COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Institutional Model Process Model Rational Model Incremental Model Group Model Elite Model Public Choice Model Game theory Model

POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT

Focus of political science

Authoritatively determined, implemented, and enforced

Very close relationship

Policy does not become a public policy

Government lends legitimacy to policies

Government policies involve universality

Government monopolizes coercion in society

POLICY AS POLITICAL ACTIVITY

Political scientists – Policy Process – Outlines

Problem Identification

Policy Formulation

Policy Legitimation

Policy Implementation

Policy Evaluation

POLICY AS MAXIMUM SOCIAL GAIN 

"Maximum social gain“

Choice Of Policies › Costs < benefit

Refrain from Policies › Costs > benefits

No Policy adoption › if its costs exceed its benefits

Policy Alternatives › Decision Making

Preferences and their relative weights Policy alternatives available,

Consequences of each policy alternative Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for

each policy alternative, and

Most efficient policy alternative.

POLICY AS VARIATIONS ON THE PAST 

continuation of past government activities with only incremental modifications

Constraints prevents policymakers

from identification

Policymakers accept the legitimacy of established programs, agree and continue them

uncertainty about the consequences

POLICY AS GROUP EQUILIBRIUM  

Balancing the interests of groups

Make policy by continuously responds to:› Pressure groups› Negotiate with there demands

POLICY AS ELITE PREFERENCE  

Very Powerful

Manipuilate the masses

It reflects the Interests, values & prefrences of Elite

POLICY AS COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING BY SELF-INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS  

Self-interests

Mutual benefit of government and individuals

 In short, interest groups, like other political actors, pursue their self-interest in the political marketplace.

POLICY AS RATIONAL CHOICE IN COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS 

Game Players Decision in favor of public

Perhaps the suggestion of a "game" is unfavorable, suggesting that the game theory is not really appropriate for serious conflict situations. Game theory is a conceptual and deductive model of policymaking.