public hearing - european parliament · degree(s) or diploma(s) obtained : (diplom finanzwirt);...

80

Upload: others

Post on 12-Jul-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 2: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 3: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Secretariat of the Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax [email protected]

Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance andTax Evasion (PANA)

Public Hearing“Anti-money laundering and tax evasion:

Who assures compliance with the rules andenforces them?”

Monday, 14 November 2016 - 15:00 - 18:30

József Antall (JAN) 4Q2

Brussels

Draft PROGRAMME

15:00 - 15:10 Welcome by the PANA Chair

15:10 - 15:40 First panel: experience from an EU perspective

Presentations by speakers (at 10 min maximum each)

Mr. Giovanni Kessler, Director-General of the European Anti-Fraud Office(OLAF)

Mr. Simon Riondet, Europol Business manager – Head of the Financialintelligence Group (EUROPOL, including FIU.net)

Mr. Klaus Meyer-Cabri, German Member of EUROJUST’s College

15:40 - 16:45 Discussion with PANA Members

16:45 - 17:15 Second panel: experience from a national perspective

Presentations by speakers (at 10 min maximum each)

Mr. Philippe de Koster, President of the CTIF-CFI, Belgian FinancialIntelligence Unit (FIU)

Mr. Michel Claise, Belgian Prosecutor

Page 4: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Secretariat of the Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax [email protected]

Mr. Norbert Naulin, Head of the special investigation unit “EOKS”(Investigation Group Organised Crime – Tax Fraud) of the North Rhine-Westphalia tax authorities who analyse leaked data

Mr Patrick Montagner, Deputy Secretary General of the College of theFrench prudential supervisor (“Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et derésolution”) (via videoconference)

17:15 - 18:25 Discussion with PANA Members

18:25 - 18:30 Conclusions by the PANA Chair

Page 5: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

OLAF is the European Union Anti-Fraud office in charge of investigating fraud against the EU budgetand serious misconduct within the European institutions. While it has an individual status in itsinvestigative function, OLAF is also part of the European Commission, under the responsibility ofKristalina Georgieva.

EUROPOL is the European Union’s enforcement agency. Its main objective is the achievement of asafer Europe for the benefit of all EU citizens. Headquartered in The Hague, it assists the EU memberstates in the fight against terrorism and serious international crime whilst cooperating with non-EUstates and international organisations.

EUROJUST is an agency of the European Union that deals with judicial cooperation in criminal matters.Its main mission is to stimulate and improve the coordination of investigations and prosecutionsbetween the competent authorities in the Member States and improves the cooperation between thecompetent authorities of the Member States, in particular by facilitating the execution of internationalmutual legal assistance and the implementation of extradition requests.

The Belgian FIU (CTIF-CFI) is an independent administrative authority with legal personality and acentral part of the Belgian anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) system.It is led by magistrate Mr. Philippe de Koster, supervised by the Ministers of Justice and Finance andcomposed of legal and financial experts and a senior officer seconded from the federal police.

Patrick Montagner is Deputy Secretary General of the of the French prudential supervisor “Autoritéde contrôle prudentiel et de résolution” (ACPR). The ACPR is responsible for supervising the bankingand insurance sectors in France. It operates under the auspices of the French central Bank, Banque deFrance.

Michel Claise, Belgian Prosecutor (Juge d'instruction) - is the main Belgian figure in the fight againstfinancial crime. A juge d’instruction is the magistrate responsible for conducting the investigativehearing that precedes a criminal trial. He handles a case only if ordered to do so by the procureur(public prosecutor) or when requested to do so by a private citizen. In conducting the hearing, thejuge d’instruction issues warrants, the set of investigative duties performed to detect perpetrators,collecting evidence and taking action to possibly take the case to court.

Norbert Naulin is Head of the special investigation unit “EOKS” (Investigation Group Organised Crime– Tax Fraud) of the North Rhine Westphalia tax authorities. The EOKS, consisting of 15 specialised taxinvestigator, was established in the beginning of 2015 by the State Office of Criminal Investigation toimprove action against globally organised actors. The EOKS evaluated some data from the PanamaPapers.

Page 6: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 7: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

PUBLIC HEARING

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND TAX EVASION:WHO ASSURES COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES AND ENFORCES

THEM?

MONDAY, 14 NOVEMBER 201615.00 - 18.30

Room: József Antall (JAN) 4Q2)

CVS OF THE SPEAKERS

Page 8: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 9: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Giovanni Kessler

An Italian public prosecutor with an expertise in organised crime, Giovanni Kessler took overthe management of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) AS Director-General in 2011.OLAF is the only European body mandated to investigate fraud involving European Unionfunds, but also serious misconduct of EU staff and members of the EU institutions. AsOLAF's Head, Mr. Kessler prompted the reorganisation of the office, significantly increasingits efficiency and facilitating the optimal use of its resources.

Prior to working at OLAF, Mr. Kessler served in the Italian National Parliament, wasPresident of the Legislative Assembly of his Region and Head of the National Authority toCombat Counterfeit.

An expert in the fight against fraud, and with a keen interest in security, justice and anti-corruption, Mr. Kessler's career spans many European countries. He has been Deputy Headof the OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission in Pristina, Vice-President of the ParliamentaryAssembly of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and member ofseveral European Commission and Council of Europe evaluation missions across the EasternEurope. He was also a member of several International Election Monitoring missions in theUnited States and beyond.

In 2012, Mr. Kessler was elected President of the European Partners AgainstCorruption/European Anti-Corruption Network (EPAC/EACN), a formal network ofEuropean anti-corruption authorities. Since 2013, he has also been a member of the ExecutiveCommittee of the International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA).

Page 10: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Simon RIONDET

Simon RIONDET is the Head of Financial Intelligence in EUROPOL

French Police superintendent, he started his career in the French internal intelligence service.He was then assigned to the National Crime Squad where he had several management positionincluding regional units (criminal and financial investigations teams), surveillance andIntervention Unit (BRI), and the direction of a joint inter-agency task force dedicated to thefight against drug trafficking in the French west Indies.

He was then appointed as head of the French liaison desk in EUROPOL, responsible for allFrench law enforcement agencies' cooperation with the European organisation.

He is responsible for the entire spectrum of financial investigations from money laundering,asset recovery to cooperation between the EU FIUs (FUI NET project).

Source: Simon Riondet

Page 11: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Klaus Meyer-Cabri - Eurojust, National Member for Germany

Deputy Director General Klaus Meyer-Cabri is the National Member for Germany at Eurojust,the Chair of the Brussels Team and as of November 2016 the Vice-President of Eurojust.

Throughout his career, Mr Meyer-Cabri has made an important contribution to fostering andimproving legal cooperation among the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protectionand the Member States of the European Union. Mr Meyer-Cabri has been employed at theFederal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection since 1992. Here his last position wasHead of the Office for EU Justice Policy and International Cooperation. Significantly, MrMeyer-Cabri has gathered a great deal of international experience due to his many years as aLegal Counsellor at the Permanent Representation of the Federal Republic of Germany to theEuropean Union in Brussels, where he was heavily involved in the preparatory work toestablish Eurojust.

Source : Eurojust

Page 12: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

PHILIPPE DE KOSTER

PREMIER AVOCAT GÉNÉRAL – PRÉSIDENT CTIF-CFI

Philippe de Koster was appointed director of the Belgian Financial Intelligence Processing Unit(CTIF – CFI) on 4 March 2016. From 18 April 2003 until 3 March 2016 he held the positionof deputy director.

On 1 September 2015, he was appointed first advocate-general at the Labour Court of Mons.He has been temporarily seconded as advocate-general at the Public Prosecutor’s Office of theCourt of Cassation since 1 June 2016.

Mr de Koster gained professional experience working as a deputy public prosecutor from 1988until 1997 and later joined the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) of the EuropeanCommission until 1998. From 20 July 1999 until 15 July 2003, he was deputy head of Cabinetof the Minister of Justice. de Koster was also appointed advocate-general at the Labour Courtof Mons on 29 April 2003. From 1 October 2004 until 31 December 2010, he served asadvocate-general seconded at the Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Court of Cassation.

Page 13: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Michel CLAISE, Juge d’instruction

Avocat durant 20 ans (ancien président du jeune barreau, membre du conseil de l'ordre,fondateur de l'institut des droits de l'homme, aujourd'hui avocat honoraire), Juge d'instructionfinancier depuis 16 ans, formateur auprès de professionnels en matière de lutte contre leblanchiment (banques, expert-comptables, réviseurs d'entreprise, école de police, formationjudiciaire), enseignant universitaire (maître de conférence à l'université D'Aix en Provence)dans le cadre du master de lutte contre la criminalité financière, séminaires à l'ULB, l'UCL,l'Ichec, directeur de mémoires à l'école de criminologie de l'ULB notamment), auteur deplusieurs études sur le sujet dont un essai récent (Essai sur la criminalité financière, le club desCassandre), romancier (7 romans), chroniqueur à La Libre, président du théâtre des Martyrs.

Page 14: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert NAULIN

Institution Grammar School “Gymnasium amNeandertal”, ErkrathNorth Rhine - Westphalia

Date :from (month/year) to (month/year) :

08/1970 to 08/1979

Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : Abitur: German school leaving examinationand university entrance qualification

Institution University for finances of the state of NorthRhine Westphalia, Nordkirchen

Date :from (month/year) to (month/year) :

09/1980 to 08/1983

Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma financeeconomist

7. Membership of professional bodies:

Financial administration of the State of North Rhine Westphalia

8. Present position:

Senior Investigator, head of special investigation unit “EOKS” (Investigation GroupOrganised Crime – Tax Fraud); Tax Fraud Investigation Bureau Düsseldorf,North – Rhine Westphalia

9. Specific countries experience:

Country Date : from (month/year) to (month/year)Italy/Sicily 2001/2002: Investigations in a case of

organized crime together with the ItalianCarabinieri and the Italian customs service.

Belgium/Liege 2003: Investigations in a case of organizedcrime together with the Belgian police.

Page 15: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Romania/Bucharest 2008: STE: Twinning Project “Developmentof the Anti-corruption General Directorate ofthe Ministry of Administration and Interior”

Romania/Bucharest 2011-2012: Expert for the IRZ (Bonn) in theProject “Developing professional financialinvestigators in Romania”.

Romania/Bucharest 2012: Special investigations tactics andtechnics in cases of corruption, economiccrime and tax-evasion. Seminar forprosecutors and judges. Project of the IRZand the NIM Romania.2015: Common Investigations in Cases ofTax Fraud, Money Laundering andCorruption

Austria/Vienna 2013: Presentations and workshops asexpert in the EACT-Project of the EU.

Skopje/Macedonia 2013: Presentation: “Investigation - Technicsand - Tactics in Cases of Tax Fraud andCorruption” as expert for the IRZ.2016: Investigation in Cases of Corruptionand Tax Fraud

Ljubljana/Slovenia 2013: Presentations and workshops asexpert in the EACT-Project of the EU.

Tallinn/Estonia 2014: Participant of EACT-Conference.

10. Professional Experience Record:

Date: from (month/year)to (month/year)

08/1983 to 05/1987

Location Düsseldorf/North Rhine WestphaliaCompany Tax – Office Düsseldorf - MettmannPosition Official in charge of tax executionDescription The execution of paying taxes in cases of non-payment.

Verifying the account of companies.

Date : from month/year)to (month/year)

05/1987 until 10/2011

Location Wuppertal

Company Tax Fraud Investigation Department WuppertalPosition Investigator

Page 16: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Description Investigations in all cases of tax fraud.

In this time:

Date : from month/year)to (month/year)

09/1991 to 09/1992

Location Potsdam/State of Brandenburg

Company Tax Fraud Investigation Department Potsdam-StadtPosition Investigator, instructor and adviserDescription Send by the government of North – Rhine Westphalia to the state

of Brandenburg for the development of a new Tax FraudInvestigation Department in the state of Brandenburg (formerGDR), here the department in Potsdam and the education of newtax fraud investigators.

11. Special Activities

In collaboration with Mr. Marius Richter (Chief Inspector of the State Bureau of CriminalInvestigations North – Rhine Westphalia, Anti – Corruption Department) lecturer of the book“Anti-Corruption-Wall” - Strategies against corruption in administrations and companies -,published in October 2011 (ISBN 978-3-86881-318-0).

In collaboration with Mr. Helmut Leithäuser (Chief Judge at the District Court Wuppertal) lecturerof the book “Handbuch der bewährten Methoden zur Durchführung von Finanzermittlungen”(“Compendium of Established Methods of Financial Investigations”); (Deutsche StiftungInternationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit und EU; deposited at the Staatsbibliothek Berlin)

12. Professional Contact Address:

Norbert NaulinEOKSLandeskriminalamt NRWVölklinger Straße 4940221 Düsseldorf (professional)

Page 17: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Patrick Montagner

Born in 1965, I have joined the French central bank in 1988 where I have held various positions,mainly in the financial supervision area.

From 1996 to 2006, various positions within the on-site banking department appointed in September 2008 as director for the department in charge of large French

international banks and of foreign banks in France. During this period, I was memberof the Senior Supervisors Group and of the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB)Supervisory Intensity and Effectiveness Working Group.

nominated in April 2012 as director of a department in charge of Insurance supervision. since March 2014, deputy secretary general of the Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de

resolution (ACPR), the French prudential and resolution authority.

Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution61 rue Taitbout75 436 PARIS cedex 09

Page 18: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 19: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

PUBLIC HEARING

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND TAX EVASION:WHO ASSURES COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES AND ENFORCES

THEM?

MONDAY, 14 NOVEMBER 201615.00 - 18.30

Room: József Antall (JAN) 4Q2)

CONTRIBUTIONS

Page 20: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 21: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Speaking Points

Simon Riondet (EUROPOL)

On 3rd of April 2016 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) revealed theexistence of leaked data from the internal servers of law firm Mossack-Fonseca. The data that therelease referred to was leaked approximately one year before its existence was revealed to thepublic in a simultaneous exercise involving tens of media outlets and hundreds of journalists.

The initial media release was focused on high value media targets, like political actors, business men,big corporations and celebrities.

The amount of data being leaked is reportedly in the area of 11.5 million files (approximately 2.6Terabits of storage space), spanning for approx.40 years, from 1977 till 2015, and containingreferences to hundreds of thousands of legal and natural persons. Hereafter we will refer to thisdata as the Panama Papers data.

On 9th of May 2016, ICIJ made available to the public a database containing almost 320000companies that are part of the so called Panama Papers leak and an earlier similar event called“OffShore leaks”. The database is available for online queries but also for download for offline use.Hereafter we will refer to this database as the Panama Papers database.

The exact process of constructing the Panama Papers database is not clear as it seems ICIJ usedsome internal administrative and log files belonging to Mossack-Fonseca and is not the results of theanalysis of the overall 11.5 million leaked files. Though random checks against this database it wasestablished that some entities who were previously linked by the media with the Panama Papersleak do not appear in the database raising questions concerning the amount of data available forqueries. Furthermore there is no information available concerning bank accounts, means ofcommunications or other contextual information.

Nevertheless Europol downloaded the Panama Papers database and did a check against its owndatabases for detecting common entities. Europol does not possess at this moment the entirety ofthe leaked data and all the queries with our partners about this data returned negative so far.

Results of the checks:

-3469 probable hits

-Country packages are ready to be sent out. Countries need to asses and confirm the hits!

Many links with organized crime groups were identified. Not surprisingly the economic crimesfocused FPs scored very high in the number of hits with FP Sustrans having the lead with 1722 hits,FP MTIC (3rd place) 388 hits, Smoke (4) 260 hits and Asset Recovery (5) 207 hits.

