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BRAZIL

Alto Solimões Basic Services and Sustainable Development Project Indigenous Peoples Plan 1

(Appraisal Version: January 22, 2007) Introduction: Indigenous Peoples in the Project (OP and BP 4.10) The Amazonas Regional Development Project is an integrated, cross-sectoral project comprising sustainable development, water and sanitation (WSS) and health components. The Project involves local stakeholders, including Indigenous populations, to achieve more effectively its development objectives and benefits. The Project’s design highlights the importance of working with the Indigenous people in the Project’s area, not only because of their special needs as a historically excluded group, but also because of the wealth of their culture and their central role in preserving the region’s natural resources and maintaining its ecological balance. In accordance with the Bank’s policy, this Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) was prepared for the proposed Project. Representatives of Indigenous Peoples groups will be involved as beneficiaries and in advisory activities at the planning and policy level, and in monitoring and evaluation activities of Project-financed activities. The Project would not generate negative impacts on Indigenous people, but indigenous participation is crucial to optimize the Project’s benefits. Indigenous people have for a long time used the rain forest ecosystems for their subsistence and trade without causing major environmental degradation, and many scientists the Indigenous expertise knowledge in natural resources management, as exemplary. Nevertheless, Indigenous peoples are vulnerable to changes occurring in the Amazon. The first section of this IPP provides general background on Indigenous peoples in Brazil. The second section describes the main characteristics of the Indigenous peoples residing in Amazonas and the target Alto Solimões Region. The third section reviews the legal and institutional frameworks. The fourth section briefly describes land tenure issues. The next section details the consultation process. The remaining section specifies the plan for Indigenous participation, as well as the anticipated direct and indirect expected from the Project. 1. Background Brazil is one of the most diverse of all Latin American countries, with descendents of several ethnic groups blending together, including original Amerindian inhabitants, Portuguese and Dutch colonizers, French invaders, European and Asian immigrants, and Africans brought as slaves. Contrary to popular belief, miscegenation was not always

1 This document is based on the work of the consultant Villy Fritz Seilert, who carried out all field trips and direct interactions with the indigenous people representing organizations and Amazonas State Government’s officials.

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harmonious. It has produced inequities and unequal results in terms of access to resources and opportunities and control over access. In general, the Portuguese traveled without women and without wives, miscegenation was inevitable. Research on the Brazilian human genome shows that for 60 percent of the Brazilians who consider themselves as white -- have at least one Amerindian or African ancestor. Considering the above, a fundamental problem arises: how can one clearly identify that a person or a group of persons is Indigenous? In Brazil, the most accepted criterion is self-identification. In other words, the Indigenous peoples are those who identify themselves as belonging to a group that is collectively distinct from the national society as a whole, due to their historical links to pre-Colombian population.2

The Brazilian denomination of color instead of race as an identification criterion is consistent with the scientific findings about the non-existence of human races. First, the human species is too recent and its migration pattern too broad to have produced racial differentiations of human groups; and second, what is commonly known as different races indeed share between 90 percent and 95 percent of their genome variation. Skin color and human morphological characteristics originate from a small number of genes, and reflect variations only of a thousand, among billions of nucleotides in the human genome.3 Any ethnic group, such as Indigenous peoples in Brazil, is a historical, social, political and cultural reality, rather than a biological one. As such, it requires the appropriate social, political and cultural treatment from the Project. Henceforth, although many of the Indigenous individuals who will benefit from the Project do not live in Indigenous “aldeias”(agglomerates of residences where Indigenous live, within their lands or reserves) but reside in small urban and rural agglomerates that are part of the Project’s areas, their Indigenous identity was considered during Project preparation, taken into account in the Project design, and will continue so, during Project implementation. The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (Povos Indígenas) include a large number of different ethnic groups whose ancestors lived in the Brazilian territory before the existence of the Brazilian State. Brazil probably has the largest Indigenous population in the world living in isolation. At the time of European discovery, Indigenous peoples were traditionally semi-nomadic and subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering and migratory agriculture. Many of the estimated 300 nations and tribes that existed before 1500 died from diseases brought by European settlers or from ulterior contact with other groups. Many were also assimilated. The Indigenous population has decreased from an estimated four to six million to 734,000 in 2000, according to IBGE, which uses the self-identification criteria. However, there are some methodological differences in the data collection on the Indigenous population. While IBGE uses the criterion of self-identification, thus

2 http://www.socioambiental.org/pib/english/rights/stat.shtm, consulted January 31, 2006. 3 Parra, F.C, Amado, R.C. Lambertucci, J.R., Rocha, J., Antunes, C.M., Pena, S.D.J. 2003. Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 100:177-182. Pena, S. Divergent Human Y-Chromosome Microsatellite Evolution Rates, Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 49, Number 2, August 1999 Pages: 204 - 214; Pena, S.D., Santos, F.R. (2000) L'origine des Amérindiens. Pour la Science, 227: 82-85.

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comprising those who, although living in urban areas, consider themselves as Indigenous, FUNAI (National Agency for Indigenous Affairs)considers as Indigenous peoples only those who live in “aldeias”. This difference is reflected in the figures: while IBGE data shows 734,000 Indigenous people in Brazil, FUNAI reports 450,000. The difference is also reflected in targeting mechanism: only those living in aldeias are targeted by the Indigenous peoples governmental policies. In the Project’s design, to benefit Indigenous individuals living in the Project’s areas, the IBGE definition will be used. In other words, the Project will generate direct benefits for ‘urbanized” and rural indigenous groups (not residing in aldeias), while generating indirect benefits for Indigenous people residing in aldeias through agreements and partnership with the official institutions such as FUNAI and FUNASA (National Health Foundation). FUNASA has the legal mandate to work with them in the water, sanitation and health sectors supported by the project4.

Since colonial times, Brazil has dealt with the issue of landless farmers by extending the agricultural frontier westward. The occupation of the State of Amazonas by non-Indigenous peoples began in the 1970s and continues to the present. At that time, the military regime provided incentives through both colonization programs and agrarian reform schemes to a large number of landless people to migrate to the state. However, the experience was disappointing. The migration of small farmers from old to new frontiers posed a threat to the forest, and a decade later, the local economy was stagnant and the price of land had escalated. The macroeconomic instability of the 80s and 90s also contributed to deforestation in two ways: (a) shifting the demand for land as a productive factor to a speculative asset; and (b) reducing the opportunity costs for small farmers to leave their lands and thus continue deforesting new land5. As a result, these settlers shifted out the frontier to areas deeper in the forest. Eventually these farmers started to migrate to urban settlements in the region, which did not have the capacity, the revenues, or the services to respond to the inflow of new inhabitants. Their vulnerability became extreme as well as the vulnerability of Indigenous peoples, who were dislodged and whose lives were dismantled with this process. 2. Indigenous People in the Amazonas State The State of Amazonas has the largest number of Indigenous peoples (27.5 percent) and the largest land area inhabited by Indigenous groups. As shown in Table 1 below, the following groups are found in the state: Apurinã, Banawá, Baniwá, Bará, Barasana, Baré, Deni, Desana, Jamamadi, Jarawara, Jiahui, Juma, Kambeba, Kanamari, Kaixana, Karapanã, Katukina, Kaxarari, Kocama, Korubo, Kubeo, Kulina Madiha, Kuripako, Makuna, Marubo, Matis, Matsé, Miranha, Mirty-Tapuya, Mura, Parintintin, Paumari, Pirahã, Piratapuya, Sateré-Mawé, Tariana, Tenharim, Ticuna, Torá, Tsohom Djapá, Tukano, Tuyuka, Wanana, Warekena, Witoto, and Zuruahã.

4 Between the 1991 and the 2000 Census, there was an increase of 150 percent in the number of people who declared themselves as Indigenous, six times higher than the Brazilian population growth4. Only 45 percent of Indigenous Peoples, according to the 2000 Census, live in Indigenous territories, validating the design of adequate interventions also to Indigenous who live in urban settlements. 5 Osorio, A.L. and Campari, J, Sustainable Settlement in the Brazilian Amazon, The World Bank 1995.

