•Environment (ex: awareness campaigns)•Innovation (ex: new markets)
PPP involving Cities
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•Involvement of the industry in City projects
• Government Support (infrastructures and education) • Laboratory for new products and services• Attractiveness for high-skilled employees
• World-City Status• Objectives• World-City characteristics • 2nd city status: the post-industrial city
PPP between the City and its Industry
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Sustainable Development Definitions
A development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
IUCN (1980)
Brundtland (1987)
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Sustainable Development in City PlanningLocal Agenda 21
Planning
private
NGOs
public population
Projects
NGOs
Projects
publicpublic private
Projects
PUBLIC
NGO: non-governmental organization
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Environmental and social questions
MUST be addressed
Role of actors in Sustainable Development
PUBLIC PRIVATE
Environmental and social questions
CAN be addressed
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The Biogas Väst Project
Source: Biogasmax
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Groupe TRUST (1994)Göteborg
Volvo Cars Corp. AB VolvoBRG, Göteborg Energi, Traffikkontoret
BIOGAS VÄST (2000-2005)Coordination: Business Region Göteborg
Västra GötalandGöteborg and 11 other municipalities
Volvo Cars Corp./AB Volvo, LRF Göteborg Energi, Traffikkontoret, Gatubolaget,
Renova, GryabbVägverket FordonsGas
“Steering Committee” (2003)Coordination: Business Region
GöteborgVästra Götaland/Göteborg/
municipalitiesRenova, Traffikkontoret
FordonsGas, LRF
Biogas Cities (2005)Coordination: Business Region
Göteborg Västra Götaland/GöteborgVolvo Cars Corp./AB Volvo
Göteborg Energi, Traffikkontoret FordonsGas
Regional Development
International Development
Partners in Biogas Väst
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N Previouswork or actionsin environment
Previous work with other partners
Private sector 4 2 0
Public sector (elected) city/region
3 3 1
Public sector (employed)regional and national
4 2 0
Parapublic sector 3 1 1
Others (civil society) 5 3 1
Total 19 11 3
Interviews (19)
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PPP definitions
“Strategic partnership where municipalities, the public organizations and the private
organizations take part on an equal footing.”
“Complete cooperation…not the legislation, it’s something else .”
“When, as a municipality, you don’t want to wait for public money so you ask private
investments.
*
*
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Definitions of Biogas Väst as a PPP
“A highway construction project, it’s more of a financing system. Biogas Väst, it’s more
like a cooperation project.”
*
“Cooperation project between the companies and the public sector…with a vision…some
projects and the same ideas that we will develop the market within this area…”
*“Cities and the private partners can go together because we need each other,
for the legitimacy of all of us.
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Public-private partnership (PPP)
Contractual CooperativeFixed project
• Fixed planning• Fixed period
Development project• Flexible planning• Flexible period
Legal Agreement Agreement based on trust
Public services Common goal
Consortium Network
Funds in project Funds out of the project
Alternate choice Interdependence
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Göteborg and Volvo’s Interdependence
“Think Global, Act Göteborg!”
1. Dependency on the transport industry2. Model “citizen” for employees3. Shared credibility and legitimity4. Shared responsibilities5. Shared image: “green” and innovative
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Göteborg wants to be seen as…
National and International Leader Leader in sustainable transport Leader in environmental industries Exceptional Quality of Life (Event City)
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Brundtland definitions
“In small steps, we’re gonna make the World more and more healthy to visit:
out with the bad, in with the good.”
“A technology which doesn’t destroy it for the future generations.”
“Finding possibilities for people to transport themselves in the future, without
questioning the environment.”
*
*
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IUCN definitions
“The economy, the ecology and the social. None of them can be alone.”
“The possibility of combining the environmental progress, the
industrial opportunities and the city growth.”
“A development where you combine the needs of men with the care of the
Nature. *
*
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Environmental Impacts of Biogas Väst
CO2 reduction Replacement for petrol Alternative to ethanol Smog reduction
Benefits
Benefits or ChallengesMultiple Biogas Production Sites can
be good for local energy independence or there can be a excess of infrastructures in the future
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Economic Impacts of Biogas Väst
Local jobs offer Laboratory for new products/services Export opportunities Support of local economy
Benefits
ChallengesSmall impact in the global
environmental issues Insufficient biogas production
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Social Impacts of Biogas Väst
Increase of individual Awareness Increase of Individual Empowerment Improve health conditions Independence from fossil fuels
Benefits
ChallengesResearch on health issues (biogas
emissions) is required Lack of women in the energy
sector
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Comments on the absence of citizens and NGOs in Biogas Väst
Population not targeted There should be inclusion of NGOs
(i.e.women/ecologists groups) No participation without investment
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Planning Sustainable Development (public)Local Agenda 21
Planning
private
NGOs
public citizens
Projects
public NGOs
Projects Projects
PUBLICprivatepublic
voters consumers
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Role of Partners in Biogas Väst
Göteborg’s Aalborg CharterPlanning
private
NGOs
public citizens
Biogas Väst
consumers
Planning: LA 21Projects in
neighbourhoods
private
NGOs
public citizens
voters
public private
PPP
public
Weather station
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Conclusion
type is consensus it complies with Brundtland and IUCN it complies with LA21/Aalborg Charter
PPPs in sustainable development can be used between the City and the Industry if…
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More research needed on…
Contract
public-private partnerships
in sustainable development
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Second-cities strategies
to become World Cities
More research needed on…
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Sales and political support
to sustainable partnerships
More research needed on…
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“Why should we pay if we do something
for the environment? We should pay less!”