Page 22: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Surprisingly FP EEOC scored the second highest number of hits with 516 hits, maybe suggesting anaffinity of Russian speaking OCG towards using the services of Mossack Fonseca firm.

Worrying is the presence of FP Hydra, the dedicated FP for Islamic terrorism on number 6 with 116hits.

The scope of the off shore companies registered by Mossack Fonseca exceeds their beneficiariesprivacy concerns or tax frauds attempts. The main point here is that we can link companies from thePanama Papers leak not only with economic crimes like money laundering or VAT carousels but alsowith Terrorism, Russian OCGs, Drug Trafficking, THB, Illegal Immigration, Cyber Crime.

As per the country providing the information generating the hits the UK scored highest (1377 hits)but this could be tied with the fact they are the main quantitative data (STRs) contributor to FPSustrans. Lithuanian 3rd place can also be linked the strong presence of Russian speaking OCGswithin the leaked data.

SusT

rans

FP

EEO

C FP

MTI

C FP

Smok

e FP

Asse

t Rec

over

y FP

Hydr

a FP

Cola

FP

Furt

um F

PCo

py F

PCy

borg

FP

Syne

rgy

FPCh

eckp

oint

FP

GN

ST F

PAp

ate

FPPh

oeni

x FP

Cann

abis

FPFi

rear

ms F

PDo

lphi

n FP

Term

inal

FP

TFTP

FP

Hero

in F

PCo

pper

FP

Non

Foc

al P

oint

ITO

C FP

Soya

FP

Trav

elle

rs F

PSp

orts

Cor

rupt

ion

FPTw

ins F

PM

onito

r FP

1722

516388

260207116 99 89 86 83 83 82 82 80 52 49 46 31 28 22 20 15 15 10 9 9 6 6 4

Page 23: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Just days after the Panama Papers data was revealed in the media, Europol proactively asked (Sienaref. 1190712-1-1) all our partners if they opened or intend to open investigations in relation to thePanama Papers. A few countries replied positively while many more showed willingness to start aninvestigation depending on the availability of the data.

Unfortunately the released Panama Papers database and the media reports are not enough in manycountries to start formal investigations and the refuse of ICIJ to provide the entire set of data hindersmany investigations.

Europol is also not in possession of the Panama Papers data. Once in its possession we could be ableto embed it in our regular data flows and procedures and this would result in a systematicexploitation of a wealth of new intelligence which could constitute breakthroughs in manyinvestigations that were previously hindered by the secrecy associated with most of the Off-Shorecompanies.

Uni

ted

King

dom

Fran

ceLi

thua

nia

Belg

ium

Ger

man

ySp

ain

Net

herla

nds

Rom

ania

Hung

ary

Bulg

aria

Switz

erla

nd USA

Nor

way

Italy

Cypr

usAu

stria

Latv

iaSw

eden

Pola

ndCa

nada

Finl

and

Slov

ak R

epub

licCz

ech

Repu

blic

Denm

ark

Port

ugal

Slov

enia

Irela

ndM

alta

Oth

er

1377

447301

236196195140110 97 92 89 66 54 51 44 36 36 31 26 25 25 24 22 20 19 18 15 15

408

Page 24: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 25: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

EK „KANAL“

Norbert Naulin

Page 26: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Ausgangslage der EK „KANAL“ ist ein Datenankauf desLandes NRW, vertreten durch Ermittlungsbeamte desFinanzamtes für Steuerstrafsachen und SteuerfahndungWuppertal, von einem Informanten.

Die Daten beinhalten Erkenntnisse zur Vorgehensweise beiGründung/Erwerb von Offshore-Gesellschaften und Datenzu den tastsächlich wirtschaftlich Berechtigen einerOffshore – Gesellschaft.

Ausgangslage

Page 27: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Was beinhaltet das Material des Informanten:

- Gründungsurkunden- Beschlussbescheinigungen- Protokolle der Vorstandssitzung- Vollmacht/Power of Attorney- Auszug Aktienregister- Rechnungen für Gründung und laufende Gebühren- Backgroundinformationen des Informanten- E-Mails zwischen Banken/Vermögensverwaltern etc. mit

Mossack Fonseca

Ausgangslage

Page 28: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Erkenntnisse aus dem Material des Informanten:

- Namen der „beneficial owner“- Name der Offshore-Gesellschaft- Sitz der Offshore-Gesellschaft- Namen der „offiziellen“ Direktoren, Vorstandmitglieder und

Shareholder (= Angestellte der Kanzlei Mossack Fonseca)- Namen der Banken, Vermögensverwalter etc und ihrer

Anlageberater, die für den Beneficial Owner die Gründung derOffshore-Gesellschaft bei Mossack Fonseca veranlassten.

Ausgangslage

Page 29: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Erkenntnisse aus dem Material des Informanten:

In keinem einzigen Fall hat ein „beneficial owner“ selbst den Kontakt zuMossack Fonseca aufgenommen

Es waren immer Banken oder andere Finanzdienstleister, die dies fürihre Kunden getan haben. An diese wurden auch die Kosten fürGründung und Unterhalt der Offshore-Gesellschaft in Rechnunggestellt. Diese fakturierten dann weiter an ihre Kunden im Rahmen derAbrechnung ihrer gesamten Dienstleistungen.

Ausgangslage

Page 30: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Erkenntnisse aus dem Material des Informanten:

Veranlasste eine Bank für ihren Kunden die Gründung der Offshore-Gesellschaft, so durfte der Kunde diese Gesellschaft nur gegenüberdieser Bank verwenden.

Wechselte der Kunde die Bank, so wurde die Offshore-Gesellschaftgelöscht. Eine Konteneröffnung bei einer Drittbank unter Nutzung derOffshore-Gesellschaft war ausgeschlossen.

Ausgangslage

Page 31: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Erkenntnisse aus dem Material des Informanten:

Die Öffentlichkeit und die Behörden sehen nicht, wer der eigentlicheEigentümer, der „benficial owner“, ist.

Die „power of attorney“ ist ein internes Dokument. Sie sichert dasalleinige Bestimmungsrecht und die Verfügungsgewalt über dasVermögen zugunsten des „beneficial owner“. Dies kennen

- der „beneficial owner“- Mossack Fonseca- die Bank und/oder der involvierte Finanzdienstleister

Ausgangslage

Page 32: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Einfache Fragestellung:

Wozu kann die Offshore – Gesellschaft genutzt werden?

Antwort:Delikte der Allgemeinkriminaliät/Vortaten § 261 StGB undSteuerhinterziehung § 370 AO

Verdachtslage

Page 33: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Ermittlungsführung

Page 34: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

- Verantwortlich handelnde Personen der KanzleiMossack Fonseca wegen Verdacht der Geldwäsche undBeihilfe zur Steuerhinterziehung

- Verantwortlich handelnde Personen der involviertenBanken und Finanzdienstleister wegen Verdacht derGeldwäsche und der Beihilfe zur Steuerhinterziehung

- Die identifizierten „beneficial owner“ wegen desVerdachts einer Vortat zur Geldwäsche oder derSteuerhinterziehung.

Tatverdächtige

Page 35: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Staatsanwaltschaft Köln

Landeskriminalamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dez. 13 und 14

Oberfinanzdirektion NRW mit Fahnder/innen aus allenzehn STRAFA-FÄ unter Leitung EOKS

Beteiligte Behörden

Page 36: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Ermittlung der unter Verwendung einer OffshoreGesellschaft begangenen Straftaten und der hierfürverantwortlich handelnden bzw. hierdurch begünstigtenPersonen mit den Zielen der

- strafrechtlichen Sanktionierung,- der Festsetzung und Erhebung verkürzter Steuern,- der Vermögensabschöpfung.

Ermittlungsziele I

Page 37: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Ermittlungen zur Art und Weise der Tatbeteiligung vonBanken, Vermögensverwaltern, Anwaltskanzleien etc.sowie Identifikation der handelnden natürlichen Personenauf dieser Ebene und ihrer Tatbeteiligung. Ziele derErmittlungen sind- Sanktionierung und Abschöpfung der

juristischen Personen (OWiG),- Sanktionierung der natürlichen Personen.

Ermittlungsziele II

Page 38: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

Die durchzuführenden strafprozessualen Maßnahmenrichteten sich gegen alle beteiligten natürlichen undjuristischen Personen, die über einen Wohnsitz/Sitz imInland verfügten.

Soweit in einzelnen Fällen Maßnahmen im Rahmen einerRechtshilfe möglich waren, so erfolgten auch solche imAusland.

Vorgehensweise

Page 39: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin

In über 90 % der Fälle handelt es sich umSteuerhinterziehung und Beihilfe zur Steuerhinterziehung.

Ein Motiv in vielen Fällen war es, die EU-Zinsrichtlinie vom03.06.2003 zu unterlaufen, denn wenn ein Konto/Depot aufeine juristische Person mit Sitz außerhalb der EUeingerichtet war, so entfiel der Einbehalt derZinsabschlagsteuer.

Die Beihilfe zur Steuerhinterziehung stellt sich als einesystemische Beihilfe der Finanzdienstleistungsbranche dar.

Bisherige Erkenntnisse

Page 40: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit.

Norbert NaulinRegierungsrat

[email protected] Naulin

Page 41: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Dear Mr Wets,

In response to your email of October 17th, 2016 I hereby have the pleasure of

sending you the information that the Danish Ministry of Taxation is able to pro-

vide you regarding the Danish purchase of information from the so-called Pan-

ama Papers.

On September 6th, 2016 the Danish Minister for Taxation informed the Danish

Parliament that according to the political agreement of May 4th, 2010 between the

Government at the time (the Liberal Party and The Conservative Party) and the

Danish Peoples’ Party, the Socialist Peoples’ Party, the Social Liberal Party and

the Liberal Alliance in relation to the Danish temporary program on the reduction of sen-

tences for breaches of the laws on tax and indirect tax regarding funds in foreign accounts, the

Danish Minister for Taxation will, if Denmark is offered information about ac-

counts or similar matters from sources other than other countries’ tax authorities,

consider on a case-by-case basis whether to accept such an offer, including

whether to accept a request for a set payment for the information. The possibility

of receiving information according to this agreement would only be enacted in re-

lation to countries etc. from which Denmark was not able to obtain bank infor-

mation as of January 1st, 2008.

An anonymous source offered the Danish Tax Authority (“SKAT”) to purchase

information regarding 320 cases from the Panama Papers related to Denmark that

were thus considered of relevance for Danish taxation. It was estimated that the

information concerned between 500 and 600 Danish taxpayers. The offer was

within the scope of the abovementioned political agreement, and SKAT therefore

presented the offer to the Danish Minister for Taxation.

After having discussed the offer with political parties in the Danish Parliament,

the Danish Minister for Taxation followed their recommendation and gave SKAT

permission to enter into negotiations with the source with a view to purchasing

the information.

October 31, 2016 Ref.no. 16-1625964

Ministry of Taxation

Nicolai Eigtveds Gade 28

DK 1402 – København K

Tel. +45 33 92 33 92

Mail [email protected]

www.skm.dk

Page 42: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Side 2 af 2

SKAT reviewed a sample of the information, which was received at no cost. On

that basis, it was the assessment of SKAT that the information was sufficiently

relevant and valid for tax investigations to be undertaken regarding a number of

the companies and persons mentioned in the information.

In his briefing of the Danish Parliament, the Danish Minister for Taxation stated

that a purchase of leaked information will always involve a number of difficult

considerations and therefore SKAT should remain reticent in these matters.

Whether to purchase information would thus always be subject to a balance of

considerations to be made on a case-by-case basis. Nevertheless, in light of the se-

rious nature of the Panama Papers, the Danish Minister for Taxation agreed with

the other Danish political parties that the purchase of information was necessary

in this instance.

On September 29th, 2016 the Danish Minster for Taxation informed the Danish

Parliament that SKAT had concluded the negotiations with the source and had

purchased the information concerning 500-600 Danish tax payers for approxi-

mately DKR 6 million.

The Danish Minister for Taxation informed the Danish Parliament that on this

basis SKAT would now undertake tax investigations of the companies and per-

sons mentioned in the information.

I hope you find this information helpful.

Yours sincerely

Christian Stenberg

Head of Department

International Coordination

The Danish Ministry of Taxation

Page 43: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

PUBLIC HEARING

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND TAX EVASION:WHO ASSURES COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES AND ENFORCES

THEM?

MONDAY, 14 NOVEMBER 201615.00 - 18.30

Room: József Antall (JAN) 4Q2)

REPLIES TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS

Page 44: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration
Page 45: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

1 | P a g e

Replies to the written questions from Giovanni Kessler, Director-General of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)

1. Did OLAF decide to open investigations following the revelations of thePanama Papers and the Bahamas leaks? If yes, could you please indicate howmany files were opened? How many closed? Could you provide us with theestimated or real outcome of these investigations? What would be the impacton the EU budget?

On the basis of an analysis of information related to the Panama Papers and ofinformation obtained from other sources, OLAF has opened four investigations. As allof these investigations are still ongoing and the confidentiality obligations have to berespected, OLAF cannot provide the PANA Committee with more information.

2. Did OLAF make an assessment of its potential role in the coordination ofnational investigations? If yes, could you please share with us yourconclusions?

As a general rule, OLAF does not coordinate national investigations concerning moneylaundering or tax evasion. OLAF regularly supports national authorities in so-called"coordination cases" in relation to OLAF's mandate to investigate crimes against thefinancial interests of the EU. In such cases, OLAF does not carry out investigativeactivities itself. From an investigative standpoint, OLAF could do more regarding thecoordination of national investigations if its mandate in relation to VAT fraud wasclearer.

3. How do you consider the mandate of OLAF corresponds with the mandate ofPANA?

OLAF investigates fraud against the EU budget (crimes against the financial interestsof the EU) and serious misconduct by staff and members of the European institutions,therefore OLAF analysed the Panama Papers with a view of uncovering informationthat would fall within its mandate. While money laundering, tax evasion and tax fraudas such do not fall under OLAF's mandate, money laundering could potentially belinked to the hiding of proceeds of crimes against the financial interests of the EU.Therefore, these are issues where OLAF and PANA could have common interest foraction. Should the works of the PANA committee uncover further information ofpotential investigative interest for OLAF, the PANA members are invited to submit thisinformation to OLAF.

4. Could you please indicate the amount of human resources dedicated to AMLand Tax evasion in OLAF?

Given that anti-money laundering and tax evasion do not fall within OLAF's mandate,OLAF does not have specifically dedicated resources. However, OLAF resources areregularly used for cases that do involve money laundering or tax evasion in the contextof fraud with EU funds or of serious misconduct of EU staff or members.

5. Did OLAF receive complaints/ information on similar cases than thoserevealed in the Panama Papers? If yes, could you please indicate how manycomplaints were received? Did OLAF do any follow up?

OLAF receives information of investigative interest from a variety of sources, privateand public. OLAF may open investigations based on the allegations it receives, but can

Page 46: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

2 | P a g e

also look into particular issues on its own initiative, including for instance mediareports of alleged fraud with European Union funds. Please see reply to question 1 forthe investigations opened in the context of the Panama Paper revelations.

6. Could you please explain how OLAF collaborates with EBA, EUROPOL,EUROJUST, national FIUs, and National tax authorities on AML and tax fraudcases?

As far as offences affecting the EU's financial interests are concerned, OLAF cooperateswith Eurojust and Europol on the basis of administrative arrangements dating back to2004 and 2008, respectively. OLAF also cooperates with national authorities andbodies having concluded a number of bilateral administrative arrangements in thisfield. There is limited cooperation with national tax authorities due to the lack of anappropriate legal framework.

7. What is your opinion about the virtual currencies? Bitcoins, for example, arewell-known for their 'money-laundering' possibilities. How do you think thisissue should be addressed?