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Table 1: Indigenous peoples in the State of Amazonas

Other names Language Family

(1)

Location: State in Brazil and nearby countries

Census population

estimate (2)

Year

Apurinã. . Aruák AM (Amazonas)

4,087 (Funasa, 2003)

Arapaso. Arapaço Tukano AM 328 2001 Banawá. Banawá Yafi Arawá AM 100 1999 Baniwa. Baniua, Baniva,

Walimanai, Wakuenai

Aruak AM Colombia Venezuela

5,141 6,790 3,236

2002 2000 2000

Bará. Waípinõmakã Tukano AM Colombia

39 296

2001 1988

Barasana. Hanera Tukano AM Colombia

61 939

2001 1988

Baré. . Nheengatu AM Venezuela

2,790 (1,210)

1998 1992

Deni. . Arawá AM 736 2002 Desana. Desano, Dessano,

Wira, Umukomasá falta strike no 'u'

Tukano AM Colombia

1,531 (2,036)

2001 1988

Jamamadi. Yamamadi, Kanamanti

Arawá AM 800 2000

Jarawara. Jarauara Arawá AM 160 2000 Jiahui. Djahui, Diarroi Tupi-

Guarani AM 50 2000

Juma. Yuma Tupi-Guarani

AM 5 2002

Kaixana. Caixana Português AM 224 1997 Kambeba. Cambeba, Omágua Tupi-

Guarani AM 156 2000

Kanamari. Tüküná, Canamari Katukina AM 1,327 1999

Karapanã. Carapanã, M*u*teamasa, *U*kopinôpôna

Tukano AM Colombia

42 (412)

2001 1988

Katukina. Tüküná Katukina AM 289 2000 Katukina. . Pano AC/AM 318 1998 Kaxarari. Caxarari Pano AM/RO 269 2001 Kocama. Cocama Tupi-

Guarani AM Peru

Colombia

622 (10,705)

(236)

1989 1993 1988

Korubo. . Pano AM 250 2000 Kubeo. Cubeo, Cobewa,

Kubéwa, Pamíwa Tukano AM

Colombia 287

(4,238) 2001 1988

Kulina Madihá.

Culina, Madija, Madiha

Arawá AC/AM Peru

2.318 (300)

1999 1993

Kulina Pano. Culina Pano AM 20 1996

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Other names Language Family

(1)

Location: State in Brazil and nearby countries

Census population

estimate (2)

Year

Kuripako. Curipaco, Coripaco Aruak AM Colombia

1,115? 2002

Maku (subgrupos Yuhupde, Hupdá, Nadöb, Dow, Cacua e Nucak).(4)

Macu Maku AM Colombia

2.548 678 1998 1995

Makuna. Macuna, Yeba-masã Tukano AM Colombia

168 528

2001 1988

Marubo. . Pano AM 1.043 2000 Matis. . Pano AM 239 2000 Matsé. Mayoruna Pano AM

Peru 829

(1,000) 2000 1988

Miranha. Mirãnha, Miraña Bora AM Colombia

613 (445)

1999 1988

Mirity-Tapuya. Miriti-Tapuia, Buia-Tapuya

Tukano AM 95 1998

Mura. . Mura AM 5.54 2000 Parintintin. . Tupi-

Guarani AM 156 2000

Paumari. Palmari Arawá AM 870 2000 Pirahã. Mura Pirahã Mura AM 360 2000 Pira-tapuya. Piratapuia,

Piratapuyo, Pira-Tapuia, Waíkana

Tukano AM Colombia

1,004 (400)

2001 ,1988

Sateré-Mawé. Sataré-Maué Mawé AM/PA 7.134 2000

Siriano. Siria-Masã Tukano AM Colombia

17 665

2001 ,1988

Tariana. Tariano, Taliaseri Aruak AM Colombia

1,914 205

2001 ,1988

Tenharim. Kagwahiva Kagwahiva, da família

Tupi-Guarani

AM 585 2000

Ticuna. Tikuna, Tukuna, Magüa

Ticuna AM Peru

Colombia

32.613 (4,200) (4,535)

1998 1988 1988

Torá. . Txapakura AM 51 1999 Tsohom Djapá.

Tsunhum-Djapá, Tyonhwak Dyapa, Tucano

Katukina AM 100 1985

Tukano. Tucano, Ye'pã-masa, Dasea

Tukano AM Colombia

4,604 6,330

2001 1988

Tuyuka. Tuiuca, Dokapuara, *U*tapinõmakãphõná

Tukano AM Colombia

593 570

2001 1988

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Other names Language Family

(1)

Location: State in Brazil and nearby countries

Census population

estimate (2)

Year

Wai Wai(subgrupos Karafawyana, Xereu, Katuena e Mawayana).(4)

Waiwai Karib RR/AM/PA Guyana

2.020 130

2000 2000

Waimiri-Atroari.

Kinã, Kinja Karib RR/AM 931 2001

Wanana. Uanano, Wanano Tukano AM Colombia

447 1,113

2001 1988

Warekena. Uarequena, Werekena

Aruak AM Venezuela

491 (409)

1998 1992

Witoto. Uitoto, Huitoto Witoto AM Colombia

Peru

?(5 .939) (2.775)

1988 1988

Yanomami (subgrupos Yanomam, Sanumá e Ninam).(4)

Ianomãmi, Ianoama, Xirianá

Yanomami Yanomami Yanomami Yanomami

RR/AM Venezuela

11,700 (15,193)

2000 1992

Zuruahã. Sorowaha, Suruwaha Arawá AM 143 1995

Source: Instituto Sócio-Ambiental. http://www.socioambiental.org/pib/portugues/quonqua/quadro.asp - Consulted in 04/01/06.

AC stands for Acre; PA for Para; RO for Rondonia; RR for Roraima;

2.1 Indigenous Peoples in Alto Solimões

Alto Solimões is home to 11 ethnic groups, with a total population of approximately 40,000 Indigenous inhabitants, representing between 15 to 20 percent of this Region’s population. Six of these groups have relatively large numbers of inhabitants (Ticuna, Kulina, Kokama, Kaixana, Matsé [or Mayoruna] and Marubó). However, the size of this population varies according to sources and to criteria applied, and SIASI, the information system operated by FUNASA, counts a total of 31,610 indigenous in the region. These ethnic groups reside in 150 aldeias within the Vale do Javari and the Alto Solimões Indigenous districts. However, these numbers do not account for approximately 5,000 Ticuna Indigenous living in dispersed hamlets in neighboring areas or for other dispersed Indigenous groups not belonging to the most numerous ethnic groups. This number also does not include isolated Indigenous with whom contact has not been established.6

Considering these gaps in the information systems, in the State’s Indigenous People’s Foundation (FEPI) estimates an Indigenous population of 36,615 in 2004. A description of the main characteristics of the major groups follows.

6 According to FUNAI, there are at least seven “isolated groups” in the region, with very little contact with urban centers. One such group is the Korubos.

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Ticuna: The Ticuna Indigenous group is the most numerous in the state, residing in a territory that extends from the Rio Solimões/Jutaí to Peru and Colombia. The group’s livelihood depends on hunting, fishing and subsistence agriculture. However, because of the Ticuma’s demographic density, unsustainable agricultural practices and predatory fishing, natural resources are becoming increasingly depleted and the environment degraded. This situation has resulted in negative consequences on food security and health. Other issues affecting their well-being include drug trafficking across the Colombian border, which inevitably generates violence and crime. Health conditions are poor and health services are irregular and of low-quality, as indicated by the frequent reporting of diarrheal disease and malaria. Yet, despite these problems, the Ticunas are highly organized, as evidenced by the following activities. From 1996 to 1999, they benefited from an environmental and health project, supported by Museu Nacional, PPG7 and FINEP, which received a favorable evaluation; nevertheless, the project was not able to stop the degradation of natural resources. Currently, another PPG7 project finances environmental education and forest protection. In addition to environmental projects, the Ticunas have also created the Organization of Bilingual Teachers in which more than 500 teachers participate. Through this organization and in collaboration with Government, education materials are produced that are culturally- and linguistically appropriate for Ticuna students. The Ticunas have also created their own museum, Museu Maguita,which is visited by tourists. Finally, in collaboration with the Government of Japan, the Ticunas have perfected crafting paper from Turiti, a tree of the region. The paper is used in art, crafts and clothing. Kulina: The Kulinas migrated to the Vale do Javari during the1950s and 1960s. Their lands were demarcated in 1998. This process, although violent and conflictive, facilitated the development of a strong group identity with their land, together with mistrust of non-Indigenous populations. The main economic activity of the Lulinas is fishing, but it is also a source of conflict with non-Indigenous fishing boats originating from Manaus. In regards to health, the group understands disease as the result of instruments inserted in their bodies through magic mechanisms. Although refuting health diagnosis by official entities, the Kulina are in frequent conflict with FUNASA, whose services they consider unreliable and ineffective. Kaixana. The Kaixanas live in three Indigenous lands in Alto Solimões and speak Portuguese. They are not beneficiaries of governmental program. Very little is known about them, except that they are few in numbers (about 320), and suffer from high maternal and child mortality. Kokama. Inhabiting an area encompassing Alto Solimões, Peru and Colombia, there are an estimated 3.500 Kokamas in the Project’s area. The Kodama reside in four Indigenous reserves whose demarcation has been conflictive. The group has also had a stormy relationship with FUNAI. The Kokamas maintain their mother tongue which is derived from the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. The Kokamas are essentially fishermen and farmers, but are also hunters and gatherers. Wood is extracted only for small home constructions.

