public private partnerships in education sam carlson – world bank october 2008
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Public Private Partnerships in Education Sam Carlson – World Bank October 2008. Key Messages: PPPs in Education. Need to pilot new PPP models which can improve delivery of education services. State-specific Different models Rigorous external evaluation Costs and effectiveness - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Public Private Partnerships in Education
Sam Carlson – World BankOctober 2008
Key Messages: PPPs in Education
Need to pilot new PPP models which can improve delivery of education services.
State-specific Different models Rigorous external evaluation
Costs and effectiveness Competition can benefit parents and
children
India PPP Feasibility Study
Nine States, 1,400 private aided and unaided secondary and senior secondary schools (completed September 2008)
Interviewed school principal, management committee members, teachers
Financed: World Bank/DFID Implemented: ORG Centre for Social
Research
Key Findings: India PPP Study
Teachers in unaided schools are equally qualified academically as peers in aided schools, and slightly less so pedagogically.
Average experience of unaided school teachers is 10 years.
No major difference in school facilities (classroom infrastructure, laboratories, toilets) between aided and unaided schools.
Key Findings: India PPP Study
Average salary of unaided school teachers is 1/3 of aided school teachers (Rs.5,000/month vs. Rs 15,000)
Given that school costs are primarily driven by teachers’ salaries, this suggests overall unit costs of unaided schools are considerably lower than those of aided schools.
Key Findings: India PPP Study
Students in unaided schools did better on Board Examinations than their peers in aided schools, and were more likely to score in the first division.
Principals in unaided schools were less likely to cite any constraints or limitations to improving educational quality in their school.
Key Findings: India PPP Study
On average, private unaided schools function at around 80% capacity, suggesting an immediate opportunity to use public per student funding mechanisms to enroll more secondary students with no need to build infrastructure and (perhaps) no need to hire more teachers.
Bottom Line: India PPP Study
If it is true that private unaided schools have lower unit costs but at least equal (if not superior) academic results, this offers an important opportunity to use PPPs to expand enrollment in a cost-effective way while ensuring that satisfactory quality is maintained.
PPP: Range of Possible Private Sector Responsibilities School Facility Services (build and
maintain schools) Provide non-educational services (e.g.
catering) and support services (e.g. technology)
Provide curricula and educational services Provide teacher training services Manage public schools Provide all teaching and non-teaching
services at public schools Provide teaching services to publicly-
funded students at privately-owned and managed schools
Types of PPP ContractsWhat gov’t contracts for:
Definition: Contract Type:
Management, professional services (input)
Gov’t buys services Management or professional services
Operational Services (process)
Gov’t buys school operation services(Grant in aid)
Operational contract
Education Services (output)
Gov’t buys places in private schools
Contract for education of specific students
Facility Availability (input)
Gov’t buys facility availability
Infrastructure services contract
Facilities and Services (“bundle”)
Gov’t buys facility availability and services
Infrastructure contract and services contract
PPP: Government-Aided Schools in India at the Secondary Level
Type of PPP Financing follows the teacher, not
the student No incentive to expand access or
improve learning – needs reform! Lack of accountability to parents,
head teacher or government Mixed evidence in terms of cost-
effectiveness
PPP: Charter Schools (USA)
Publicly-funded Governed by group or organization under
contract with government Funding is per student, based on actual
enrollment, at or below public average unit costs
Exempt from government regulations Open to all students, by lottery Capital costs are not financed
PPP: Contract Schools (Latin America)
Private School Management of Public Schools
Funding on per-student basis (below average public unit cost)
Accept all students Performance standards (hours of
instruction, quality of nutrition, test scores, retention)
School hires and fires teachers
PPP: Concession Schools (Latin America)
School owned by NGO Government pays teacher and head
teacher salaries Land, construction, and maintenance
are paid by community, foundations, private sector
School hires director and teachers without union interference
NGO trains/supervises teachers
PPP: Private Management of Public Schools (UK)
School is “sponsored” by individual, public or private school, business, religious or NGOs
Sponsor provides 10% of capital costs; government provides 90%
Operating costs paid by Government Sponsor hires head teacher, teachers and
selects governors Flexible teacher pay and working
conditions Quality and performance monitored by
Government
PPP: Alternative Education Schools (New Zealand)
Government contracts with private providers to provide alternative education, on or off school site, to children who have left formal system.
Funded on a per-student basis (covers staffing, operations, property)
Contract with MOE regarding responsibilities and performance standards
PPP: Per Child Subsidy or Voucher (Chile)
Families choose school (public or private); school cannot charge tuition
Chosen school receives government payment based on per-pupil subsidy multiplied by number of pupils attending (average monthly attendance)
Teachers hired with tenure or under contracts, through competitive, public recruitment, with wage floors.
PPP: Public Subsidy of Poor Children to Attend Private Schools (Philippines)
Gov’t purchases “places” on per-pupil funding basis (at or below public unit cost)
Gov’t certifies quality of private schools (faculty, facilities, curriculum, administration, etc.)
Double-shifting allows more efficient use of infrastructure
School hires/fires all staff
PPP – Private Financing of School Construction (UK)
School designed, built, financed and maintained by private sector
Teaching remains under public sector
Private partner paid by Government under 30-year contract, with performance criteria
Promotes rapid infrastructure development
PPP: School Infrastructure (Canada)
Schools financed, built and maintained by private sector
Government leases schools for 20 years, with options to renew for 10 more years, and option to buy at predetermined price
Government pays annual rent equal to 85% of capitalized cost of project; costs less than if Government financed construction.
Qualified bidders competed on price Private sector can rent space during non
school hours to generate revenue, and can sell building after 20 years.
PPP: School Infrastructure (Australia)
Private sector finances, designs and builds school
Private sector provides cleaning, maintenance, repair, security, furniture, utilities, equipment
30-year contract, with monthly payments based on performance, after which school reverts to government
Core education services provided by Government
Schools built faster and cheaper, with contractor chosen through public tenders
PPP: Publicly-funded private schools (Netherlands) Schools (non-profit) established by
parents, NGO, religious association Parents choose school Municipality provides building and per-
pupil payment for non-salary operating costs
Central government finances teacher salaries
Teachers must be certified; hired by school
70% of schools in Netherlands are publicly-funded and private
Key Messages: PPPs in Education
Need to pilot new PPP models which can improve delivery of education services.
Need State-specific strategies Different models Rigorous external evaluation
Costs and effectiveness Competition can benefit parents and
children
“If a teacher is indeed wise, he does not bid you enter the house of his wisdom, but rather leads you to the threshold of your own mind.”
(Kahlil Gibran) What is your collective “threshold”
when it comes to PPP in education in MP?