OLAF has no experience with fraud involving virtual currencies. In general, we urgentlyadvocate for more transparency of financial information. That would enable OLAF totrace the proceeds from fraudulent activities, money which often helps financeorganised crime. It is suggested to have standardised, interconnected, easy- to-usenational bank account registries, available to all EU enforcement agencies.

Knowing bank accounts are traceable would have a powerful deterrent effect forindividuals using these to pay bribes. Traceability would also increase detection ratesconcerning fraudulent activities and would enhance the possibility of control.Moreover, it would ensure consistency of investigations, as OLAF would be able tooperate equally effective regardless of the European country the Office would beoperating in.

Page 47: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

1 | P a g e

European Parliament2014 - 2019

Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion

Public Hearing“Anti-money laundering and tax evasion:

Who assures compliance with the rules and enforcesthem?”

Monday, 14 November 2016 - 15:00 - 18:30József Antall (JAN) 4Q2

Brussels

List of written questions to invitees

Representative of EUROPOL and FIU Network

1. What are the main legal or practical obstacles EUROPOL is facing whendealing with AML and tax fraud cases, such as those revealed by the PanamaPapers, especially with regard to access to information inside and outsidethe EU?

-Legal: An improvement would be that the Europol convention allows it to exchangedata directly with multinational private parties (Major International Banks, WesternUnion, MoneyGram, PayPal, etc.) for the purposes of international Money Launderingand Terrorist Financing Investigations. The envisioned system (2009/371/JHA) onlyallows Europol to receive private parties’ data via a particular MS, a problem whenthe information relates to multiple countries since most MSs do not accept to provideto Europol information linked to other MSs.

2. Did EUROPOL decide to open investigations following the revelations of thePanama Papers and the Bahamas leaks? If yes, could you please indicatehow many cases were opened? How many closed? Could you also pleaseindicate the estimated or real outcome of these investigations?

Page 48: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

2 | P a g e

Europol requested from all partners information on on-going or plannedinvestigations following the Panama Papers leak while at the same time proposinginvestigative support. Several countries provided positive replies but extremelylimited operational data was provided to Europol so far.While Europol is not yet in possession of the Panama Papers data we used thepublicly available Panama Papers database, from the ICIJ website, for checks againstour internal databases. The checks resulted in a few thousands possible hits thatwere grouped in country packages for dissemination to all interested partners.At this moment we are not aware on the exact number of investigations as there aredifferences in how different countries approached the investigations, while othercountries are still assessing the option of opening investigations. The situation is stilldynamic and with multiple investigations on-going is not possible to make a properestimate on their outcome.

3. Without entering into the details of specific cases, could you please brieflydescribe the main schemes that were used to hide tax revenue or laundermoney? Would there be a typology in the schemes used or do yourinvestigations reveal that each case is specific?

- The use of Offshore/Tax havens jurisdictions by criminals to take advantage of theexisting lack of transparency regarding the ownership of the assets that ensured bystrong professional secrecy laws (banking and legal) and practices of strongadministrative secrecy that prevent international exchange of information about thereal owners of funds-The use of corporate service providers by criminals to acquire large numbers of shellcompanies (including finding third parties for positions within the company) locatedin Offshore/Tax havens (usually under the form of holding companies or Trusts -bearer share companies are the preferred) and to open offshore bank accounts(anonymous/numerical are the preferred) controlled by such companies.-Then Ill-gotten funds are sent to Offshore/Tax havens jurisdictions to be laundered(layered) before integration, usually one of two techniques is used:-Bulk cash is transported by cash couriers to offshore locations and deposited(placed) in especially prepared receipt accounts (anonymous/numerical are thepreferred)-An onshore bank receives funds and transfers them to the offshore bank especiallyprepared receipt accounts using a correspondent banking, usually a “payablethrough account”. From the receiving offshore bank account funds are transferredagain, to bank accounts belonging to the shell companies.-At a latter stage money is no longer transferred, but instead the offshorecompanies that own the bank accounts or properties are. Complex networks arecreated and the transmission of value can be done through the holding companyinstead of the resident company. Company shares are bought and sold or justdetained (bearer bonds) by someone who appears to be the real owner but is in factjust a trustee or a frontmen.

4. Could you please explain how the cooperation between police work withinthe EU works? Would you describe this as effective? Are you encounteringlegal or practical obstacles in this cooperation? Would you have anysuggestions to improve the cooperation between the police within the EU?

-Currently within the EU there are no major legal obstacles to International PoliceCooperation. International Police Cooperation has increased steadily over the years(insert SIENA numbers e.g. 740000 messages last year…) but there are still issuesthat need to be addressed like some lack of trust between different countries and

Page 49: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

3 | P a g e

agencies and the existence of language barriers and diverging priorities. We need tocontinue to take down these barriers in order to increase the cooperation and makesure that the use of Europol and Eurojust channels are the standard and not theexception.

5. How do EUROPOL or FIUs cooperate with other enforcement authorities inthe EU? Would you describe this as effective? Are there any legal or practicalobstacles to this cooperation? What would you suggest to improve thecooperation with other law enforcement services?

Various international instruments, legislation and platforms exist to facilitateinternational cooperation between FIUs, however these do not encompass FIUsability to cooperate with non-FIU counterparts for purposes of criminal law-enforcement work. Greater exchange of information between FIUs and otheragencies would assist in valuable STRs reaching those tasked with criminalinvestigations.

Europol notes that significant barriers in the fight against money laundering, terroristfinancing and the pursuit of financial investigations more general remain the oftenfragmented cooperation and national and international levels, and lack ofinteroperable databases.

Legal obstacles at the national and international level for direct cooperation of theFIU with Europol/ other non-FIU counterparts need to be addressed. The“symmetrical” exchange of information between FIUs may prevent crucialinformation contained in STRs reaching those tasked with criminalinvestigations. Europol could assist in overcoming this barrier through acting as apan-European hub for STRs enabling information to be integrated with other sourcesstemming from multiple agencies across Europe and beyond.

On 1st January 2016, FIU.net (a system conceived to facilitate FIU to FIUinformation exchange) was embedded in Europol which is foreseen to furtherclose the financial intelligence gap in the EU and create more synergy betweenall the EU communities dealing with financial intelligence in the EU.

However, several legal and resulting technical barriers prevent and/orsignificantly delay improved cooperation with the FIUs. Several FIUs are notallowed at the moment by their national legal framework to match/exchange datadirectly with foreign law enforcement (exchanges can only be FIU to FIU).

6. Would you say that some member states devote significantly less resourcesto enforcing AML legislation and detecting money laundering or tax evasionactivities than other member states (relative to the size of their financialsector)?

Europol can’t comment on the resources dedicated to combatting money laundering.It is neither our role, nor do we dispose of necessary information to make anyassessment. However, Europol is aware that a common problem acrossmember states in tackling money laundering and conducting financialinvestigations is lack of resources/ expertise1.

1 Final report on the fifth round of mutual evaluations- "Financial crime and financial investigations"

Page 50: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

4 | P a g e

7. Figures tend to show that shell companies usually have a short lifetime.Could you please explain why? What is according to your experience thenormal lifetime of a shell company?

-If a shell company is being used to commit a crime or to receive criminal fundswithout any laundering it will indeed have a very short lifetime (usually form 90 daysto 6 months). In such cases criminals continuously purchase and use new shellcompanies form corporate service providers to make sure they can be used asintermediate legal persons to conceal the true owner of such funds.-If a shell company is on the other hand being used to stockpile funds in anOffshore/Tax havens after being laundered it will then have a much longer lifetime. Itwill exist and operate until it is needed by the criminal or until it is detected by LEAs.

8. What was the role of banks and financial intermediaries that worked withMossack Fonseca or in similar cases? Which conclusions would you draw onthe role of - on the one hand- advisors and - on the other hand- banks?

This is connected to question 9 below. We cannot comment specifically on the role ofbanks and financial intermediaries that worked with Mossack Fonseca, since we arenot involved in investigations, however the MO of using opaque structures to launderis familiar to Europol. In these instances, financial intermediaries either knowingly ornegligently fail to comply with rules concerning the identification of beneficial owners.In turn, banks move funds through the financial system where they cannot be awareof the origin or intended recipients of funds, accepting the intermediary’s identity asthat of the beneficial owner.

9. On the basis of your experiences should the regulations on tax advisors andauditors be strengthened? Should the regulations on banks and financialintermediaries be strengthened? If yes, would you have suggestions on howthis should be done? Would you describe the rules in place as sufficient?Would you think there is a problem in the implementation or lawenforcement?

-Regarding beneficial ownership: In principle the problem of beneficial ownership willbe theoretically solved in the context of the new 4th AML. However in practice onewill have to see how this will work (will obliged entities be capable to identify the realBO, will LEAs have quick access to this info, will LEAs be able to share this infointernationally).-Regarding correspondent banking: This issue, essential issue when dealing with theremittance of funds to Offshore/Tax havens, could be made clearer and stricter. Incorrespondent banking relations with Offshore/Tax havens included the EU black listonly two possibilities should clearly exist:

- If the correspondent bank provides quick and precise information to the EUbank on who is the BO (full ID document), what is the source of the funds, whatis his line of business and what is his transaction history – the correspondentbanking relation is authorized to continue.- If the correspondent bank does not provide all this information – thecorrespondent banking relation would have to cease.

10.The current AML legislation in place in the EU (and worldwide via FATFstandard) already require ‘obliged entities’ (usually, but not exclusivelybanks/ financial institutions) identify the ultimate beneficial owner, andmake this information available to competent authorities and financialintelligence units (FIUs). Clearly the revelations in the Panama papersdemonstrate that some financial institutions and other intermediaries have

Page 51: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

5 | P a g e

not only not met this obligation, but some have actively helped to concealthis information from competent authorities/FIUs. Would you considerthese to be individual cases, which should be for law enforcement bodiesand justice departments to follow up; or do you rather consider this asystemic failure by EU Member States to implement and enforce existinglaw?

-In the EU, as mentioned before, the issue of BO should be solved and the issue ofcorrespondent banking regulated (even if improvements can be done). In the EU ifany financial institutions or intermediaries violate their obligations tools are in placeto act and to punish them.-Outside of the EU (exceptions to US, Australia, and some other jurisdictions) thesituation is much more serious (FATF standard recommendations are not alwaysrespected - especially in Offshore/Tax havens). This issue can only be solved via apolitical stance on those countries to respect FATF standards, the decision to closecorrespondent banking relations (with any non-complying entities) and increasecustoms cash controls on borders upon departures/arrivals from such jurisdictions.

11.What is your opinion about the virtual currencies? Bitcoins, for example, arewell-known for their 'money-laundering' possibilities. How do you think thisissue should be addressed?

In spite of the changing face of criminality, with significant threats now stemmingfrom new technologies, money laundering schemes detected by law enforcementare still largely characterised by traditional techniques, in particular the useof cash and opaque structures.

The possibilities to launder the proceeds of crime using virtual currencies haverecently attracted much attention, however, there is limited evidence to showthat virtual currencies are a preferred or widespread method for moneylaundering. Possibilities to launder money using virtual currencies are limited andrequire cashing in and out (in cash in order to entirely break the trail). But, as thenetwork of virtual currency accepting merchants and list of goods and services whichcan be paid for using virtual currencies expands, so too does the risk of theemergence of criminally controlled merchants, accepting virtual currency, who caneffectively operate online businesses in the same way as cash front businesses tolegitimise the source of income. This scenario would eliminate the need to cash in orout, as income and expenditure could take place within a closed system which doesnot interact with ‘real world’ finances.

Nonetheless, virtual currencies underline an emerging problem the increasinglyglobal and virtual nature of financial services: the growing demand for onlineservices and related internet payment systems poses considerable challenges to theEU policies concerning money laundering and terrorist financing. The impact of newtechnologies on the financial system and the development of borderless virtualenvironments call for reflection on how to adapt policies which are meant to besupervised only at national level, while the underlying business is alreadytransnational and globalized in its own nature: there is an urgent need for asupranational overview.

Page 52: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

1 | P a g e

Replies to the written questions from Klaus Meyer-Cabri,representative of EUROJUST

1. Could you please briefly explain the way EUROJUST works in particular on issues relatedto AML and tax evasion?

Eurojust is the EU’s judicial cooperation unit. Its mandate is to stimulate and improve thecoordination of investigations and prosecutions as well as the cooperation between thecompetent judicial authorities in the Member States in relation to serious cross-border crime.

Tools:o Coordination meetings at Eurojust are designed to bring together the judicial and

law enforcement authorities of the involved countries to facilitate the exchange ofinformation, support mutual legal assistance measures, coordinate ongoinginvestigations and prosecutions and to detect, prevent or solve conflicts of jurisdictionor ne bis in idem-related issues.

o Eurojust’ s coordination centres facilitate the exchange of information amongjudicial authorities in real time and enable direct support towards the coordinated,simultaneous execution of, inter alia, arrest warrants, searches and seizures in differentcountries.

o In addition, Eurojust supports Member States in the setting up, running, financing andevaluation of Joint Investigation Teams (JITs).

Money laundering as a transnational offense requires a coordinated response across multiplejurisdictions. Eurojust sees an constant and steady increase in its money laundering cases:

In 2012: 148 money laundering cases; in 2013: 202 cases; in 201: 221 cases; in 2015: 285 cases. By31 October 2016, Eurojust registered already 232 cases related to money laundering.

Money laundering frequently appears as a cross-cutting offence and is linked with most of theEurojust crime priorities, in particular fraud, corruption, involvement of OCGs and drug trafficking.However, money laundering also appears as a stand-alone offence in a number of cases.

In 2015, Eurojust held 55 coordination meetings and three coordination centres related tomoney laundering. In the first ten months of 2016, Eurojust has already organised 57 coordinationmeetings and two coordination centres to tackle crimes including money laundering.

There is no specific crime type ‘tax evasion’ in the Eurojust Case Management System (CMS).However, a search was conducted for fraud cases with the key words “tax evasion” in the BriefCase summary field in the CMS and it could be established that most such cases are registeredunder crime type “VAT fraud” or “Other types of tax fraud”.

o VAT fraud: In 2012, 60 VAT fraud cases were registered at Eurojust. In 2013, thisnumber has increased to 89 cases. A substantial increase can be noted for the year 2014with 142 VAT fraud cases registered at Eurojust. In 2015, there was a decrease to 97such cases. In the first 10 months of 2016, 83 VAT fraud cases were registered.Another search was conducted to see in how many VAT fraud cases the crime typemoney laundering was ticked in the CMS as associated crime type. In 2014, 34 out of142 VAT fraud cases (24%) had money laundering as associated crime type. In 2015, itwas 13 out of a total of 97 VAT fraud cases (13%). In 2016 (until 31 October 2016), 15out of a total of 83 VAT fraud cases (18%) had money laundering as associated crimetype.In 2015, 23 coordination meetings and five coordination centres were held atEurojust in VAT fraud cases. In 2016 (until 31.10.2016), 11 coordination meetings andthree coordination centres took place in such cases.

o Other types of tax fraud: An increase of ‘other types of tax fraud’ cases could be notedin the last years. From 37 such cases in 2012, the number increased to 46 cases in 2013,55 cases in 2014 and 95 ‘other types of tax fraud’ cases in 2015. Until 31 October 2016,64 such cases were registered at Eurojust.

Page 53: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

2 | P a g e

An additional search was conducted in the CMS for money laundering as associatedcrime type in ‘other types of tax fraud’ cases. In 2014, 13 out of 55 ‘other types of taxfraud’ cases (24%) had money laundering as associated crime type. In 2015, in 23 out ofa total of 95 such cases (24%), money laundering was ticked as associated crime type.In 2016 (until 31 October 2016), 20 cases out of 64 ‘other types of tax fraud’ cases(31%) had money laundering as associated crime type.12 coordination meetings and one coordination centre were held at Eurojust in2015 in relation to ‘other types of tax fraud’ cases. In the first 10 months of 2016, ninecoordination meetings took place in such cases.