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Mayoruna. The Mayaruna live in the Vale do Javari (in three Indigenous lands - Lameirão, Marajaí and Vale do Javarí) and in Peru. They speak Mayoruna, which is of the Pano linguistic family. Very few speak Portuguese. About 3,000 Mayorunas live in Alto Solimões. Their homes are large tents (malocas) whose doors are decorated with the skulls of animals. Health is a continuous source of worry, resulting in conflicts with and protests against FUNASA. Although verifiable data is absent, infectious diseases such as malaria and viral hepatitis are frequent; infant mortality is high; and, malnutrition is common. Marubó. About one thousand Marubós live in Alto Solimões in an area located between the River Ituí and River Curaça, in the Javarí Basin. The Marubós combine Indigenous from different groups which were fragmented during the process of occupation of the Amazon Region by non-Indigenous settlers. Only the Indigenous health agents (agents de saúde indígena) and some male youth who attend schools in neighboring areas speak Portuguese. Their “aldeia” (hamlet) is organized around a big house (maloca), where they sleep, cook, sing and host their visitors. Around the maloca, there are smaller buildings to keep food and working tools. Men are hunters, while women farm the land. Although verifiable data is absent, cholera, malaria, whooping cough and measles are common, resulting in high infant mortality. Finally, according to the 2000 population census, about 1,100 Indigenous peoples resided in urban areas in Alto Solimões, representing about one percent of the region’s urban population. Table 2 displays the number of urban Indigenous and corresponding percent of urban population by municipality. Like the non-Indigenous groups, they are concentrated in and around municipal capitals. 2.2 Indigenous Organizations

Since the end of the military period, the number of Indigenous organizations has multiplied. In 1988, there were ten such organizations in the Amazonian Region. Yet by 2005 there were more than 180 organizations identified in the six Amazon states (Amazonas, Roraima, Rondonia, Acre, Pará and Amapá) and more than 250 organizations in what is known as the Legal Amazon (which also includes parts of the States of Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Maranhão). At least two main factors explain this increase: first, the recognition of Indigenous rights by the 1988 Constitution, particularly the Indigenous right to be treated differentially; and second, the decentralization of many social services to states and municipalities, such as health care and education, which were previously delivered (or presumably delivered) by the Federal Government. Beginning with a movement of informal ethno-political mobilization engaged in conflictive dialogues with the Federal Government over land, which subsequently

Table 2: Urban Indigenous in Alto Solimões Number and Percent of Urban Population

By Municipality Municipality No. of

Urban Indigenous

% Urban Population

Amarturá 277 5.8 Atalaia do Norte 19 0.4 Benjamin Constant 194 1.4 Fonte Boa 150 1.3 Jutaí 0 0.0 Santo Antônio do Icá 78 0.9 São Paulo de Olivença 79 0.9 Tabatinga 376 1.4 Tonantins 0 0.0 TOTAL 1,124 1.2

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embraced a large array of social and economic issues, a new institutional setup was created for the political representation of Indigenous peoples. In 1987, the Federação Indígena do Rio Negro (Indigenous Federation of River Negro - FOIRM) was formed, representing several organizations in municipalities of the state, including São Gabriel da Cachoeira and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro. In 1989, the creation of the Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazonia Brasileira (Coordination of Amazonian Indigenous Organizations – COIAB) started a new pattern for action that was programmatic, practical and project-oriented. At that time, Indigenous organizations began to seek the legalization of their organizations, including the opening bank accounts to receive donations and grants to carry out projects. This movement redefined their relationship with the Brazilian Government by making Indigenous peoples more of an actor in their lives instead of being passive recipients of State assistance.7 Today, the majority of Indigenous organizations are local and many are structured around a professional or economic activity, such as producers’ groups, health agents, teachers, etc. There are also important networks of women’s associations and associations of Indigenous students. Finally, Indigenous peoples are well-organized in Alto Solimões, as shown in Table 3. The Indigenous assessment identified over 30 formal and active organizations. In addition to organizations related to specific ethnic groups, a large number of organizations have coalesced around an array of themes, including gender, health, agricultural production, education, and artisanship. These organizations can serve as potential partners for project implementation. In summary, despite the diversity shown above, the Indigenous peoples living in the Project’s area share important common features, including:

• Traditional adaptive subsistence systems based on forest resources. Economic activities include subsistence farming, fishery, hunting, gathering and art craft.

• As a result of contact with the non-Indigenous society and the loss of identity, there are many social problems such as intra-group conflicts and violence (for example, between the elderly and the young), high suicide rate among women and youth, alcoholism, and proliferation of sexually transmitted diseases.

• Increasing dependency on monetary earnings and external assistance, abandonment of traditional cultural habits, degradation of natural resources, and impoverishment.

• Semi-nomadic patterns of settlement related to adaptive needs and cultural traditions.

• Due to the geographical centralization of governmental services (very often, around FUNAI facilities), some population groups are concentrated in limited territories.

• Pressure from other social groups over land resources.

7 Fundação Estadual dos Povos Indígeneas, htpp://www.fepi.am.gov.br/programas_02.php?cod=1100, consulted on 02/06/2006.

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• Over the past fifteen years organizations that represent Indigenous interests have become increasingly effective with regional civil society and governmental agencies.

• Health outcomes of Indigenous populations lag those of non-Indigenous groups, although the former’s overall health status is improving. FUNASA, the federal agency responsible for water, sanitation and health activities in the aldeias is the subject of protests by Indigenous groups for the low quality and irregularity of care.

Table 3: Existing Indigenous Organizations in the Alto Solimões Meso-Region

Acronym Name 1 CGTT Conselho Geral das Tribos Ticuna 2 CIVAJA Conselho Indígena do Vale do Javari. 3 FOCCITT Federação das Org., dos Caciques e Comunidades Indígenas da Tribo Ticuna. 4 OSPTAS Organização de Saúde do Povo Ticuna do Alto Solimões. 5 OMITTAS Organização da Missão Indígena da Tribo Ticuna do Alto Solimões. 6 OGMITAS Organização Geral das Mulheres Indígenas do Alto Solimões 7 AMITRUT Associação das Mulheres Indígenas de Taracuá, Rio Uapés e Tiquié 8 AMI Associação das Mulheres Ticuna 9 OASPT Organização de Agentes de Saúde do Povo Ticuna.

10 CACIB Cooperativa Agrícola da Comunidade Indígena Betânia 11 CITGG Comunidade Indígena Ticuna Cunëëcü – Guanabara III 12 MEMATÜ Associação das Mulheres Artesãs da Comunidade Porto Cordeirinho 13 OCIBTM Organização da Comunidade Indígena Ticuna Betânia Mecürane 14 OCIF Organização Comunidade Indígena Feijoal 15 AWAS Associação dos Witotas do Alto Solimões 16 ACMA-

TUYUCA Associação dos Cocamas do Município de Amaturá

17 ACIU Associação dos Artesãos e Cultura Indígena de Umariaçu 18 CAITI Centro Artesanal Indígena Ticuna Içaense 19 OAIBS Organização dos Artesãos de Belém do Solimões 20 OGPTB Orgaação Geral dos Professores Ticuna Bilíngüe. 21 OIATTUR Organização Indígena dos Agentes Ticuna de Turismo 22 OGEITAM Organização Geral dos Estudantes Indígenas Ticuna do Alto Solimões 23 AARCITPE Associação dos Artesãos da Comunidade Indígena do Porto Espiritual 24 AMACIU Associação das Mulheres Artesãs da Comunidade Indígena do Umariaçu 25 OIKAM Organização Indígena Kocama do Amazonas 26 OCIKAM Organização dos Caciques Indígenas Kaixanas da Amazônia 27 OGCCIPC Organização Geral dos Caciques e Comunidades Indígenas do Povo Cocama 28 COITF Comunidade Indígena Ticuna Filadélfia 29 AMATÛ Associação das Mulheres Ticuna de Bom Caminho 30 OCAS Organização Cambeba do Alto Solimões 31 APPIAS Associação dos Parlamentares dos Povos Indígenas do Alto Solimões

3. Legal and Institutional Framework The Brazilian Government has ratified the International Labor Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous Peoples and Tribal Populations. In 1966, Brazil signed the UN Declaration of Human Rights, which included the Pact for Civil and Political Rights and the Pact for Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Rights which became Law in 1992. As part of the Law and together with rights that cover the entire population (rights to work, health, education, environmental sustainability, etc.), specific rights addressing

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vulnerable populations were included.8 Provisions were established to protect all vulnerable groups, including Indigenous peoples and the diversity of their cultural pattern and social organization. Law 6,001, known as the Estatuto do Índio (Indigenous Statute), was approved in 1973. This law stipulates the relationship between the Brazilian Government and Indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples were considered ‘relatively capable” who should be tutored by a federal government organization: first, the Serviço Nacional do Proteção ao Índio (National Service of Protection to the Indigenous), replaced by the Fundação Nacional do Indio (National Indigenous Foundation – FUNAI). In the late 1980s, as a result of intensive mobilizations and debates promoted by Indigenous organizations and various civil society groups, Brazil inaugurated a new framework for Indigenous rights. Although the Indigenous Statute continues in effect, the 1988 Federal Constitution modified one of its central premises: Indigenous peoples should be integrated into the general Brazilian society. The 1988 Constitution acknowledged the diversity of Brazil, but did not call for the integration of Indigenous peoples in a general Brazilian pattern. Rather, it recognized historically produced differences while ensuring the right of Indigenous peoples to be different. The Constitution contains an entire chapter about Indigenous peoples’ rights that secures respect for their social organization, customs, languages, beliefs and traditions, and recognizes their original right over the lands that they have traditionally occupied (title VIII, "Of the Social Order ", chapter VIII, "of the Indigenous peoples"). Since then, the constitutional rights of the Indigenous peoples include at least two innovative and important concepts compared to the previous Constitutions and the Indigenous Statute. The first innovation is the abandonment of the assimilation point of view, which destined Indigenous peoples to disappear. The second innovation is the recognition of the rights of Indigenous peoples over their lands, defined as prior to the creation of the Brazilian State itself. Since the 1988 Constitution, and in parallel to broader political changes related to the return to democracy, indigenous policy in Brazil, began to transition towards a more decentralized institutional setting, with responsibilities for Indigenous peoples being shared by multiple organizations at multiple levels. Traditionally, FUNAI centrally implemented Indigenous policies and programs. Decree 1141 (May 1994) replaced other decrees and established a framework for the decentralization of the major services provided to the Indigenous population. It redistributed to at least six Ministries (Justice, Agrarian Development, Environment, Social Development and Health) the activities that address Indigenous peoples in the areas of health, education, economic development and natural resources management. The Indigenous body (FUNAI) continued to be

8 Art. 11 - 1. The party-states of the present Pact recognize every person’s right to an adequate level of life for themselves and their family, including the right to food, clothing, and adequate living conditions, as well as to a continuous improvement in their lives conditions. The party-states will take the appropriate measures to make sure these rights are achieved, recognizing the essential importance of international cooperation based on the free choice.

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responsible for coordinating and monitoring these policies. Decree 1141 also established that the basic preventive and curative care related to Indigenous health should become a FUNASA mandate. In 1999, through Law 9,936, the norms governing a health care delivery subsystem for Indigenous health were more precisely defined. This new subsystem was organized under the premise that Indigenous health is an attribute of the federal government (Ministry of Health), should be linked to Unified Health System (SUS), respecting all the principles that are applicable to it, and be based on Indigenous sanitary districts (distritos sanitários). These districts would deliver health services to Indigenous localities (aldeias Indigenous) and be responsible for linking these services to SUS. In addition, the Indigenous districts should consider the diversity of each of the Indigenous groups.9 Moreover, Indigenous peoples should participate in the management of these districts through local councils. The Decree No. 3,156, 27 (August 27, 1999) confirmed the Federal Government’s responsibility for addressing Indigenous health, establishing as priorities for Indigenous peoples health: (a) decrease of maternal and child’s mortality; (b) interruption of the cycle of transmissible diseases; (c) control of malnutrition; (d) dental care; (e) restoration of degraded environmental conditions; and (f) full and complete medical and dental care, in collaboration with Indigenous organizations. It also establishes that these actions should not conflict with those undertaken by state and municipal governments, under Unified Health System (SUS). In sum, two important advances of the current legislation include: (i) emphasis on a differentiated approach with regard to local realities and cultural diversity; and (ii) a systemic view of Indigenous health, encompassing not only health services but also housing, water supply, sanitation, food security, environment and environmental education, and land security. The approval of the National Indigenous Health Policy and creation of the Indigenous Health Subsystem (SIS) in 1999 and 2000 respectively mark major achievements for both indigenous groups and the government. Since SIS inception and concomitant delegation of institutional responsibility to the National Health Foundation (FUNASA), much effort has been directed to creating surveillance systems, expanding access to preventive, promotional and curative care, and establishing an organizational and governance framework.

9 Luciano Maia, Minorias: Retratos do Brasil de Hoje, htpp:www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/militantes/lucianomaia102.html, consulted on 02/06/2006.

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4. Land Tenure10

This Project does not involve land tenure and should have no impact on this issue. However, as in the past, the price of land has increased considerably on most of the frontiers. Speculative pressure for deforestation has grown at a faster pace than pressure from production. Also, past conflicts over Indigenous land may have an impact on the Project, as they had created an often difficult relationship between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples and between Indigenous peoples and Governmental institutions. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Brazilian law has accorded legal recognition to the rights of Indigenous people to their lands, which constitute about 82 million hectares, or 16.4 percent of the Legal Amazon11. In addition, Indigenous lands are reserved areas protected through the Forest Code, designated to be permanent conservation areas. Legalization of Indigenous lands requires that the land be formally identified, delimited, demarcated, decreed, and registered. Indigenous lands are territories officially recognized by the Federal Government as permanently owned by Indigenous peoples. It is worth mentioning the sui generis legal nature of Indigenous lands: they belong to the Union (Federal Government) but are constitutionally recognized as permanent possessions and dedicated to the exclusive use by Indigenous living in the lands. These lands are non-disposable, while the Indigenous rights over them are perennial. The Constitution recognizes expressly these rights as primordial, which mean that they precede the national State itself. As an integral part of the national territory, the general norms of the Brazilian legal system are applied to them. For example, if it is illegal to deforest stream heads anywhere in the country, it is also forbidden to do so in the Indigenous lands. Therefore, any specific act or norm over a specific parcel that is incompatible with or restrictive of the right of exclusive Indigenous use is constitutionally considered void. The Constitution also declares null and void any private property claim over Indigenous lands. It allows for mining, forestry or other activities on Indigenous lands only when they are in the national interest and are specifically agreed to by an act of Congress. As a result of the 1988 Constitution, about 80 percent of the Indigenous lands are now delineated.

10 The World Bank works directly with the demarcation of indigenous peoples’ territories in the Amazon region under PPG7; and, as part of the Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest, the Indigenous Land Project aims to “enhance the well-being of indigenous people and promote the conservation of their natural resources by completing the legalization and assisting in the protection of approximately 121 indigenous areas in the Amazon.” The Ecological Corridors Project supports the protection of biological diversity in indigenous land, contributing to the sustainable use of these lands and to the conservation of their ecological resources. Beneficiaries are indigenous peoples living in the states Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Maranhão. 11 According to FUNAI, indigenous lands in Brazil occupy 929,209 km2, about 11 percent of the Brazilian territory.