Case example: Vertigo case (see text box)

Page 54: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

3 | P a g e

Vertigo caseOperation ‘Vertigo’ is in its sheer scale and complexity the largest and quite exceptional carousel fraudcase. The OCG behind the criminal activity used a sophisticated infrastructure (buffer companies,missing traders, companies functioning as ‘alternative payment platforms’ to facilitate moneylaundering and crime-related money transfers) spread over various Member States and a number ofthird States, defrauding EU citizens of approximately EUR 320 million in tax revenues.Several coordination meetings took place at Eurojust between November 2013 and October 2016. TheCzech Republic, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands established a JIT, partly funded by Eurojust.Eurojust and Europol demonstrated strong collaboration from the early stages of the investigation.Europol provided extensive analytical support and intelligence sharing.A coordination centre set up at Eurojust coordinated the judicial response and provided support to thefirst common action day in 2015, the goal of which was to disrupt the operation of one branch of theOCG. As a result, nine suspects were arrested and 26 premises in the participating Member States weresearched.The second common action day led to the arrest of 14 suspects, including some alleged masterminds,and more than 40 searches. In parallel, the German, Czech and Polish authorities proceeded to carry outarrests and searches on the basis of national warrants in the framework of their own nationalinvestigations.The third common action day focused on searches and interviews of suspects and witnesses who hadbeen identified mainly based on evidence gathered in the framework of the two previous commonaction days. More than 49 searches and 27 hearings of witnesses and suspects were carried out inBelgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and the UK.The fourth common action day focused on the arrest of the top level of the OCG. In 12 countries, 18arrests were made, 3 freezing order/seizures orders were executed, 38 searches conducted and 10witnesses and suspects interviewed. More than 570.000 GBP were seized.Europol deployed a mobile office at all four Eurojust coordination centres, which allowed direct accessto Europol’s databases for cross-checking and analysing data and facilitated real-time informationexchange. Eurojust facilitated the handling of MLA requests, EAWs, searches, seizures and hearings onthe spot.Legal and practical issues The key challenge was the modus operandi of this OCG, particularly the way in which the OCGmanaged the payments, making use of so-called alternative payment platforms to facilitate crime-related money transfers and associated money laundering. This method allowed the OCG to spreadits activities across the globe, for example by placing the tool for managing payments in one countrywhile the bank account of the alternative payment platform was located in another country.Furthermore, the masterminds behind the fraud could reside anywhere, without being limited bythe ongoing criminal activities, meaning that any action on the part of the investigating authoritieswould require them to cross the border of their own jurisdiction, necessitating internationalcooperation. The size of the investigations also necessitated cross-border cooperation. In Germany alone, morethan 600 MLA requests were issued. Due to the large scope of the criminal activities, a number of investigations had been initiated in theaffected States. Facilitating and coordinating effective judicial cooperation in this setting requiredthat all parallel investigations were identified.

Page 55: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

4 | P a g e

Lessons learned Despite the links discovered to most Member States, a decision was made to focus the Eurojust caseon the main States involved. The effectiveness of a dynamic JIT composed of only four Member Stateswas considered more important than establishing a more inclusive but perhaps less flexible JIT. The notification of MLA and requests made among JIT partners to Eurojust was done for requests tobe executed during the action days. Future cases could profit from this. To prepare an action day, a coordination meeting at Eurojust was held six weeks before theenvisaged date. At least one month before this coordination meeting, notifications about the targetsor, if possible, drafts of the MLA and JIT requests were distributed via the National Desks of theinvolved countries, for the purpose of collecting and verifying data concerning the targets, prior toissuing a domestic court order. In this fashion, a more expedient execution of MLA requests can beachieved and sufficient time can be allocated to prepare the final MLA requests and the necessarytranslations, as well as the execution of the requests during the action day. Four coordination centres were necessary due to the scope of the case and the actions needed andalso allowed the national authorities to focus on a certain level of perpetrators or measures eachtime. During the coordination centres at Eurojust, direct communication without necessarily having to firstgo through the respective National Desks (for example, Dutch authorities communicating directlywith the representative of the Eurojust German or Spanish Desk and vice-versa) worked very well,enabling the handling of an immense number of follow-up measures at very short notice. Communication and follow-up of MLA requests via the Eurojust National Desks took a great burdenoff the national authorities.Best practice The early involvement of Eurojust ensures that the authorities competent to execute the MLArequests are identified at an early stage and that direct contact with these authorities is established. To prepare an action day, a coordination meeting at Eurojust should be held at least six weeks beforethe envisaged date. Strong collaboration among all parties involved should be ensured at an early stage, which is animportant factor in the success of the investigations. For example, Europol was able to link theGerman, Polish, Czech and Dutch investigations. This collaboration, together with the help andcoordination of Eurojust and Europol, were key factors in forming the JIT. While all States participating in the JIT had previous experience with this judicial coordination tool insmaller scale cases, the present case convinced the JIT participants that large-scale cases can equallybe handled more efficiently through JITs. A form has been created, which is used among JIT members to keep track of requests made andevidence exchanged. While Eurojust coordination centres to date have offered a complementary service to nationalcoordination efforts during action days, the coordination centres set up in this case acted as the solepoint of coordination of the actions in the main participating States. This case demonstrates thatEurojust can perform the full range of tasks involved in a large-scale multilateral action day. Theactive participation of the national authorities ensured the smooth flow of information between theEurojust coordination centre and the authorities responsible for executing the actions. The presence at Eurojust of national authorities from participating countries during the commonaction days, working together with Eurojust staff in one room, ensures an immediate pooling ofinformation, which allows for quick judicial responses to new/emerging evidence/information (forexample, new freezing orders, searches), prompt solutions to practical problems and conclusionsfrom all sides.

Page 56: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

5 | P a g e

2. What would you consider the main legal or practical obstacles EUROJUST is facing whendealing with AML and tax fraud cases, such as those revealed by the Panama Papers?

See above text box.

Legal obstacles encountered in the investigation and prosecution of cross-border tax crime:

Delays in the execution of requests for Mutual Legal assistance (MLA)

The execution of MLA requests can be time consuming especially when it involves multiple sub-requests (e.g. bank information, tax information, transactions’ data, details on assets/real estate,statements of witnesses/suspects, etc.) which different authorities might be competent to execute.The function of receiving and ensuring the execution of MLA requests is not always allocated to asingle coordinating authority, but to different territorial authorities. Against this backdrop,difficulties in identifying the competent authorities in other Member States makes it challenging forthe requesting authority to ensure proper coordination and may cause delays in execution.Likewise, the lack of precision and poor translation of MLA requests may lead to delays in theirexecution.

Differences in the judicial systems of the Member States as to the definition and elementsof tax crime (i.e. whether tax crime is criminalized when committed as a positive act, by omissionor both and whether tax crime is dealt with by administrative bodies or by judicial authorities)hamper the investigation and prosecution of tax crime related cases.

• Possible conflicts of jurisdiction

Some Member States are able to prosecute the perpetrators of tax crime even though the fraudulentactions have been committed in another Member State and even if there are ongoing investigationsin another Member State. The fact that other Member States will only investigate and prosecute taxoffences committed on their territory (i.e. the offence that has been committed in another MemberState can only be considered as an aggravating factor when the suspect is charged for crimescommitted on their territory) poses difficulties for the transfer of proceedings to anotherMember State. Moreover, the fact that investigations are ongoing in the requested Member Statecan be an impediment to a transfer of criminal proceedings. Additionally, the assessment made bythe requested Member State regarding the nature of the offence in cases where different crimes areinvolved (e.g., whether it is considered to be of a purely fiscal nature, or related to a moneylaundering offence) may hamper the acceptance or transfer of proceedings.

Freezing and confiscation of the proceeds of crime

Application of the dual criminality test has caused difficulties in enforcing (the recognition of)foreign freezing orders in tax crime cases. In cases involving the freezing of assets for the purpose ofconfiscation at a later stage, some Member States interpret the principle of dual criminality inconcreto. This means that the deed described in the LoR/freezing order must fulfil all criteria ofpunishability under the law of the requested state.

Conversely, some Member States believe that interpreting the principle of dual criminality inabstracto is sufficient in order to enforce coercive measures which can subsequently lead to apenaltyinthatcasesuchasconfiscation. These states apply so called ‘analogical transposition’ ofan offence and examine whether the offence described in the LoR /freezing order is punishable inthe requested state regardless of its legal qualification or the existence of possible reasons excludingpunishability.

Delays may arise when the executing Member State initiates its own investigation into moneylaundering and freezes the money in the framework of its own investigation rather than pursuantto the freezing order (or LoR). The requesting Member State must thus wait until that freezingorder is lifted.

Page 57: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

6 | P a g e

Practical challenges encountered in the cooperation between EU Member States

Such cooperation is resource-intensive both financially and administratively, particularly in verylarge scale international cases. For example, the first coordination meeting in relation to thePanama papers case cost 60.000 Euro (whereas the average cost of a Eurojust coordinationmeeting is 8.000 Euro). Maintaining effective communication and coordination also requiresseveral follow-up meetings (including for example, successive bilateral meetings). As Eurojust is theonly EU agency being able to coordinate the efforts of the national judicial authorities itscapabilities needs to be strengthened as the ultimate goal of any law enforcement activities is toachieve sound judgements.

Practical challenges encountered in the cooperation with a third State, such as Panama

As regards Panama, there is no EU legal instrument to facilitate MLA and not all Member Stateshave bilateral agreements in place. The diplomatic channel is slow and complicated; poolingEuropean resources and expertise is necessary. Eurojust provides a platform for Member States toadopt a joint approach, so that the prospect of achieving successful cooperation with Panamawould be higher (as opposed to each Member State acting individually).

3. Would you have an overview on the number of judicial proceedings that were opened inthe EU following the revelations of the Panama Papers and the Bahamas leaks? If yes,could you please tell how many Member States opened judicial proceedings?

Most EU Member States are engaged even if they do not have their own investigations, but onlysupport other countries by responding to requests for assistance.

4. Could you please explain how EUROJUST cooperates with the judicial authorities of thirdcountries? Would you describe the cooperation as effective? Are there any countries forwhich no cooperation is possible because of legal or practical constraints? If yes, couldyou please indicate which countries are concerned? Could you also please explain theconstraints? What would you suggest to improve the cooperation between judicialauthorities within the EU and with third countries?

Eurojust has the following ways to work with non-EU-Member States:

Liaison Prosecutors at Eurojust: Three countries have seconded a Liaison Prosecutor toEurojust: Norway, Switzerland and the United States of America. The Liaison Prosecutorsfacilitate judicial cooperation between the competent authorities of the Member States andtheir country. The Liaison Prosecutors at Eurojust can register their own cases on the basis oftheir countries’ cooperation agreements with Eurojust. Furthermore, they can organisecoordination meetings in complex cases.

Cooperation Agreement: Eurojust (cooperation) agreements have been concluded either onthe basis of Article 26(2) or 26a(2) of the Eurojust Decision. They are used as a basis for theexchange of personal data. Cooperation agreements were concluded with Norway, Iceland, theUnited States of America, Switzerland, fYROM, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Montenegro andUkraine.

Contact Points: 39 third States are included in Eurojust’ s judicial contact point network. Hereof particular interest is the IberRed (Red iberoamericana de cooperación jurídicainternacional). Eurojust signed a Memorandum of Understanding with IberRed in 2009 andthe National Member for Spain at Eurojust serves as the contact point.Cooperation with third states, especially with no agreement in place, is more difficult and timeconsuming, but not impossible.

5. Criminalisation of tax fraud and money laundering is not harmonised at EU level. Wouldyou perhaps have any concrete examples of mismatches between national legislationsthat impede an effective judicial cooperation?

Page 58: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

7 | P a g e

An obstacle to effective judicial cooperation can arise when national legislation requiresthat the predicate offence for money laundering is precisely established. The reason forthis is as follows. Eurojust’s casework shows that OCGs generally diversify their activities;for example, drug trafficking may be one part of a criminal enterprise which traffics humanbeings for sexual or labour exploitation and launders the proceeds. In such cases, the exactspecification of the predicate offence is difficult. Additionally, in some Member States moneylaundering is not a prosecutable offence if it is carried out by the person who illegallyobtained the funds, which makes the flow of this illicit money difficult to trace andinvestigate. Based on its 10 years of operational experience and the expertise gathered,Eurojust can provide guidance to Member States facing these and other legal issues.

In addition, the absence of a uniform definition across the EU on predicate offencesmeans it can be difficult to identify if money laundering is taking place. In practice, thiscreates difficulties for the entities charged with preventing transactions related to moneylaundering and for Member States in investigating and prosecuting cross-border moneylaundering cases. Demonstrating that the predicate offence took place and linking cash tocriminal activities is one of the challenges that law enforcement authorities face. Inaddition, ‘self-laundering’ cases, i.e. where the person laundering the money is the onewho illegally obtained it via the predicate offence, may cause difficulties for some MemberStates to establish a prosecutable offence.

There are differences in terms of the confiscation regimes in the Member States, forexample, concerning extended confiscation, non-conviction based confiscation and extendedcriminalisation. Differences also exist in connection with the applicable burden of proof.

6. According to your experience what would be the weak spot in the chain of the fightagainst ML and tax fraud? Do you think there are legislative loopholes in the law of theMember States? Would you think there is a problem in the implementation of EU law ordo law enforcement bodies perhaps lack power? Would you consider the tools at thedisposal of judicial bodies to be sufficient? Would you consider the judicial cooperationbetween Member States to be effective, and in your opinion does the exchange ofinformation between judicial authorities work effectively?

As regards judicial cooperation, the tools are in place but they need to be used effectively. Thisrequires financial and logistical support for example, for coordination meetings and JITs (includingcoverage of translation costs). Currently there is a maximum amount of 50.000 Euro per JITfunding time slot (every 3 months). However, due to the high number of JIT funding applications perslot there are limitations to the possibility of awarding the maximum amount. Furthermore, in suchlarge scale international cases, legal and analytical experts are needed within Eurojust’sadministration to work on such issues. This requires sufficient budget and staff.

7. Could you please tell how many people are working on AML and tax evasion inEUROJUST?

All National Desks and Operational-support staff are involved in cases concerning judicialcooperation and crime types. AML and tax evasion fall within the remit of the Financial andEconomic Crimes Team (FECT) at Eurojust. However, the team’s activities are undertaken inaddition to the daily work of its members. The Eurojust Administration, especially the Case AnalysisUnit and the Legal Service, do contribute to the work in this field when required.

8. On the basis of your experience should the regulations on tax advisors and auditors bestrengthened? Would you think the rules on banks and financial intermediaries have to bestrengthened? If yes, would you have any suggestions on how this could be done? Inyour views are the rules in place sufficient? Do you consider there to be a problem in theimplementation or the law enforcement?

Page 59: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

8 | P a g e

As Eurojust’s mandate covers the judicial cooperation aspect, this question does not fall within itsmandate.

9. The current AML legislation in place in the EU (and worldwide via FATF standard) alreadyrequire ‘obliged entities’ (usually, but not exclusively banks/ financial institutions) toidentify the ultimate beneficial owner, and make this information available to competentauthorities and financial intelligence units (FIUs). Clearly the revelations in the Panamapapers demonstrate that some financial institutions and other intermediaries have notonly not met this obligation, but in some cases it appears that some have actively helpedto conceal this information from competent authorities/ FIUs.Would you consider these to be cases which should be for law enforcement bodies andjustice departments to be followed up? Would you consider this a systemic failure by EUMember States to implement and enforce existing law?