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In sum, indigenous lands are: (a) Federal Government property and only federal agencies, as FUNAI and FUNASA

have mandates to conduct policy actions in their interior; (b) Intended for the permanent occupation by indigenous peoples; (c) Any legal acts that affect this right of possession are declared null and void, except

those of relevant public interest to the Federal Government; (d) Only indigenous peoples may enjoy the wealth of the soil, the rivers, and lakes

existing within them; (e) The exploitation of water resources, research, and the extraction of mineral wealth

may only be carried out [on indigenous lands] with the authorization of the National Congress after hearing the concerns of the affected communities and assuring their participation in the benefits of such exploitation.

After almost three decades, Amazon’s 170 indigenous peoples now have 377 reserved areas, of which 286 enjoy some degree of legal recognition, with legalization moving forward at fast pace. Nevertheless, several important areas still await resolution. Numerous Indigenous Lands (Terras Indígenas) are present in this area, as showed in Table 4. According to FUNAI, there are at least 07 “isolated groups” in the region, meaning groups with very little contact with urban centers, such as the Korubos. 5. Project Preparation and Consultations

During Project preparation, the following processes and consultative activities were carried out to assess possible participation and impacts on Indigenous peoples: Screening. Early in the Project cycle, with support from qualified Bank staff and an anthropologist (IPP consultant) a process was initiated to determine whether Indigenous peoples were present in, or had a collective attachment to the target region (Alto Solimões). Information was available for this assessment from the 2000 Brazil

Table 4: Indigenous Lands in Alto Solimões Name of the

Indigenous Land Area (ha) Municipalities Ethnic Groups Land Situation

Acapuri de Cima 19467 Fonte Boa Kokama Homologated

Nova Esperança do Jandiatuba

199,000 São Paulo de Olivença Tikuna Homologated

São Domingos do Jacapari

135,350 Jutaí e Tonantins Kokama To be demarked

Betânia 122,769.03 Santo Antônio do Içá Tikuna Registered

Matintin 20,230 Santo Antônio do Içá e Tonantins

Tikuna Identified

Vale do Javari 8,544,482.27 Atalaia do Norte, Benjamin Constant, Jutaí e São Paulo de Olivença

Kanamari, Kulina (Arawá), Kulina (Pano), Marúbo, Matís, Mayoruna e Isolados

Registered

Vui-Uata-In 121,198.60 Amaturá Tikuna Demarked

Uati Paraná 127,199.06 Tonantins e Fonte Boa Tikuna Registered

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Feijoal 40,948.80 São Paulo de Olivença Tikuna Demarked

Espírito Santo 33,849.87 Jutaí Kokama Homologated

Estrela da Paz 12,876 Jutaí Tikuna Homologated

Evare I 548,177.60 São Paulo de Olivença, Tabatinga e Santo Antônio do Içá

Tikuna Demarked

Evare II 176,205.72 São Paulo de Olivença Tikuna Demarked

São Francisco do Canamarí

3,033 Amaturá Tikuna Being demarked

São Sebastião 57,700 Tonantins Kaixana e Kokama Demarked

Sapotal Tabatinga Kokama Demarked

Macarrão 44,267 Jutaí Tikuna Homologated

Maraitá 4,700 Amaturá Tikuna To be demarked

Lauro Sodré 9,400 Benjamin Constant Tikuna Homologated

Lameirão 49,500 Atalaia do Norte Mayoruna To be demarked

Bom Intento 1,613.04 Benjamin Constant Tikuna Demarked

Porto Espiritual 2,839.35 Benjamin Constant Tikuna Demarked

Riozinho --- Jutaí Tikuna To be demarked

Santo Antônio 1065.27 Benjamin Constant Tikuna Demarked

Tikuna Umariaçu 4,855 Tabatinga Tikuna Homologated

São Leopoldo 69,270.54 Benjamin Constant Tikuna Demarked

Total 9,871,383.96Source: FUNAI/PPTAL – June 2004

Population Census, FUNASA and FUNAI. It was concluded that Indigenous peoples account for 15 to 20 percent of the population in the Project area and will benefit directly and indirectly from the Project. Consultation with the Borrower. Consultation with the Government of the State of Amazon followed. The Government validated the findings regarding the presence of Indigenous peoples. The State possessed a detailed diagnosis of the characteristics of the main groups in the area.12

Consultations with Indigenous peoples: The strategy for local participation was built on the assumption that improved research, capacity building and partnerships will contribute to improved performance. An effort to collaborate more effectively with local experts has been, and will continue to be made, as well as continuous support for networks among Indigenous groups. During preparation, key Indigenous organizations were identified. In the past, Projects related to Indigenous peoples were designed outside of Indigenous areas and then presented to Indigenous for acceptance and informed consent. Yet, as participation is different than attending meetings or consenting to decisions already made, the lack of communication has often led to serious misunderstandings and eventual conflictive relationships. Increasingly Indigenous peoples in Brazil are demanding ex-

12 A similar diagnosis can be viewed at http://www.socioambiental.org/home_html.

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ante participation in decision- making processes. Consultations took place during preparation and before activities addressing Indigenous peoples were designed, with the aim of decentralizing decisions to Indigenous areas, understanding the Indigenous reality in the area, gathering their views on Project design and promoting transparency. To prepare a draft Project design, technicians from the state’s PIU and the IPP consultant promoted public consultation in the Indigenous location (aldeia indigena), Filadelfia, in Tabatinga in February, 2006. This consultation was organized by the State Government, through the Indigenous Policy Foundation (FPI)13 and the State’s Planning Secretariat (SEPLAN). This consultation featured broad participation of Indigenous peoples’ representatives from Alto Solimões. Over 200 people were present, ranging from municipal assembly representatives, community leaders, Indigenous organizations directors, and the mayor of one municipality (Benjamin Constant). A second round of consultations was held in September 2006, with indigenous peoples’ organizations also participating in the environmental assessment consultative process. Approximately 150 indigenous peoples, including 89 community leaders from the eight principal ethnic groups residing in Alto Solimões, attended the consultation session held in the same Indigenous location (aldeia indigena), Filadelfia, in Tabatinga. Also present were representatives from state-wide indigenous NGOs, mayors, FUNASA, FUNAI and State Government. Annex A identifies the groups consulted. Annex B (in Portuguese) reviews the methodologies applied during the consultations. Annex C contains photos from both two consultations. 5.1 Identification of Main Challenges: Following are the key challenges identified which the IPP responds to and that the Project should address:

a) Legislation alone, although an important step, does not guarantee rights

automatically. Brazil has passed progressive policies and important constitutional resolutions for Indigenous peoples, but the rights guaranteed in those documents are often not implemented or enforced;

b) Indigenous health and WSS initiatives are growing and health programs for Indigenous peoples are designed in a comprehensive manner to include environmental management, land tenure, water supply and sanitation and food security. However, there is a lack of professionals able to carry out these interventions in a culturally-appropriate way; and a lack of appropriate models for sustainable WSS service provision in Indigenous areas, as FUNASA readily recognizes.

c) Female participation at all levels of decision making is inadequate, but this is often considered culturally acceptable practice. This occurs despite the central role they play in indigenous family life; and

d) There is no clear policy regarding the institutional framework that should deal with the increasing number of Indigenous peoples who live outside Indigenous lands but

13 The State Indigenous Peoples’ Foundation (FEPI) is the main body in the state bureaucracy responsible for designing, planning and coordinating the government policies towards the indigenous peoples.

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who identify themselves as Indigenous. Many often live in urban areas, but maintain Indigenous belief systems.

Following are the recommendations of consultations with Indigenous Peoples’organizations that are incorporated in the Project’s design. These include actions to: • Strengthen traditional extracting practices and family agriculture and provide support

for inputs and basic social infrastructure;

o Response: Indigenous Peoples will participate in productive activities financed through Components B2 - Support for Productive Activities and B3- Micro-buisness management incubators (see below). Productive activities involving extraction and agriculture are eligible. The Project will support basic social infrastructure in health (Component D) and water/sanitation (Component C) for indigenous peoples residing in urban areas. The federal agency FUNASA is constitutionally responsive for providing such services to indigenous populations residing in the aldeias.

• Support small business and/or joint ventures with private partners, with the adoption

of a policy view of Indigenous peoples that goes beyond mere laborers, gathers or producers of raw materials;

o Response: This is purpose of Subcomponent B#. It is expected that 40

percent of these subprojects will be directed to Indigenous Peoples. • Increase and strengthen the production capacity for traditional and non-traditional

products with a “marketing appeal” through the development of market chain analysis and business plans which, within a framework of cultural coherence, make use of traditional knowledge, while respecting biological conservation (ecological and site specific variables). Specific activities include: fishing management, processing and marketing of agricultural and agro-forestry products and handicrafts;

o Response: This request is covered through Subcomponents B2 and B3. It

is expected that 20 percent of B2 subprojects (productive activities) and 40% of B3 subprojects (micro-business management) will be directed to Indigenous Peoples.

• Address threats by non-Indigenous to rivers and aquatic resources in Indigenous reserves, which have resulted in environmental degradation and negative impacts on Indigenous health and quality of life; and support activities that, through a clear conservation strategy, guarantee the improvement of the quality of life of Indigenous peoples;

o Response: These threats are being directly addressed through the Pilot

Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forests (PPG7), the Forest Management Project (PROMANEJO), the Demonstration Projects (PDA),

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the Floodplain Resources Management Project (PROVARZEA) and the Ecological Corridors Project. All are financing conservation activities in Alto Solimões. Furthermore, Subcomponent B1 contain activities to strengthen state monitoring and control of natural resources in Alto Solimões, including financing of a floating control post on the confluence of the Solimões and Javari Rivers.

• Promote economic use of traditional knowledge, particularly with respect to forest

and biological conservation. This includes fishing management, processing and marketing of agro-forestry products (for example, frozen fruits, dried fruits, and pulp) and handicrafts.

o Response: This request is covered through Subcomponents B2 and B3. It is expected that 20 percent of B2 subprojects (productive activities) and 40% of B3 subprojects (micro-business management) will be directed to Indigenous Peoples. Subcomponent B2 subprojects include support for non-timber forest products (e.g., nuts, fruits, etc.) and fisheries.

• Strengthen the role of accountability and ownership mechanisms through meaningful

participation that goes beyond informed consent and promotes joint decision-making.

o Response: These mechanisms will be in place throughout the Project and would involve the creation of a tripartite committee (Federal – FUNAI - and state Government and indigenous people’s organizations) to define activities that will benefit indigenous, as well as follow up implementation, monitoring and evaluation (See Component A below). Indigenous Peoples will in included in sectoral policy reviews, mapping of public sector activities, development of a regional development plan and baseline(economic and social) data collection and analysis.

• Strengthen the partnership among FUNASA, FUNAI and the state to enhance the

knowledge about local solutions and, ultimately, the coverage and quality of WSS and health services in the aldeias.

o Response: Under Components C and D, the Project together with FUNASA and FUNAI will jointly finance consultancies and workshops to explore alternative organizational arrangements and delivery models for improving WSS and Health in the Indigenous reserves. The project will aim to reach an agreement during Phase 1 and initiate implementation in Phase 2. However, if agreement is reached early in Phase 1, the project would attempt piloting an arrangement.

6. Strategy and Plan for Indigenous Participation in Proposed Project The key elements of the Project’s strategy for reaching out to Indigenous peoples’ residing in the Project’s area include: (a) emphasizing the importance of an integrated approach to human development, economic growth and environmental sustainability; (b)

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strengthening the representation, particularly for indigenous peoples’ in the Project area during project implementation; (c) incorporating participatory mechanisms for prioritizing, planning, and selecting (productive activities), implementing and monitoring and evaluating; (d) mobilizing representative bodies to maximize benefits, acknowledging the value of local resources, assets and cultural background; and (e) disseminating the project design from preparation to completion using culturally-appropriate materials, including guiding principles, objectives, strategies and results. 6.1 General Anticipated Benefits

The project design consists of three sectors: (1) Health, (2) Water Supply and Sanitation, and (3) Sustainable Development. It will be implemented in nine municipalities in the Alto Solimões meso-region (Amaturá, Benjamin Constant, Fonte Boa, Jutaí, Santo Antônio do Içá, São Paulo de Olivença, Tabatinga, Tonantis e Atalaia do Norte). According to the 2000 Census, these municipalities have a total population of approximately 200,000, of which about 20 percent (about 36,500 inhabitants) are Indigenous. The anticipated benefits of the project include:

• For Indigenous peoples: the Project will (a) improve their public representation capacity by recognizing their role as social actors; (b) build social capital and advance the appreciation for local knowledge and appropriate solutions for local problems; (c) make available financing for small but sustainable productive subprojects, together with technical assistance and training.

• For governmental agencies: The Project will promote openness and transparency in their decision-making processes by strengthening social control mechanisms, simplifying procedures and improving accountability. It will also strengthen their management capacity.

• For women: The Project will improve services delivery, especially in the health area, providing special attention to reproductive and maternal health. As household division of labor is gender based, with women taking most responsibilities for household cores but also for income generation, the Project expects to reduce the burden of household responsibilities held by women. As social capital develops, an expected benefit is a greater awareness about the essential inequity of the long hours required to meet the female’s double responsibilities, and the incorporation of men into household and productive activities, coupled with more access of women to more effective productive opportunities.

• For all social groups including Indigenous peoples in the project area: The Project will improve their living conditions through:

¾ Collecting information on economic and quality of life indicators. ¾ Creating management capacity. ¾ Improving access to markets and promoting small-scale productive projects.

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¾ Promoting the sustainable and equitable development of the region by fostering the sustainable use of its renewable natural resources and by putting in place an institutional and policy framework supportive of this, through (a) policy and institutional development; (b) grants and technical assistance to productive activities for organized producers associations and cooperatives, (c) support for Indigenous organization and training; and (d) implementation and management.

6.2 Specific Anticipated Benefits

Indigenous people residing in Alto Solimões will benefit directly and indirectly from the proposed Project through all its Components). Activities incorporated into Project design draw on: (i) consultations with formal Indigenous organizations;14 (ii) lessons learned from projects in which Indigenous peoples are beneficiaries, particularly the Disease Surveillance and Control Projects (VIGISUS I and VIGISUS II); and (iii) the country’s legal and regulatory framework on Indigenous peoples. A summary of benefits for Indigenous People by Component follows: Project-wide: The project’s Advisory Council will contain a specialist on indigenous affairs agreed by indigenous organizations. This Council will review and advise on all project-financed activities. Component A: Policy and Institutional Strengthening for Regional, Cross-sectoral Development: Benefits will be both direct and indirect under this Component. Activities related to participatory regional planning and institutional development will create an enabling institutional environment that will facilitate the state’s capacity to develop, implement and monitor the sustainable use of natural resources while protecting the environment. Under this component, no longer than three months after effectiveness, the state will create a special consultative committee consisting of representatives of state, federal (FUNAI, FUNASA), municipal governments of the area and Indigenous organizations to define a policy-making and participatory planning mechanism that would:15 (i) identify and prioritize economic and social issues affecting Indigenous peoples in the Alto Solimões Region; (ii) define activities that would benefit Indigenous peoples in urban areas and in the reserves; (iii) propose indicators and a mechanism to monitor and evaluate these activities; (iv) facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration to address Indigenous peoples’ needs; (v) promote greater coordination among different levels of government to address indigenous issues and demands; and (vi) maintain an open channel of communication between Government and Indigenous peoples. Considering the recommendations of the consultative committee, indicators about the performance and the impacts of the project on Indigenous peoples will be incorporated in an in-depth baseline on demographic, social and economic conditions including access to

14 See Annex A for a list of groups consulted. 15 See Annex B for a schematic of an organizational arrangement under consideration.

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basic services16. At the outset of implementation, the Project will contract an anthropologist to staff the Regional Management Office to provide assistance to sectoral staff in making sector-specific interventions culturally relevant. Other results of this Component (see Annex 4) that would benefit Indigenous peoples are: • Inclusion of Indigenous peoples health in the development of a sectoral policy review

with specific recommendations to FUNASA; • Inclusion of Indigenous peoples in the map of ongoing public sector activities in the

Region, provided by FUNASA and civil society organizations; • In coordination with FUNASA, inclusion of a section about Indigenous peoples

health in the preparation of a regional development plan; • In coordination with FUNASA, water quality sample collection and sanitary

education will be provided by indigenous community health agents in at least three aldeais.