See answer to No 8

10.What is your opinion about the virtual currencies? Bitcoins, for example, are well-knownfor their 'money-laundering' possibilities. How do you think this issue should beaddressed?

Eurojust has a dedicated Seconded National Expert for Cybercrime, who has provided the followingstatement on the issue of virtual currencies:

“The widening criminal use of decentralised virtual currencies and the increased use of so calledtumbler/mixer services, effectively prevent law enforcement and judicial authorities to ‘follow themoney’ and significantly complicate the possibilities for asset recovery and the prevention offraudulent transactions. The lack of (minimum) standards for due diligence and Know-Your-Customer for such services and the non-application of existing regulations compound the problem.Currently, Bitcoin is the currency of choice for criminals running ransomware and extortionschemes.”

Page 60: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

1

Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion (PANA)Public Hearing “Anti-money laundering and tax evasion: Who assures compliance with the rules and

enforces them?”Monday, 14 November 2016 – Brussels

The Belgian Financial Intelligence Processing Unit (CTIF-CFI), established by the Law of 11 January1993, is a central part of the Belgian AML/CFT system. CTIF-CFI is an independent administrativeauthority with legal personality, in charge of processing and forwarding information in order to combatmoney laundering and terrorist financing, including the financing of proliferation-sensitive activities orthe delivery of nuclear weapon delivery systems.

CTIF-CFI, composed of legal and financial experts and a senior officer seconded from the federal police,is placed under the supervision of the Ministers of Justice and Finance and led by a magistrate or hisdeputy temporarily seconded from the Public Prosecutor's Office. CTIF-CFI’s Bureau, composed of thePresident and the Vice President, organises its activities. Its composition, organisation, operation andindependence are stipulated in the Royal Decree of 11 June 1993.

CTIF-CFI is in charge of processing suspicious financial facts and transactions linked to moneylaundering and terrorist financing reported by institutions and individuals specified in the law (Law of11 January 1993 on preventing use of the financial system for purpose of money laundering andterrorist financing).

If the matter is serious or urgent, CTIF-CFI may, should such action be deemed necessary, freeze atransaction.

CTIF-CFI may request, not only from the institutions and individuals specified by the law, but also fromthe President of the bar association, the police services, the administrative services of the State, thetrustees in and temporary administrators of a bankruptcy and the judicial authorities, any additionalinformation it deems useful for accomplishing its mission, within the time period it determines.

Should the review of the information reveal a serious indication of money laundering or terroristfinancing, including financing of proliferation sensitive nuclear activities or of the development ofnuclear weapon delivery systems, this information is forwarded to the Public Prosecutor or to theFederal Public Prosecutor.

Page 61: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

2

As mentioned, CTIF-CFI receives suspicious transaction/activity reports from disclosing institutions onthe basis of which an analysis can be started. It is important to point out that CTIF-CFI does not havethe possibility to autonomously start an analysis or request information if no STR/SAR has been sentto our unit. The Panama Papers as such do not give CTIF-CFI the possibility to make inquiries or startsearching for financial/police/… information.

Serious tax fraud is one of the predicate offences within the competence of CTIF-CFI. If we find seriousindications of money laundering related to serious tax fraud, the file will be forwarded to the lawenforcement authorities. Other predicate offences within CTIF-CFI’s competence consist of e.g. illicitdrug trafficking, organised crime, embezzlement and fraudulent bankruptcy.

When a file is forwarded to the law enforcement authorities because of serious indications of moneylaundering related to serious tax fraud, CTIF-CFI must also inform the tax authorities, i.e. a specializeddepartment (CAF) within the tax inspectorate (Inspection Spéciale des Impôts / BijzondereBelastinginspectie). This enhances the efficiency of treating serious tax crime files in stimulating thecooperation and coordination between tax and law enforcement authorities. CTIF-CFI would like topoint out that forwarded files that are not handled on a law enforcement level, often lead to anadditional taxation of the main subjects.

On the basis of a STR/SAR, CTIF-CFI has the power to request information from the Belgianadministrative and police services, and request additional information from all the disclosing entities(regardless of the fact whether they filed an STR/SAR or not) and send requests for information tocounterpart FIUs, both European and non-European (on the basis of MOU).

Concerning files related to serious tax fraud, the most interesting counterparties are the BelgianMinistry of Finance and the Customs and Excise Administration. Regarding the Belgian Ministry ofFinance: CAF acts as a single point of contact for all of our questions concerning tax matters andcentralizes answers and requests. Furthermore, a certain number of FIU personnel (including theSecretary General, the Head of the Analytical Department as well as analysts specialized in tax matters)have direct access (via a VPN) to a number of databases within the Ministry of Finance, thus increasingthe efficiency of the cooperation and saving time. As to the Customs and Excise Administration, CTIF-CFI has a Liaison Officer who has access to the databases from within our unit and who is regularlypresent in person to advise analysts in tax-related matters.

CTIF-CFI is very active on an international level, emphasizing the importance of internationalcooperation in combatting (all kinds of) money laundering and terrorism financing. On a Europeanlevel, CTIF-CFI is part of the Advisory Group of the FIU.Net, giving impulse to innovation of theEuropean system that links FIUs. Cooperation between European FIUs through FIU.Net is easy,regularly used and fast. Checking of primary databases such as the own database of the FIU or policeinformation is a matter of days, making it possible to treat AML and TF files in a timely manner.Although not all European countries adopt the same point of view concerning tax fraud, we find thereare few impediments on a European level to exchanging information concerning serious tax fraud.

On an international (non-European) level, CTIF-CFI is part of the Egmont Group of FIUs and exchangesinformation through the Egmont Secure Web (ESW), a secure, encrypted email system. CTIF-CFI has

Page 62: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

3

signed MOUs with numerous counterpart FIUs, making it possible to exchange information in order toconclude whether or not serious indications of money laundering related to a predicate offence arepresent. Some countries are very reluctant to exchange information concerning tax-related matters,which may hamper the fight against ML related to tax crimes.

Egmont and FATF rules oblige their member states to hold information concerning the ultimatebeneficiary of companies. The 4th AML directive imposes the creation of national registers of UltimateBeneficial Owner (UBO) within every European member state. In tax-related matters (and the PanamaPapers are a prime example) knowing who is the ultimate owner of the limited company or trust is ofthe utmost importance to identify tax and ML constructions. When faced with offshore constructionsin Panama, the Bahamas, the British Virgin Islands etc. (on the basis of an STR/SAR) CTIF-CFI willsystematically ask the FIU of the respective countries to give information about the ultimate beneficialowner, to go beyond the lawyer who is representing the firm. We find that most of the time thisinformation reaches CTIF-CFI, although not always in a timely manner and some countries are morereluctant to give useful information (Panama). We have also been made aware by law enforcementauthorities that some (offshore) countries are willing to share information on UBO with the FIU forintelligence purposes only, but do not respond to IRC, thus preventing the use of the informationbefore the court and protecting their systems of anonymity.

On the basis of the Panama Papers listing, financial institutions have checked their databases of clientsto see if they could match names of companies and persons within those mentioned in the press. If so,the account history of the companies/persons was analysed, possibly leading to an STR/SAR ifsuspicions of ML/TF were present. In those cases, CTIF-CFI will start an analysis to find out the originof the funds. This proves to be rather difficult as funds were often transferred to offshore constructionsmore than thirty years ago. CTIF-CFI will not limit its analysis to tax enquiries but will check if indicationsof other offences are present.

A scheme we identified is the placement of illegal / illicit funds in an offshore structure for some years,then investing the money in a life insurance product in Luxembourg/Switzerland…for 8 years and finallyreinvesting the funds in Belgian real estate. In these sorts of cases, it is very difficult to get to the realorigin of the funds or to prove tax fraud as most of the time the tax fraud itself is statute-barred.

One particular feature in Belgium is that CTIF-CFI also has to check whether the individuals involvedhave made use of the fiscal regularization regime. In admitting tax fraud to a specialized departmentwithin the Ministry of Finance and paying a fine, the person is excused for his tax crimes.

We must also draw the attention to the fact that CTIF-CFI needs serious indications of moneylaundering. The mere fact of being the owner of an offshore vehicle or an account in an exotic havendoes not constitute in itself the indication of ML. The possibility and/or willingness for some other(non-European) FIUs to share financial information on tax-related matters, thus giving CTIF-CFI thepossibility to establish indications of ML, is rather limited.

Page 63: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Norbert Naulin 11.11.16

Schriftliche Fragen „Public Hearing“ am 14.11.2016

Zu 1:Das Angebot zum Ankauf der Daten war ausdrücklich mit einem Entgelt verbunden.Grundsätzlich ist es so, dass Informationen, die sowohl über eine erhebliche Werthaltigkeitverfügen, als auch für den Informanten mit einem hohen Risiko verbunden sind, nur gegenEntgelt zu erhalten sind. Zudem ist der Schutz des Informanten eine wesentliche Frage.

Zu 2:Es ist in den Fällen zunächst ein typischer Ablauf zur Gründung oder zum Erwerb derOffshore-Gesellschaften zu erkennen. Die „beneficial owner“ der „Offshore-Gesellschaften“sind alle über die Einschaltung einer Bank oder eines anderweitigen Finanzdienstleisters(insbesondere Vermögens- und Anlageberater) an die Kanzlei Mossack Fonsecaherangetreten. Bislang ist kein Fall bekannt, wo es einen unmittelbaren Kontakt eines„beneficial owner“ mit Mossack Fonseca gab.

In einigen Fällen ist es so, dass der in der „Power of Attorney“ eingesetzte „beneficial owner“selbst nur Treuhänder für den dann hinter diesem stehenden tatsächlichen „beneficial owner“ist. In diesen Fällen treten die Vermögensverwalter, Anlageberater oder Rechtsanwälteselbst als eigetragene „beneficial owner“ auf.

Die uns bekannt gewordenen Offshore-Gesellschaften waren wirtschaftlich inaktiv. Siewurden genutzt, um bei Banken Konten einzurichten. Auf diese Konten wurdenVermögenswerte transferiert, respektive zuvor bestehende Namenskonten wurden aufNamen der Offshore-Gesellschaft übertragen.Auch in Fällen, in denen Gelder aus möglichen Vortaten der Geldwäsche stammen, wurdendie Offshore-Gesellschaften nur zur Deponierung der Gelder genutzt.

In den meisten Fällen (über 90 %) handelt es sich um Fälle der Steuerhinterziehung. DieKonten der „Offshore-Gesellschaften“ in den verfahrensgegenständlichen Fällen wurden zuüber 95% bei Banken in Luxemburg geführt. Überwiegend bei Tochtergesellschaftendeutscher Banken.Die Anlage von Schwarzgeld auf Konten unter Namen der Offshore-Gesellschaft erfolgteunter anderem deshalb, weil hiermit die Europäische Zinsrichtlinie 2003/48/EG unterlaufenund der Einbehalt der Quellensteuer vermieden wurde. Deshalb ist zu beobachten, dassviele Offshore-Gesellschaften 2004 bis 2006 eingerichtet wurden.

Zu 3:Es gibt rechtliche Hindernisse, die durch die unterschiedliche Rechtslage zurSteuerhinterziehung begründet sind.Luxemburg leistet zum Beispiel in Steuersachen nur dann Rechtshilfe, wenn das Verhaltendes in Deutschland Steuerpflichtigen in Luxemburg den qualifizierten Tatbestand des § 396Abs. 5 der luxemburgischen Abgabenordnung erfüllen würde.

Dieser erfordert die Hinterziehung eines „nicht unerheblichen Steuerbetrages” entweder in absoluter

Höhe oder in relativer Höhe (mehr als 25 % der Jahressteuer) und eine Täuschung der Finanzbehörde durch „systematische betrügerische

Handlungen”.

Page 64: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

Dies ist praktisch im Einzelfall, ohne strafprozessuale Maßnahmen in Luxemburg und diedamit verbundene Möglichkeit zur Durchbrechung des Bankgeheimnisses in Luxemburg,nicht begründbar, denn genau diese Daten fehlen. Somit ist in den Einzelfällen in der Regelder Nachweis des konkreten Kapitals und der somit verkürzten Steuer nicht möglich.

In diesen Fällen ist es nur möglich eine Schätzungsgrundlage zu ermitteln und auf dieserGrundlage die Besteuerung durchzuführen.

Es wäre wünschenswert, wenn innerhalb der EU für die Ausgestaltung des Tatbestandes derSteuerhinterziehung gleiche Mindeststandards in allen Mitgliedsstaaten gelten würden, d. h.das Steuerhinterziehung stets ein Straftatbestand ist.

Zu 4:Die Finanzdienstleistungswirtschaft, d. h. Banken, Anlageberater und eine Kanzlei wieMossack Fonseca arbeiten arbeitsteilig organisiert und eigenem Gewinnerzielungsinteresse.Sie bieten so ihren Kunden gegen Entgelt Möglichkeiten zur Steuerhinterziehung.

Im konkreten Fallgeschehen erkennen wir entweder, dass gewerblich tätige Anlageberateroder Vermögensverwalter die Gründung der Offshore-Gesellschaft in Kontakt mit MossackFonseca veranlassten und dann auch für ihre Kunden gegenüber der Geschäftsbank tätigwurden oder es waren die angestellten Kundenberater einer Bank, die im Auftrag desKunden an Mossack Fonseca herantraten.

Die Handlungen der auf Ebene der Finanzdienstleistungswirtschaft verantwortlichhandelnden Personen werden von uns als systematische Beihilfe zur Steuerhinterziehungbewertet.

Der Beweis solch einer systematischen Beihilfe, insbesondere wenn internationale Bezügeeine Rolle spielen, ist ohne Insiderwissen um die Abläufe kaum möglich. In konkretenErmittlungsverfahren war der E-Mailverkehr, der Gegenstand des Informationsmaterials war,von zentraler Bedeutung für die Identifikation der beteiligten verantwortlichen Personen unddem Nachweis der strafbaren Beihilfehandlung.

In Fällen der organisierten oder banden- und gewerbsmäßigen Steuerhinterziehung ist es einManko, dass wir keinen strafprozessualen Zugriff auf die weltweite webbasierteKommunikation (z. B. Skype, Whatsapp etc) haben.

Zu 5:Die neue Geldwäscherichtlinie der EU enthält wichtige Regeln, die sich in der Praxis alssinnvoll erweisen können bzw. werden, insbesondere zur Identifikation der „beneficial owner“von Offshore-Gesellschaften, Trusts, Stiftungen.

Ein wesentliches Problem in unseren Ermittlungen ist, dass Vermögensverwalter,Anlageberater und Rechtsanwälte, ggf. auch Steuerberater (in unseren Fällen aktuell nicht)als Treuhänder auftreten. Es muss gewährleistet werden, dass diese Treuhandverhältnissezwingend durch die Treuhänder selbst oder die Banken bei denen Konten unterhaltenwerden, deklariert werden müssen. Dies kann über eine verbindliche und strafrechtlichrelevante Erklärung erfolgen, wonach der vorgebliche „beneficial owner“ entweder darlegt,dass er/sie nicht Treuhänder ist oder den Treuhandvertrag vorlegt.

Obwohl das Thema der „legalen“ Steuervermeidung durch die Verlagerung von Erträgennicht unmittelbar in meinen Arbeitsbereich als strafrechtlich tätiger Ermittlungsbeamterhineinspielt, so halte ich eine Regelung, wonach Wirtschaftsprüfer verpflichtet sind, Hinweise

Page 65: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

auf solche Gestaltungen in ihre Abschlussberichte aufzunehmen bzw. hierauf einengesonderten Hinweis erteilen zu müssen, für richtig und zielführend.