• Joint base line survey complete and results published; • Inclusion of data about Indigenous peoples health in the updating of SUS databases

every six months by all municipalities; Component B: Promotion of Competitive Sustainable Development Production:The objective of this component is to promote the development of the Alto Solimões Region based on the organization of competitive economic clusters fostering the sustainable use of regional renewable natural resources. The component would support: (a) financial and technical assistance to define under what conditions the four key existing clusters of economic activities in the region (timber and non-timber forest products, fishing and fish farming) are competitive (e.g., able to access local and regional markets with competitive prices). Market proximity, human capital availability, transport infrastructure and availability of running water, electricity, land, labor accessibility, and local ecological characteristics (vegetation, soil quality, rivers, and rain fall) are some of the factors taken into account to establish which activities, within each cluster, show potential competitiveness; (b) financial and technical assistance to support competitive productive activities subprojects; (c) promotion of the technical efficiency, managerial skills and organizational conditions to expand the productivity of the local economy by supporting technical and management training, including marketing and product quality improvement17; (d) technical and managerial training provided by private providers complementing state agencies’ technical assistance and (e) consolidation of lessons learned to define the methodology to be expanded throughout other regions of the state during the second phase of the project.

16 Despite the provision of basic services to Indigenous peoples consisting of a federal mandate carried out by FUNASA, it is expected that the project would create, through the consultative committee, an enabling environment for the implementation of more sustainable solutions for the delivery of basic services. 17 See Danilo Camargo Igliori (2005) Determinants of Technical Efficiency in Agriculture and Cattle Ranching: A Spatial Analysis for the Brazilian Amazon. Discussion Paper Series Number: 09. Environmental Economy and Policy Research. Cambridge University.

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Benefits will be both direct and indirect under this component. The project will finance five mechanisms to facilitate Indigenous participation in fishery and fish farming subprojects and business incubators. 18 The following mechanisms would prevail during the selection of Indigenous peoples subprojects: (i) Qualifying criteria that awards additional “points” for proposals originating from

Indigenous populations. When needed, these proposals would benefit from technical assistance provided in accordance with Indigenous organizations.

(ii) Differentiated training activities tailored to the needs of Indigenous peoples:

Experience in government and Bank programs involving grants for productive activities to Indigenous populations show that implementation often lags due to their lack of planning, management and monitoring capacity. Further, Indigenous groups participating in stakeholder consultations also requested support for managerial capacity building. As such, the component will include a differentiated training module that will focus on the following areas: project planning, design, management and monitoring; project conceptualization; work organization; accounting, bookkeeping and contracting. An NGO with ample but practical experience with project development for Indigenous peoples will develop and implement the training program.

(iii) Culturally appropriate documentation, guidelines and processes will be developed

to facilitate conceptualization, planning, application, execution and monitoring of subprojects. Specific items include simplified manuals in Indigenous languages when necessary, that: (i) define objectives activities, eligibility and selection criteria, application and review processes, responsibilities and accountabilities, and institutional arrangements for the implementation of the productive micro-subprojects; and (ii) provide practical guidance on financial and procurement procedures, including flow of resources, control and reporting for the implementation of productive micro-subprojects.

(iv) Special and culturally-appropriate technical assistance will be provided to

Indigenous populations to prepare and execute productive subprojects: one of the main reasons for failure of previous attempts to increase the volume and quality of productive activities among vulnerable groups was the lack of technical assistance in nearly all areas of management both before and after the “business” is started. The Project will make available the resources and institutional arrangements for technical assistance targeted at the region’s Indigenous people. This technical assistance will also involve environment education activities, raising their awareness about the richness and importance of the sustainable management of the natural resources.

(v) Indigenous representation in subproject selection process: Proposals will be

assessed by a technical committee consisting of specialists in the various productive activities. These specialists will be seconded from technical

18 See Annex F for institutional arrangements to facilitate indigenous participation in micro-subprojects.

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secretariats within the State Government. An Indigenous specialist from FPI will also be placed in Technical Coordination for this Component. This specialist will also serve on the assessment committee to provide input into the evaluation process related to proposals from indigenous communities.

(vi) Indigenous representation in Municipal Advisory Councils: In municipalities with

significant Indigenous populations and from which subproject proposals are expected to be received from Indigenous groups, representatives of Indigenous organizations and/or Indigenous specialists will be placed on these Councils.

It has been planned that Indigenous peoples will benefit from the following: Subcomponent(B2): Support for Productive Activities. Total US$ 2.17 million, with expected Indigenous peoples financing of US$ 0.43 million (20%).. This component’s goal is to contribute to the economic efficiency of producers in Alto Solimões. This goal will be pursued by: (a) analyzing and establishing the pre-conditions for the competitiveness of existing productive clusters in the area (in accordance with the Brazilian legislation that forbids commercial logging; and (b) supporting the implementation of the most needed activities within each cluster to achieve the desirable efficiency and productivity to compete in prices and quality in local, regional and, in some cases, national markets. Although Indigenous peoples businesses are eligible to participate in this component, it is foreseen that these benefits will not be immediate, as previous technical assistance to business incubators, training and extension will be needed. These will be provided through the financing the subcomponents below; Subcomponent (B3): Micro-business Management Incubators. Total US$ 1.21 million, with targeted participation of Indigenous peoples accounting for US$ 0.48 million (40%) This subcomponent’s goal is the creation of favorable surroundings that yield an increase of the productivity of small-scale economic activities, implemented by local residents and communities, particularly but not only, those integrated by indigenous peoples. A wide range of services will be offered to Indigenous peoples, including management assistance, assistance with access to financing, organizational and technical support services, and the organization of shared inputs, as access to equipment and space. It is expected that the subcomponent would offer optimal results through a replication effort during the second phase of the proposed project, when lessons will have been learned about the right incentives to make local production efforts economically viable. It is also expected that, during the duration of the first phase, this subcomponent will create the conditions for Indigenous peoples to more readily qualify and benefit from the Support for Productive Activities Subcomponent. The activities benefiting indigenous should begin during the first year of the project with, at least 26 incubators in place at its completion. Subcomponent (B4): Training and Extension Program to Support Productive Activities and Business Incubators. Total US$ 1.89 million, with expected Indigenous participation of US$0.38 million (20%). A training and extension program will be developed and implemented to provide support to the beneficiaries of the productive subprojects and the

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micro-business incubators. The training program will focus on technical and managerial issues and will provide on-site teaching and training on marketing, processing, and management. A differentiated training program will be established that focuses on the special needs of Indigenous peoples (e.g., project conceptualization, planning management, monitoring and accounting). Training should begin during the first year of the project and at least 32 indigenous organizations would benefit at its completion.

Component C (Water and Sanitation) and Component D (Health): The Brazilian Constitution together with federal law mandate that all activities related to health, water and sanitation with regard to Indigenous peoples are the responsibility of the Federal Government, through FUNASA.19Indigenous peoples residing in urban areas will be direct beneficiaries of the extension and quality improvement of basic WSS and health activities. As a result of agreed institutional arrangements, Indigenous peoples will benefit from the provision of training to FUNASA-financed teams responsible for WSS, basic health care, and disease and environmental surveillance in aldeias. These teams will be invited to participate in training programs offered in the Regional Management office. Finally, as a result of a pilot Institutional and Technological Solutions to Rural Water Supply in non-indigenous areas, lessons would be shared with FUNASA and indigenous organizations, to improve WSS services in Indigenous areas, adapting the pilot as culturally needed, to be used in FUNASA investments. All Indigenous would directly benefit from: (i) the organization of a referral system to improve access to specialty and secondary care in Alto Solimões and Manaus, reducing the health risks associated with travel delays; and (ii) upgraded services and improved quality at the Tabatinga Regional Hospital.20

6.3 Performance Indicators

Outcome Indicators

• 1500 families trained to improve productive quality as business management skills. An estimated 20% will be Indigenous.

• At least 26 business incubators functioning at the end of the project. • Indigenous peoples participation in fishery and fish-farming activities are at least one

fifth of the number of business supported.