Als Ermittlungsbeamter empfinde ich folgendes als hilfreich:

Hinderlich ist, wie schon zu 3 ausgeführt, dass Steuerhinterziehung aktuell nicht in allenStaaten der EU grundsätzlich ein Straftatbestand ist und damit eine uneingeschränkteRechtshilfefähigkeit gegeben ist.Deshalb wäre es nicht nur wünschenswert, wenn Steuerhinterziehung in allen EU-Staatengrundsätzlich und ohne Einschränkung als Straftatbestand gilt, sondern dieSteuerhinterziehung sollte in allen Staaten der EU auch Vortat zur Geldwäsche sein.

Ebenso sollte die sogenannte „Eigengeldwäsche“ oder „autonome Geldwäsche“ strafbar undein Vermögensarrestierung immer dann möglich sein, wenn der Betroffene die legaleHerkunft des Vermögens nicht beweisen kann.

Zu 6:Die neue Geldwäscherichtlinie der EU erscheint mir eine wirksame Regelung zu sein.

Zu der Fragestellung kann ich aber im Konkreten nicht ausführen, da ich als Steuerfahnderhierzu nicht über die notwendigen Kenntnisse verfüge. Hierzu wäre ein Vertreter der FIUoder die mit der Geldwäschebekämpfung beauftragten Polizei- und Zollbeamten anzuhören.

Ich möchte aber die Gelegenheit aufgreifen, auf ein Problem hinzuweisen. Dies betrifft dieUmsetzung von gesetzlichen Regelungen. Als Beispiel möchte ich die aktuelle Situation imBereich der Geldwäschehinweise anführen. Die Anzahl der Geldwäschehinweise steigt seit2013 signifikant an. Allein die verwaltungstechnische Bewältigung verlangt immer mehrAufwand. Damit wird es aber auch immer schwerer relevante Sachverhalte zu erkennen undaufzugreifen.

Zu 7:Hierzu liegen mir als Steuerfahnder auf meiner Arbeitspraxis weder mittelbare nochunmittelbare konkrete Erfahrungswerte vor. Mir ist aber bekannt, dass Kollegen des LKANRW aus dem Bereich der Geldwäsche und aus dem Bereich Cybercrime über Erfahrungverfügen.

Page 66: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

1 | P a g e

European Parliament2014 - 2019

Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion

Public Hearing“Anti-money laundering and tax evasion:

Who assures compliance with the rules and enforcesthem?”

Monday, 14 November 2016 - 15:00 - 18:30

József Antall (JAN) 4Q2

Brussels

List of written questions to invitees

Representative of the French prudential supervisor: PatrickMontagner (deputy secretary General of the Autorité decontrôle prudentiel et de resolution)

1. Could you please tell us if the French supervisory body opened investigationsfollowing the revelations of the Panama Papers and the Bahamas leaks? If yes, couldyou perhaps tell how many cases were opened as well as how many were closed? Didthese cases reveal breaches of the law? Did the French supervisory body applypenalties? If yes, could you tell what the amount of penalties are so far?

Page 67: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

2 | P a g e

Dès la parution dans la presse (le 3 avril 2016) de l’affaire des « Panama papers », leSecrétariat général de l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (SGACPR) ademandé par courrier à l’ensemble des établissements bancaires ayant une activité de banqueprivée ainsi qu’aux organismes d’assurance potentiellement concernés à raison de leuractivité, de préciser leurs éventuels liens avec des cabinets panaméens de domiciliation destructures offshore, et, le cas échéant leurs activités d’administration de trusts pour comptede tiers. Au total, une centaine de courriers ont ainsi été adressés début avril 2016, demandantaux établissements de communiquer notamment :

! le nombre de sociétés offshore encore actives créées au bénéfice de leurs clients ;! l’implantation des filiales de banques / organismes d’assurance concernées le caséchéant par cette activité ;

! les diligences effectuées pour s’assurer de la connaissance des bénéficiaireseffectifs de ces sociétés aux fins de blanchiment et de leur conformité fiscale.

Le SGACPR est en train d’exploiter les informations recueillies, qui font ressortir, à ce stade :

! un nombre limité de banques et organismes d’assurance a priori concernés et dontl’activité en lien avec lesdits cabinets panaméens serait en très forte diminutiondepuis 2009, ce qui est à mettre en rapport avec le développement des échanges derenseignements entre autorités fiscales, mais aussi avec l’impact positif sur lesactions du SGACPR des évolutions législatives intervenues en France pourfaciliter la coopération internationale ;

! des difficultés de remontées d’informations, en particulier nominatives, parcertaines des filiales a priori concernées en fonction de leur implantationgéographique à l’étranger. Le SGACPR analyse actuellement la réalité desobstacles invoqués à la remontée d’informations.

Sur la base des réponses reçues le SGACPR a demandé à certains établissements de faireréaliser, par leur unité de contrôle périodique, des missions d'audit interne. Il a été notammentdemandé que ces missions vérifient la fiabilité et l’exhaustivité des informations transmisesau SGACPR et de procéder à des contrôles des diligences accomplies par les entités localesen matière de conformité aux normes internes des groupes relatives à la prévention dublanchiment des capitaux et à la conformité fiscale de la clientèle. Dans la continuité de cesrapports, un renforcement des procédures relatives à la connaissance du client et à lavérification de sa conformité fiscale sont en cours dans les établissements et donneront lieu àun suivi rapproché par les services de contrôle du Secrétariat général.

Enfin des missions de contrôle sur place conduites par le SGACPR sont également en cours,dans certains établissements en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment et le financement duterrorisme, avec un focus particulier sur l’activité de gestion de fortune à l’étranger et lagestion du risque lié aux sociétés de domiciliation panaméennes.

Plusieurs autorités nationales de supervision ont par ailleurs, dans le cadre des diligencesqu'elles mènent dans leurs pays respectifs, adressé des demandes d’information aux entitésdes groupes français relevant de leur compétence. Dans le cadre de ses accords de

Page 68: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

3 | P a g e

coopération avec certaines de ces autorités de supervision, le SGACPR devrait être informédes suites données à ces actions.

Il est encore prématuré pour dresser des conclusions sur la base des actions de contrôle encours. Il peut toutefois être souligné que les actions de l’ACPR ont ici deux finalités :

- insister sur l’importance pour les établissements d’être en mesure d’assurer uneidentification systématique du bénéficiaire effectif et de respecter les demandes d’informationen matière de fiscalité.

- identifier les juridictions qui constituent des obstacles à la circulation de l’information ausein d’un groupe pour les fins de la lutte contre le blanchiment et le financement duterrorisme afin de contribuer à la réflexion des autorités publiques sur ce point.

2. Could you please tell if the number of investigations increased due to the revelationsof the Panama papers? Could you please provide statistics comparing the situationbefore and after the revelations?

La vérification du respect par les organismes financiers soumis à son contrôle desmesures préventives en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment et le financement duterrorisme (LCB-FT) constitue, pour l’ACPR, une priorité de contrôle depuis denombreuses années (voir le bilan des contrôles sur les activités de gestion de fortunepublié par l’ACPR en février 20121, ainsi que les lignes directrices de l’Autorité sur lesujet. Une sanction avait été prononcée en 2012 pour un organisme du secteur de labanque, une décision de 2015 comporte des éléments se rapportant aux problématiques degestion de fortune pour un organisme d’assurances sur la vie).

Dans son champ de compétences, et compte tenu du volume des opérations réaliséespar les entreprises soumises à son contrôle, l’ACPR ne saurait être en mesure deréaliser un suivi ou un contrôle de nature systématique, même reposant sur des outilsautomatisés, des opérations individuelles. Aussi, concentre-t-elle ses ressources surles éléments essentiels susceptibles de constituer des risques de non-conformité enmatière de LCB-FT.

Entre 2010 (date de création de l’ACPR) et 2015, 352 contrôles sur place comportant unvolet LCB-FT, ont été effectués. 22 missions dédiées à ce thème LCB-FT ont étéeffectuées en 2015 et une quarantaine sont inscrites au programme d’enquête 2016 pourles deux secteurs de la banque et de l’assurance.

Pour le secteur de la banque, une attention particulière a été portée en 2015, dans lacontinuité de l’action menée les années antérieures en particulier dans le domaine de labanque privée, aux dispositifs de contrôle de la conformité en matière de LCB-FT mis enœuvre par les maisons mères pour leurs implantations à l’étranger (UE comme pays tiers).Dans le contexte des révélations sur les « Panama Papers », une attention encore accrue

1 https://acpr.banque-france.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/acp/Controle_prudentiel/Lutte_anti-blanchiment/2012-02-Bilan-sur-la-gestion-de-fortune.pdf

Page 69: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

4 | P a g e

est portée dans le cadre des contrôles en cours aux diligences effectuées par les groupesen matière de connaissance du bénéficiaire effectif.

Pour le secteur de l’assurance, les priorités de contrôle porté sur les grands organismesd’assurance vie ainsi que sur certains courtiers en portant une attention particulière auxmesures de vigilance mises en œuvre par les organismes à l’égard des opérationsconcernant des bons de capitalisation au porteur, produits considérés comme à risqueélevé.

Ces contrôles visent à s’assurer de l’effectivité du pilotage par la tête de groupe françaisedes risques inhérents aux activités développées par les implantations à l’étranger. Lesautorités des pays d’implantation sont responsables de la vérification de la mise en œuvreeffective des dispositifs de LCB-FT applicables dans les implantations des groupesfrançais dans leurs pays.

Les suites de ces contrôles sont en cours de traitement (voir également la réponse sous laquestion 3).

Depuis avril 2016, le SGACPR a également rappelé avec encore plus de vigueur lanécessité des diligences en matière de connaissance de la clientèle et du bénéficiaireeffectif à l’occasion des actions du contrôle permanent et des mesures spécifiques misesen œuvre et encore en cours, dans le contexte des « Panama papers » (cf. ci-dessous etréponses aux questions 1 et 8).

Ainsi au deuxième semestre 2016, lors du traitement du questionnaire sur le dispositif deLCB-FT adressé annuellement par les organismes financiers assujettis (qui a donné lieu àprès de 1500 courriers de suivi depuis 2010), les questions relatives notamment auxbénéficiaires effectifs et au pilotage des implantations à l’étranger ont particulièrementretenu l’attention du SGACPR.

Les entretiens, au minimum annuels avec les établissements, ont également conduit leSGACPR en 2016, à insister sur la nécessité de mettre en œuvre des procédures couvrantl’ensemble des obligations en matière de LCB-FT, avec une attention particulière portée àla connaissance des clients et les procédures de vérification de la conformité fiscale deces derniers. Pour les groupes, ces entretiens ont été l’occasion de rappeler que ledispositif doit être déployé avec la même rigueur dans les implantations à l’étranger qu’ausein des filiales françaises et qu’une évaluation régulière des mesures mises en œuvre parles implantations étrangères est indispensable.

Enfin, lors des entretiens annuels avec les organes de direction de grands groupes ainsique lors de la participation à des séances des conseils d’administration, le SGACPR asouligné en 2016 ses attentes en matière de LCB-FT, en particulier en matière deconnaissance de la clientèle et du bénéficiaire effectif, ainsi que la nécessité pour lesorganes exécutifs et délibérants de disposer des informations leur permettant de veiller àla qualité et l’efficacité du dispositif de LCB-FT.

Page 70: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

5 | P a g e

3. Could you please explain how the French supervisory body concretely supervisesobliged entities as regards anti money laundering? Could you please explain us whichmethodology is applied? Could you please tell us which entities you supervise? Doyou think that the supervision of obliged entities is sufficient in your country or wouldyou consider there to be loopholes in the supervision of obliged entities (some beingless or not supervised)?

L’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR) est en charge de lasupervision des secteurs de la banque et de l’assurance en France en matière delutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux et le financement du terrorisme (LCB-FT).Les personnes soumises à son contrôle et le cas échéant à ses sanctions disciplinairesen application de l’article L.561-36 du code monétaire et financier (CMF) sont :

- en ce qui concerne le secteur de la banque: les établissements de crédit, lesentreprises d’investissement, les sociétés de financement, les établissementsde paiement et de monnaie électronique (EP-EME), les changeurs manuels ;

- en ce qui concerne le secteur de l’assurance: les organismes d’assurance vieet non-vie2, y compris ceux exerçant sous la forme de mutuelle et d’institutionde prévoyance ainsi que les courtiers en assurance.

L’ACPR mène une action préventive, une action de contrôle et une action correctricey compris le recours à des mesures administratives et de sanction disciplinaire en casde manquement sérieux ou grave.

Au titre de l’action préventive, l’ACPR adopte et publie des lignes directrices àdestination des organismes assujettis à son contrôle. Elles sont discutées au seind’une commission consultative établie auprès de l’Autorité présidée et composée deprofessionnels. Ces lignes directrices sont des guides pratiques pour la mise enœuvre des obligations LCB-FT, en particulier dans les domaines de risques élevés oubien lorsque la mise en œuvre des obligations soulève des difficultés pratiques ouprésente des insuffisances, telles que constatées à la suite des contrôles de l’ACPR. Ilen existe sur la gestion de fortune, les personnes politiquement exposées, l’échangedes informations au sein des groupes, les bénéficiaires effectifs. Les lignes directricessur la déclaration de soupçon et les autres obligations d’information à Tracfin (cellulede renseignement financier-CRF française) ont été élaborées et adoptéesconjointement par l’ACPR et Tracfin (voir question 6).

L’ACPR met en œuvre une supervision par les risques en matière de LCB-FT avec ladéfinition de priorités annuelles de contrôle, suite à une analyse approfondie desrisques des acteurs soumis à son contrôle ou des métiers exercés, qu’ils soient denature transversale (gestion de fortune par ex.) ou individuelle (notamment, sur labase de l’appréciation du service de contrôle sur le risque et le dispositif de chaqueorganisme, les actions de suivi de la mise en œuvre d’actions correctrices, designalements envoyés par Tracfin à l'ACPR ainsi que des typologies diffusées parTracfin, d’échanges d’informations avec des autorités étrangères). Ces prioritéstiennent également compte de la mise en place des nouvelles réglementations, ouencore de plans d’action des pouvoirs publics auxquels l’ACPR contribue, déterminentle programme annuel des contrôles (cf. réponse à la question 2 ; voir aussi question6, notamment sur les échanges et la coopération avec Tracfin).

2 L’assujettissement à la LCB-FT de l’assurance non-vie est une disposition purement nationale

Page 71: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

6 | P a g e

Le contrôle de l’ACPR repose à la fois sur un contrôle permanent et sur des contrôlessur place.

Le contrôle permanent s’appuie notamment sur :

- l’analyse des questionnaires annuels portant sur le dispositif LCB-FT. Lesquestionnaires sont mis à jour, en tant que de besoin, au regard desmodifications législatives et règlementaires en matière de LCB-FT et des prioritésde contrôle définies par l’ACPR. Les dernières modifications en date du 22 juin2015 portent notamment sur le dispositif de gel des avoirs.

Le questionnaire commun aux organismes relevant des secteurs de la banque etde l’assurance-vie3 comporte des questions spécifiques relatives à l’obligation dedéclaration de soupçon de fraude fiscale (introduite en 2009), au dispositif LCB-FT des groupes bancaires et assurantiels français (échange d’informationnécessaire à l’évaluation des risques LCB-FT et à l’organisation d’un dispositifefficace au sein du groupe), aux éventuels obstacles juridiques rencontrés parl’entreprise mère pour mettre en œuvre dans ses succursales et filiales situéesdans les pays tiers des mesures de vigilance équivalentes ou obtenir de leur partles informations nécessaires (n° 75 à 104). La question n°30 porte sur laconformité des activités exercées avec les personnes physiques ou moralesdomiciliées, établies ou enregistrées dans les États et territoires non coopératifs(ETNC) en matière fiscale4. Par ailleurs, en application de l’article L 511-45 du CMF,les organismes financiers doivent déclarer leurs implantations dans les ETNC enannexe de leurs comptes annuels;

- l’analyse des rapports de contrôle interne que les organismes doivent remettrechaque année à l’ACPR (établissements du secteur de la banque et de l’assurance)et qui contiennent des informations sur le contrôle et la maîtrise des risquesLCB-FT de l’organisme.

L’analyse de ces documents donne lieu à des observations écrites (près de 1500courriers de suivi ont ainsi été adressés depuis 2010), à des entretiens au moins surune base annuelle avec les organismes, notamment leurs responsables de laconformité LCB-FT. Parmi les points de contrôle systématiquement évoqués, ceuxportant sur l’évaluation et la classification des risques et la mise en œuvre deprocédures internes couvrant l’ensemble des risques de l’organisme comme desobligations en matière de LCB-FT, leur actualisation et leur diffusion à travers desactions de formation régulières, le caractère complet et effectif du dispositif decontrôle interne LCB-FT, y compris l’affectation des moyens suffisant.

Les contrôles sur place visent à vérifier d’une part, la conformité du dispositif de LCB-FT à la réglementation, y compris en ce qui concerne les réponses apportées auquestionnaire annuel, d’autre part à apprécier son effectivité, c’est-à-dire la mise en

3 Les EP-EME européens ayant recours à des agents ou des distributeurs situés sur le territoire français, qui agissent en libreétablissement sous le contrôle LCB-FT de l’ACPR, ainsi que les changeurs manuels sont assujettis à un questionnairespécifique.

4 Dont la liste française a été mise à jour le 8 avril 2016 suite aux « Panama papers » et comprend désormais : le Botswana,Brunei, le Guatemala, les Iles Marshall, Nauru, Niue et le Panama.

Page 72: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

7 | P a g e

œuvre effective des obligations de vigilance ainsi que de l’obligation de déclaration desoupçon à Tracfin. A cet effet, les méthodologies internes de l’ACPR prévoientl’examen d’un échantillon de dossiers individuels de clients.

Entre 2010 (date de création de l’ACPR) et 2015, 352 contrôles sur place comportantune investigation LCB-FT, ont été effectués.

Les suites données aux contrôles sur place par l’autorité sont de trois sortes :- l’envoi d’une lettre de suite du Secrétaire général après chaque rapport decontrôle sur place, formulant les principaux constats assortis derecommandations de corrections à mettre en œuvre dans un certain délai;

- le prononcé d’une mesure de police administrative. En particulier, une vingtainede mises en demeure ont été prononcées par le président de l’ACPR pardélégation du collège depuis 2011 (pouvoir conféré à l’ACPR en 2010). La mise endemeure comporte des demandes précises de mise en conformité assorties d’uncalendrier d’exécution ;

- dans les cas les plus graves, ou encore lorsqu’une mise en demeure n’a pas étésuivie d’effet, à l’ouverture d’une procédure disciplinaire par le Collège desupervision et au prononcé d’une sanction par la commission des sanctions del’Autorité.

Depuis 2010, la commission des sanctions de l’ACPR a prononcé 19 décisions desanctions comportant des griefs en matière de LCB-FT, dont certaines comportaientdes manquements à l’obligation de déclaration de soupçon de fraude fiscale5. Toutessont publiques, la plupart mentionnent le nom de l’organisme concerné. À ce jour, 11procédures disciplinaires en matière de LCB-FT sont en cours. Le montant de lasanction pécuniaire la plus élevée prononcée est de 10 millions d’euros (non-conformité du dispositif de contrôle interne et retard dans la prise de mesurescorrectives). Une sanction d’un montant de 5 millions d’euros a été prononcée dansun dossier portant sur des montages complexes, défauts d’identification desbénéficiaires effectifs et défauts de déclaration de soupçon). Trois sanctions d’unmontant d’au moins un million d’euros ont également été prononcées. Dans le casd’une investigation qui portait essentiellement sur le dispositif de conformité d’ungroupe bancaire international, pour le métier de gestion de fortune, une sanction de500 000 euros a été prononcée en 20126. Un bilan des contrôles en matière de LCB-FTet des décisions rendues par la Commission des sanctions est présenté chaque annéedans le rapport d’activité de l’ACPR.

5 Les sanctions encourues par les personnes assujetties sont l’avertissement, le blâme, l’interdiction d’effectuer certainesopérations pour une durée maximale de 10 ans et toute autre limitation dans l’exercice de l’activité, la suspension temporairede dirigeants pour une durée maximale de 10 ans, la démission d’office de dirigeants, le retrait partiel ou total d’agrément oud’autorisation, la radiation de la liste des personnes agréées. Soit à la place, soit en sus de ces sanctions, une sanctionpécuniaire de 100 millions d’euros (1 million d’euros pour les changeurs manuels) peut être également prononc ée. Laresponsabilité personnelle des dirigeants peut être également engagée.

6 Le contrôle portait sur une période où la législation LCB-FT qui a créé la déclaration de soupçon de fraude fiscale n’é taitpas pleinement applicable et le plafond de sanction pécuniaire en vigueur sur une partie de la période objet des investigationsétait de 5 millions d’euros (ce plafond a été porté ensuite à 100 millions d’euros en deux étapes). La sanction tient comptenotamment du principe d’application de la loi pénale plus douce, comme du fait qu’une partie du contrôle (investigationsdans un pays tiers) a été invalidée. La loi a été modifiée en 2013, pour permettre à l’ACPR de mener des extensions decontrôle dans les implantations situées dans les pays tiers des groupes français, de manière juridiquement sûre.

Page 73: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

8 | P a g e

La supervision du secteur financier avait été considérée par le GAFI dans le rapportd’évaluation mutuelle de 2011 comme solide, notamment parce qu’elle comportait àla fois un contrôle permanent robuste et des contrôles sur place selon une approchepar les risques et que, au moins pour le secteur de la banque, le pouvoir de sanctionavait été continûment exercé de manière effective, induisant une évolution descomportements en matière de conformité.Le GAFI comme la 4è directive européenne ont élevé les exigences envers lesuperviseur depuis, dans le cadre d’une approche par les risques renforcée et del’effectivité des actions de contrôle.Dans ce cadre, l’ACPR poursuit l’amélioration de son dispositif d’évaluation desrisques des personnes soumises à son contrôle et perfectionne son dispositif decontrôle sur pièces et sur place assorti des mesures administratives et de sanctionnécessaires, en ayant le souci permanent d’efficience exigée par les pouvoirs publics,en particulier le Parlement. Elle adapte son contrôle, dans le cadre des priorités, auxrisques importants et aux nouveaux risques. En particulier, depuis 2011, denombreux contrôles ont été menés dans les organismes autres que bancaires,notamment les organismes d’assurance sur la vie, les établissements de paiement etémetteurs de monnaie électronique, les changeurs manuels les plus importants ouceux présentant les risques les plus élevés, les organismes présents outre-mer. Lessanctions publiques prononcées depuis 2010 témoignent de l’action de contrôle del’autorité comme de sa détermination à obtenir la mise en conformité règlementaireet la mise en œuvre efficace des dispositifs de LCB-FT des organismes soumis à soncontrôle.

L’ACPR souhaite appeler l’attention des parlementaires européens sur lesdeux principales difficultés suivantes relatives à la supervision LCB-FT :

1) S’agissant des groupes :

Lorsque l’entité mère du groupe n’est pas assujettie à la LCB-FT (cas des« holdings » qui n’effectuent pas d’opérations à l’égard de la clientèle), la 4ème

directive LCB-FT, ne prévoit pas les moyens de contrôler cette entité mère, qui, enpratique est en charge d’organiser le dispositif de LCB-FT du groupe et d’en contrôlerla mise en œuvre. C’est la raison pour laquelle la France a proposé, dans le cadre desnégociations en cours sur la révision de la 4ème directive LCB-FT (cf. « French non-paper » en pièce jointe), de compléter les articles 45 (organisation du groupe etéchange d’information et 48 pour la supervision des groupes et de leurs entitésmères. En outre, il paraît nécessaire de prévoir expressément dans la directive, queles informations liées à la LCB-FT puissent remonter vers l’entité mère du groupe,qu’il s’agisse d’une holding ou d’une entité assujettie, y compris les informationsnominatives relatives aux clients, pour lui permettre d’évaluer les risques portés parles entités du groupe et d’exercer un contrôle interne efficace du dispositif groupe.Enfin, conformément à la recommandation 26 du GAFI sur la supervision financière, ilapparaît nécessaire de prévoir expressément au niveau européen la mise en œuvred’un contrôle au niveau du groupe par l’autorité compétente en matière desupervision LCB-FT de la maison-mère. À cet égard, l’ACPR regrette que lesnégociations en cours au Conseil de l’UE n’intègrent pas au stade actuel de tellesdispositions, pourtant indispensables à la conformité du dispositif européen avec larecommandation 26 du GAFI.

S’agissant de la supervision de l’activité des EP-EME agréés dans un autre Etatmembre qui ont recours à des agents ou distributeurs situés dans le pays

Page 74: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

9 | P a g e

d’accueil, l’ACPR, comme la très grande majorité des autorités compétentes dansl’Union, considère que la législation LCB-FT de ce pays devrait être appliquée sousle contrôle de l’autorité du pays d’accueil. Le recours à des agents ou desdistributeurs ne saurait être considéré, au moins pour la LCB-FT, comme unexercice en libre prestation de service. , C’est la raison pour laquelle la délégationfrançaise propose de clarifier tant dans la 4ème directive LCB-FT que dans la DSP2que les EP-EME européens qui ont recours à des agents ou distributeurs situéssur un autre État membre relèvent de la supervision LCB-FT de l’autorité du paysd’accueil, en coopération avec l’autorité du pays d’origine (cf. « French nonpaper » articles 45 et 48 ; modification de la DSP2).La reconnaissance d’une telle compétence est d’autant plus importante qu’il a étéconstaté en pratique que la coopération avec l’autorité du pays d’origine n’étaitpas suffisante et que le l’activité de transmission de fonds à partir d’espèces versl’étranger, comme celle d’émission/distribution de monnaie électronique (cartesprépayées) en ayant recours à des agents/ distributeurs (qui ne sont pas desprofessionnels financiers) présente des risques élevés avérés, y compris enmatière de financement du terrorisme.

4. The French supervisory body has powers on anti-money laundering issues andsupervision. Not all supervisory bodies have this “double hat”. Could you pleaseexplain the advantage of this double hat?

À titre liminaire, il me semble nécessaire de rappeler l’évolution importante ducadre de la supervision des banques françaises. Depuis le 4 novembre 2014, lesprincipaux établissements et groupes bancaires français sont placés sous lasupervision prudentielle directe de la Banque Centrale Européenne (BCE). L’ACPRassiste la BCE et continue d’assurer directement le contrôle des établissements etgroupes moins importants, dans le cadre du Mécanisme de Surveillance Unique(MSU) dont la surveillance générale est confiée à la BCE.

La surveillance prudentielle de la BCE s’exerce sur une base individuelle et surune base consolidée. Toutefois, reste de la compétence de l’ACPR, y compris pourles établissements de crédit et groupes importants, la lutte contre le blanchimentet le financement du terrorisme (LCB-FT). L’ACPR n’est pas l’autorité compétenteen matière de lutte contre la fraude fiscale, c’est en exerçant sa compétence enmatière de prévention du blanchiment et du financement du terrorisme, qu’ellecontribue à la lutte contre la fraude fiscale. En effet, la fraude fiscale constitueune infraction sous-jacente au blanchiment depuis 2009 en France, alors mêmeque la répression dans ce domaine a été renforcée en décembre 2013.

L'ACPR exerce la double compétence pour toutes les autres entités dont lesorganismes d'assurance et les établissements relevant du secteur de la Banquemais qui ne sont pas des établissements de crédit au sens de la CRD4.

La diversité des dispositifs au niveau européen et international témoigneégalement qu’il n’y a pas un modèle qui soit partout reconnu comme plus efficacequ’un autre.

Toutefois, l'ACPR estime que la compréhension de la façon dont lesétablissements structurent leur contrôle interne et leur fonction de conformité,connaissance donnée par le contrôle prudentiel, est un avantage et un gaind'efficacité pour apprécier les dispositifs de LCBFT qu'ils mettent en place. De

Page 75: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

10 | P a g e

même, la bonne connaissance des modèles d'activité de chaque établissementpermet de mieux apprécier la cohérence des approches pars les risques.

Il peut aussi être souligné, qu’il est important de disposer pour l’exercice de cettecompétence en matière de LCB-FT d’équipes de contrôle sur pièces et sur placedisposant de l’expertise nécessaire et bénéficiant du support des expertstravaillant sur les normes et leur évolution. Là encore, différents dispositifs sontenvisageables et ont fait leur preuves, l’important étant l’existence d’unecoopération rapide et efficace entre les différentes autorités nationales chargéesde la lutte contre le blanchiment et le financement du terrorisme.

À titre d’illustration, l’ACPR s’est toujours employée non seulement à conduire descontrôles sur pièces et sur place des organismes financiers assujettis (cf.réponses sous les points 1, 2 et 3) mais également à accompagner les évolutionssuccessives des standards préventifs dans ce domaine en contribuant auprès durégulateur au renforcement de ces derniers tant au niveau nationalqu’international (cf. notamment, travaux du GAFI, travaux bâlois et européens,transposition des directives LCB-FT), en communiquant à la profession surl’évolution de ses obligations et les attentes du superviseur y comprisconjointement avec la CRF nationale (cf. lignes directrices conjointes sur ladéclaration de soupçon et les autres obligations d’information à Tracfin).

5. How does the French supervisory body cooperate with supervisory bodies of theother MS? Do you think this cooperation works effectively? Are there any legal orpractical obstacles to this cooperation? What would you suggest to improve thecooperation between supervisory bodies within the EU?

La directive 2005/60/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 26 octobre 2005relative à la prévention de l'utilisation du système financier aux fins du blanchimentde capitaux et du financement du terrorisme (dite « 3e directive LCB-FT ») neprévoyait pas de disposition relative à la coopération entre superviseurs des EM.

Dans ces conditions, et jusqu’à présent, la coopération entre superviseurs européens,y compris en matière de LCB-FT, s’est appuyée sur les dispositions nationalestransposant les directives en matière de règlementation prudentielle (directives CRD4et Solvabilité 2).

L’ACPR procède sur cette base, dans le cadre de sa mission de contrôle consolidé dudispositif LCB-FT du groupe, à des extensions de contrôle sur place au sein de filialesou succursales établies dans l’UE (en application de la combinaison des articles L.612-26 et L. 632-12 du CMF), avec l’autorisation du superviseur du pays d’origine. Ellerelève, d’ailleurs, une évolution des pratiques : lors des extensions de contrôle surplace en matière de LCB-FT menées fin 2014, il n’était pas toujours facile d’obtenirl’autorisation d’accès à toutes les informations nominatives des clients des filiales ousuccursales souhaitées par la mission de contrôle. Cependant, les enquêtes les plusrécentes, concomitantes ou faisant suite à l’affaire des « Panama papers » ainsi qu’àl’adoption de la 4ème directive LCB-FT, ont permis de constater une évolution positivedans ce domaine.

Page 76: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

11 | P a g e

En effet, la 4é directive LCB-FT pose désormais le principe de la coopération entresuperviseurs LCB-FT de l’Union, y inclus avec toute autorité qui a des pouvoirs desupervision LCB-FT, même si celle-ci n’est pas une autorité prudentielle (cf. article48-5), s’agissant des établissements (succursales, recours à des agents oudistributeurs). Toutefois, au vu des expériences de contrôle de l’ACPR, ilapparait nécessaire d’aller au-delà comme la révision en cours de la 4e

directive en fournit l’occasion. L’ACPR considère qu’il est indispensable que desdispositions définissent le cadre et les modalités de la coopération aux fins depermettre une coopération la plus large possible, y compris s’agissant des filiales,conformément à la recommandation 40 du GAFI à ce sujet7 (modalités d’échanged’informations confidentielles, y inclus nominatives sur les clients ; modalitésd’extension de contrôle sur place, mise en place de collèges de supervisionspécifiques en matière de LCB-FT réunissant le superviseur consolidé au niveau dugroupe ainsi que les superviseurs des filiales et succursales. Cf French Non Paper.Voir aussi question 3).

Les propositions de la présidence slovaque dont l’ACPR a pu avoir connaissance sontsont toutefois en deçà de ce qui existe dans CRD4 pour la coopération et l’échanged’informations entre les superviseurs. Elles ne permettent de ce fait pas d’assurerune supervision effective au niveau du groupe, ni d’être en conformité avec larecommandation 40 du GAFI précitée. Il parait en effet indispensable à l’ACPR quel’Union européenne s’affirme comme un espace unifié de lutte anti blanchiment où uncadre clair permette la coopération entre les différentes autorités en charge de lalutte anti blanchiment pour les différentes entités d’un même groupe, avec despossibilités d’échange d’informations y compris nominatives et de contrôles surpièces et sur places, équivalentes à ce qui est prévu dans d’autres domaines commele contrôle prudentiel

Il apparaît en outre nécessaire en matière de LCB-FT de prévoir la possibilité pour lessuperviseurs, au-delà de l’échange d’informations confidentielles, nominatives sur lesclients avec les autorités homologues européennes, de transmettre de tellesinformations à des fins de LCB-FT, en particulier à la CRF avec laquelle la directiveexige une coopération étroite, voire aux autorités fiscales nationales.

6. How does the French supervisory body cooperate with other enforcement authoritiesin France? Does cooperation work effectively? Are there legal or practical obstacles tothis cooperation? What would you suggest to improve cooperation with other nationalservices?

L’ACPR collabore étroitement avec la CRF nationale Tracfin dans le cadre de sesmissions de LCB-FT. Cette collaboration se reflète de plusieurs façons :- un agent de l’ACPR assure un rôle d’agent de liaison auprès de Tracfin ;- l’ACPR fait participer des agents de TRACFIN à son cycle de formation interne,voire organise des formations spécifiques : formation en matière de bons decapitalisation anonymes fin 2014 et un cycle de formation en assurance ;

- l’ACPR organise chaque année, en amont de l’établissement des priorités et duprogramme de contrôle, une réunion avec TRACFIN afin d’examiner ensemble les

7 Cf. paragraphes 10 à 12 de la note interprétative de la Recommandation 40 du GAFI

Page 77: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

12 | P a g e

organismes/secteurs/zones les plus risqués en matière de LCB-FT, notamment lesorganismes qui n’effectuent pas ou très peu de déclarations de soupçon ;

- TRACFIN participe aux réunions de la Commission consultative Lutte contre leblanchiment et le financement du terrorisme de l’ACPR, qui est chargée de donnerun avis sur les instructions et lignes directrices adoptées par le collège de l’ACPRen matière de LCB-FT. TRACFIN et l’ACPR ont notamment adopté et publié deslignes directrices conjointes sur la déclaration de soupçon et les autres obligationsd’information à Tracfin à destination des organismes financiers soumis au contrôlede l’ACPR et qui comprennent des cas de fraude fiscale, notamment en matièrede rapatriement d’avoirs détenus à l’étranger ;

- TRACFIN et l’ACPR sont membres du conseil d’orientation de la lutte contre leblanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme (COLB), qui rassembleles services de l’État et les autorités de contrôle compétentes et qui a pour objetd’assurer une meilleure coordination entre ces services et autorités, de favoriserla concertation avec les professions assujetties ainsi que de proposer desaméliorations au dispositif national de lutte contre le blanchiment. Le COLB estégalement compétent pour élaborer l’Analyse nationale des risques LCB-FT et amandaté un groupe de travail (groupe 6) piloté par l’ACPR pour identifier etévaluer les risques du secteur financier auquel contribuent principalement Tracfinet la DGTrésor ;

- TRACFIN et l’ACPR coopèrent pour l’identification des nouvelles menaces enmatière de LCB-FT et des mesures appropriées à mettre en place : l’ACPR a ainsiactivement contribué en 2014 aux travaux du Groupe de travail piloté parTRACFIN sur les risques LCB-FT liés aux monnaies virtuelles (dont les Bitcoins) etparticipé au rapport de TRACFIN remis au Ministre à l’été 2014 dans ce domaine ;

- Enfin, l’ACPR adresse à Tracfin les dossiers de défauts de DS issus des rapportsde missions de contrôle sur place et, Tracfin adresse à l’ACPR des signalements(article L. 561-30 du CMF). Les signalements de Tracfin peuvent être d’ordregénéral (typologies de blanchiment ou risque de blanchiment présentés parcertains produits financiers) ou d’ordre individuel (pratique de certainsétablissements qui ne réalisent pas de DS ou les réalisent tardivement,participation d’un organisme financier susceptible d’être impliqué dans unmécanisme de blanchiment). L’ACPR engage un suivi systématique dusignalement qui peut, selon la gravité des faits incriminés, consister en unemission de contrôle sur place, susceptible de déboucher sur une actiondisciplinaire. Tracfin est informé du suivi.

L’ACPR collabore également avec l’administration fiscale française, la DGFiP(Direction Générale des FInances Publiques). Tout comme dans le cadre de sesrelations avec Tracfin, l’ACPR transmet les cas de défauts de DS, uniquement s’ilscontiennent l’un des 16 critères de fraude fiscale prévus à l’article D 561-32-1 du CMF.

Outre les communications d’informations susmentionnées, des entretiens de naturegénérale sont tenus entre l’ACPR et le service compétent de la DGFIP. Le dernier, endate du 22 septembre 2015, a été l’occasion d’effectuer un bilan global descommunications et d’échanger sur l’évolution de la règlementation fiscale et lessujets partagés. En particulier, ont été abordés la mise à jour de la liste des états etterritoires non coopératifs en matière fiscale, les bonnes pratiques en matière deLCB-FT des organismes financiers dans le cadre du traitement des opérations derapatriement de fonds depuis l’étranger avec mesures de régularisation fiscale, lestypologies de fraude fiscale (carte des pratiques et montages abusifs publiés par laDGFIP) et le dispositif FICOVIE (recensement des contrats d’assurance-vie) entré en

Page 78: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

13 | P a g e

vigueur le 1er janvier 2016. En outre, la DGFIP a présenté aux équipes de contrôlesur place, les montages fiscaux les plus fréquents utilisés pour la fraude fiscale (29janvier 2016).Le tome II du rapport public annuel 2016 de la Cour des comptes a d’ailleurs constatéla bonne collaboration de l’ACPR avec Tracfin et la DGFIP au sujet de la lutte contrela fraude fiscale.

Enfin, l’ACPR, en sa qualité d’autorité administrative indépendante, procède à latransmission au Parquet des faits susceptibles de qualification pénale concernant lesorganismes qu’elle contrôle dont elle acquiert connaissance (disposition spéciale del’article L. 612-28 du CMF). Ces transmissions peuvent avoir un lien avec la fraudefiscale dès lors que les faits concernés paraissent suffisamment avérés pour lejustifier. L’ACPR informe aussi le Parquet, en application du III de l’article L. 561-36du CMF, des procédures disciplinaires engagées par elle dans le domaine LCB-FT(grave défaut de vigilance et/ou carence dans les procédures internes). Le Parquetreçoit à cette occasion, les dossiers individuels relevés par le contrôle, déjà transmisà Tracfin et le cas échéant à la DGFIP.Le Parquet peut enfin procéder à l’audition d’agents de l’ACPR, en leur qualitéd’experts suite à la transmission de signalements.La Direction des affaires juridiques du SGACPR a rencontré le pôle économiquefinancier et commercial du parquet de Paris le 28 janvier 2016, à la demande decelui-ci, pour renforcer la coopération sur les sujets où l’expertise de l’ACPR est utileà l’instruction, comme aussi sur la manière d’orienter de manière plus efficace letraitement des rapports de contrôle par le Parquet, reçus suite à l’ouverture d’uneprocédure disciplinaire.Par ailleurs l’ACPR se coordonne aussi avec l’AMF dans le cadre de la coopération parailleurs très étroite entre ces deux autorités.L’ACPR considère donc que la coopération avec les autres autorités nationales estefficace.

7. How does the French supervisory body cooperate with supervisory bodies of thirdcountries? Are there any legal or practical obstacles to this cooperation? Are thereany countries where cooperation is not possible because of legal or practicalconstraints? If yes, could you please indicate them to us and could you pleaseexplain its constraints? What would you suggest to improve the cooperation betweensupervisory bodies with third countries?

L’ACPR est autorisée à échanger des informations avec des autorités homologues,soumises à des règles de secret professionnel au moins équivalentes (articles L. 632-7 et L. 632-13 du CMF). Elle peut ainsi conclure des accords bilatéraux avec desautorités non membres de l’Union européenne et non parties à l’accord sur l’Espaceéconomique européen, ou être signataire d’accords multilatéraux. La liste des paysavec lesquels l’ACPR a conclu un accord est disponible sur son site Internet.

Des informations peuvent également être échangées avec des autorités nonmembres de l’Union européenne et non parties à l’accord sur l’Espace économiqueeuropéen sans conclusion d’un accord écrit (article L. 632-15 du CMF).

Dans le cadre de la surveillance des groupes transfrontières, l’ACPR conclut desaccords multilatéraux avec les autres autorités compétentes pour la supervision deces groupes (pour le secteur bancaire, ces accords sont préparés sur la base dumodèle d’accord élaboré au sein de l’Autorité bancaire européenne).

Page 79: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

14 | P a g e

Par ailleurs, l’extension des contrôles sur place est toujours soumise à l’autorisationde l’autorité de supervision du pays tiers qui peut imposer des conditionsparticulières individuelles. L’article L 612-26 du CMF permet à cet effet de concluredes accords ad hoc. Dans ce cadre, des accords ad hoc sont mis en place , danslesquels l’ACPR inscrit systématiquement une demande d’accès à des dossiersindividuels de clients sur place, sous réserve de réciprocité en matière de règles deconfidentialité. Il s’agit pour l’ACPR de s’assurer de la qualité de l’évaluation desrisques et de l’efficacité et de l’effectivité des dispositifs du groupe.

L’ACPR peut toutefois rencontrer des difficultés dans le cadre de l’exercice de samission, lorsque certains pays imposent des conditions ne permettant pas l’accès auxdossiers individuels de manière nominative.

8. The current AML legislation in the EU (and worldwide via FATF standard) alreadyrequires ‘obliged entities’ (usually, but not exclusively banks/ financial institutions) toidentify the ultimate beneficial owner, and make this information available tocompetent authorities and financial intelligence units (FIUs). Clearly the revelationsin the Panama papers demonstrate that some financial institutions and otherintermediaries have not only not met this obligation, but it is demonstrated thatsome have actively helped to conceal this information from competent authorities/FIUs.Would you consider these to be individual cases, which should be for lawenforcement bodies and justice departments to follow up; or would you ratherconsider this a systemic failure by EU Member States to implement and enforceexisting law?

L’ACPR n’a pas constaté dans les entités contrôlées en France de défaillance denature générale en matière d’identification des bénéficiaires effectifs (BE). Pour cequi est des cas révélés par les « Panama papers », voir questions 1 et 2.

L’ACPR porte une attention particulière quant au contrôle de la bonne mise en œuvrede l’obligation d’identification et de vérification d’identité des BE.Le questionnaire annuel sur le dispositif de LCB-FT comporte à cet égard plusieursquestions relatives aux bénéficiaires effectifs (n°38, 39, 43, 46, 62 et 86).L’ACPR a également publié dès septembre 2011 des lignes directrices sur lesbénéficiaires effectifs destinées à clarifier les obligations réglementaires, préciser sesattentes en la matière et présenter des exemples concrets d’aide à la mise en œuvrede cette obligation.

De même, dans le cadre de ses contrôles sur place, elle examine un échantillon dedossiers de clients, personnes morales, aux fins de vérifier la bonne mise en œuvrede l’obligation d’identification et de vérification d’identité des BE.Des griefs ont été portés sur ce sujet devant la commission des sanctions.

L’ACPR salue les avancées de la 4e directive LCB-FT sur la transparence despersonnes morales et des constructions juridiques de type trusts ou fiducies avec lamise en place de registres des BE. La transposition française des dispositions de ladirective, en ce qui concerne le registre des bénéficiaires effectifs, notamment auregistre du commerce et des sociétés, est en cours.

Page 80: Public Hearing - European Parliament · Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained : (Diplom Finanzwirt); diploma finance economist 7. Membership of professional bodies: Financial administration

15 | P a g e

Le sujet nécessite d’être appréhendé au niveau international. Au vu des évaluationsmutuelles en cours au GAFI, on relève que les recommandations 24 et 25 sur latransparence des personnes morales et des constructions juridiques sont peu ou pasmises en œuvre (rapport d’évaluation des Etats-Unis et du Canada par exemple.Seuls deux pays européens, à ce stade du processus d’évaluation dit « 4è cycle » encours depuis 2014 (Italie et Espagne) ont été bien évalués à ce sujet.

9. What is your opinion about the virtual currencies? Bitcoins, for example, are well-known for their 'money-laundering' possibilities. How do you think this issue shouldbe addressed?

Il existe différents types de monnaies virtuelles (centralisées et décentralisées). Lesmonnaies virtuelles décentralisées de type Bitcoins, présentent :

- un risque BC-FT particulièrement élevé au regard de leur anonymat, ducaractère non traçable des flux ainsi que du mode de création opaque(création par des « miners ») ;

- un défi en termes de régulation et, in fine, de supervision. À ce sujet, il estpossible de les appréhender uniquement au moment de la conversionl’interaction de la monnaie virtuelle en une monnaie ayant cours légal.

L’ACPR a publié, dès le 29 janvier 2014, une position relative aux opérations surBitcoins en France. Elle considère que dans le cadre d’une opération d’achat/vente deBitcoins contre une monnaie ayant cours légal, l'activité d’intermédiation consistant àrecevoir des fonds de l'acheteur de Bitcoins pour les transférer au vendeur deBitcoins relève de la fourniture de services de paiement. Dès lors, exercer cetteactivité à titre habituel en France implique de disposer d'un agrément de prestatairede services de paiement (établissement de crédit, établissement de monnaieélectronique ou établissement de paiement) délivré par l’ACPR. En tant que PSP, ilssont assujettis à la LCB-FT sous le contrôle de l’ACPR. Pour autant, il ne s’agit qued’une position nationale qui n’est pas partagée par l’ensemble de nos homologueseuropéens.

L’ACPR salue la proposition de la Commission européenne de modifier la 4e directiveLCB-FT du 5 juillet 2016 afin d’assujettir à la réglementation LCB-FT les plateformesde conversion et les fournisseurs de portefeuilles de stockage de monnaies virtuelleset de prévoir leur enregistrement.

La France va anticiper la révision, du moins en ce qui concerne les plateformes, dansle cadre de la transposition de la 4è directive en cours. L’ACPR sera l’autorité decontrôle.

L’ACPR soutient ces propositions qui permettront une meilleure surveillance desmonnaies virtuelles dasn l’Union et par conséquent des risques de LCB-FT associés.Cependant, la nature même de la monnaie virtuelle, qui circule par le biais d’internet,peut la rendre accessible partout dans le monde et donc difficilement contrôlable.