19 The Bank-financed Second Disease Surveillance and Control Project (VIGISUS II; 2005-2008) contains a US$48 million component dedicated to extending and improving basic care, disease and environmental surveillance, nutrition, and WSS services for indigenous populations nationwide. Through VIGISUS I and II, the Government work together with over 50 NGOs that deliver services to Indigenous peoples, resulting in a full coverage with an integrated package of preventive and curative services and performance-based contracting, carried out in a culturally appropriate basis. with one-third of new Community Health Agents hires being indigenous women. 20 Indigenous patients referred by FUNASA.

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Intermediate Outcome Indicators

• 100 Staff from state agencies trained and equipped to provide technical assistance to productive and micro projects, including to Indigenous populations.

• Family Health Coverage increased from 20 to 50 percent of urban populations, including Indigenous populations residing therein.

• Referral center (CRM) manages at least 70 percent of referrals of Indigenous patients. • Consultative commission under implementation. • FUNASA teams receive training on WSS, family health care and health surveillance. • Alternative organizational arrangement for improving the delivery of WSS and health

care in the reserves proposed based on studies. A proposal under discussion with Indigenous peoples.

• Differentiated training and technical assistance program for productive activities under implementation for Indigenous peoples.

• Culturally appropriate documentation prepared for Indigenous peoples. 6.4 Baseline and Monitoring and Evaluation

There is no official census or surveys in Brazil that are specifically designed to gather information about Indigenous peoples. However, partial numbers and indicators have been produced - by Governmental agencies (IBGE, FUNAI or FUNASA), by the Catholic Church, and NGOs, such as Instituto Socio Ambiental (ISA), or by IBGE.21

The estimate of the Indigenous population diverges for at least two key reasons. First,there are isolated Indigenous peoples about whom there is no information; and second,because some individuals start to claim Indigenous identity, even when living outside traditional Indigenous environments. In the Project area, a Baseline Survey will be conducted during the first year of the Project, and repeated at completion, to allow the measure of expected impacts. It will include data collection on Indigenous groups residing in aldeias, as well as others residing in urban areas and rural agglomerations. The monitoring and evaluation system will include performance and impact indicators drawn from the baseline. Performance indicators will assess the effectiveness of the inclusive management strategy of the Project, its capacity to include Indigenous peoples in the decision- making processes, and its capacity to mobilize the local society to achieve the Project’s development objectives. Impact indicators will assess the changes in the lives of the project’s beneficiaries, including the environmental, human development and social infrastructure benefits generated.

21 The IBGE 2000 Census shows that in urban areas, the average age of the indigenous population (30,1) is substantially higher than in rural areas and indigenous parks (16.8). Literacy continued low, although increasing between 1991 and 2000 (from less than 50 percent to 74 percent. In 1991, indigenous children aged less than ten had an average schooling of 2.o years, while in 2001 the average boosted to 5.9 years. Obviously the fact that more and more urban individuals consider themselves as indigenous influenced the numbers of this progress.

26

Annex A Stakeholder Consultations

First round of consultations: Feb. 14, 2006 in Tabatinga. The following groups were in attendance: Indigenous Peoples:

• 200 indigenous peoples in attendance including many representatives of indigenous organizations representing the following ethnic groups: Tikuna (majority groups in Region), Kokama, Kambeba, Marubo, Awaé e Kaixana.

Government representatives

• Fundação de Política Indigenista do Amazonas • Fundação Nacional do Índio – Administrações Regionais de Tabatinga e Atalaia

doNorte • SEPLAN/UGD • FUNASA -- Chefes dos DSEI Benjamin Constant e Vale do Javari

Indigenous organizations

• Conselho Geral das Tribos Ticuna - CGTT • Conselho Indígena do Vale do Javari - CIVAJA • Organizacao de Saúde do Povo Ticuna do Alto Solimões - OSPTAS • Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazonia Brasileira - COIAB.

Non-governmental organizations

• Conselho Indigenista Missionário - CIMI • Prelazia de Benjamin Constant (Catholic church) • Grupo de Trabalho Amazônico – GTA (representation of Alto Solimões)

Second round of consultations: Sept 12, 2006 in Tabatinga, and include the following groups: Indigenous People:

Approximately 150 people from 89 “lideranças” (community groups) representing the following ethnic groups: Tikuna (majority groups in Region), Kokama, Kambeba, Mayoruna, Marubo, Matis, Awaé e Kaixana.; 40 indigenous women were in attendance. Government representatives

• SEPLAN/CIAMA • GovAm: Fundação de Política Indigenista do Amazonas FEPI • Fundação Nacional do Índio: Administração Regional de Tabatinga; • Fundação Nacional do Índio: Administração Regional de Atalaia do Norte. • FUNASA – Coordenação de Tabatinga;

27

• Prefeitura Municipal de Benjamim Constant; • Prefeitura Municipal de Atalaia do Norte. • Federal Ministry of Labor

Indigenous organizations

• Conselho Geral das Tribos Ticuna - CGTT; • Conselho Indígena do Vale do Javari - CIVAJA; • Organizacão de Saúde do Povo Ticuna do Alto Solimões - OSPTAS; • Organização Geral das Mulheres Indígenas do Alto Solimões; • Associação das Mulheres Ticuna; • Associação dos Cocamas do Município de Amaturá; • Organização Geral dos Professores Ticuna Bilíngüe; • Organização Geral dos Caciques e Comunidades Indígenas do Povo Cocama; • Comunidade Indígena Ticuna Filadélfia; • Organização Cambeba do Alto Solimões. • Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazonia Brasileira - COIAB.

Non-governmental organizations

• Prelazia de Benjamin Constant (Catholic Church)

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Annex B Consultation Report

First Round

Reunião ampliada com representantes das etnias indígenas da região. Data: 24 de fevereiro de 2006. Horário: 10 as 17:30 hs. Localidade: Aldeia Filadélfia (Salão do Centro Comunitário) - Município de Benjamim Constant.

Público: Lideranças indígenas das etnias Tikuna (público majoritário), Kokama, kambeba, Marubo, Kanamari, Awaé e Kaixana. Aproximadamente 200 pessoas, entre os permanentes e os circulantes no ambiente da reunião e representantes das diversas associações indígenas do Alto Solimões. Representantes governamentais (GovAm): FEPI: Sra. Ozenete Mozzi (assessora técnica). Sr. João Barreto (liderança indígena e membro da direção da FEPI). Sr. Osman Bastos (liderança indígena e membro da direção da FEPI); SUSAM: Sra. Roseane Couto Batista (técnica); UGD: Sra. Ana Paula Q. de Paiva (técnica da SDS). Consultor: Villi Seilert (Marco Indígena – UGD/BIRD). COIAB Sra. Maria Miquelina Machado (liderança indígena e membro da

direção geral). Prefeito do Município de Tabatinga. A reunião foi precedida de outras reuniões preparatórias entre membros da UGD e este consultor com a equipe da FEPI. A ocorrência de pane da aeronave atrasou em cerca de 14 horas a chegada da equipe no local do encontro, prejudicando o fluxo dos trabalhos nos termos programados previamente. Metodologia: Considerando a quantidade de pessoas presentes (salão comunitário com cerca de 200 pessoas), a disposição dos presentes no recinto, bem como, do tempo exíguo decorrente do grande atraso na viagem dos técnicos governamentais, a equipe se adequou ao andamento dos trabalhos já em curso. O desenvolvimento dos trabalhos seguiu um roteiro de exposição prévia, pelos técnicos governamentais, sobre os marcos temáticos do projeto, sob interlocução de tradutores indígenas. Interposição de locuções com questionamentos por parte das lideranças indígenas. Desenvolvimento dos trabalhos: Durante o período de 04 horas, os técnicos presentes apresentaram informações preliminares a respeito dos seguintes aspectos do projeto:

29

1. Informações gerais referentes à concepção do projeto, seus componentes e

indicativos da inserção das populações indígenas na sua elaboração e execução. 2. Destaques para as questões relacionadas ao quadro das populações indígenas no

Alto Solimões. 3. Informes sobre os indicativos da concepção dos subprojetos produtivos, formação

de quadros técnicos indígenas suprimentos da assistência técnica aos projetos nas aldeias; As possibilidades de acesso aos subprojetos do Projeto , através das associações e organizações não formais indígenas, seja por demanda espontânea ou através de projetos demonstrativos.

4. Debate sobre indicativos sobre os mecanismos da participação indígena nas ações e nos processos de gestão do Projeto .

Reiteradamente os representantes indígenas reivindicaram a necessidade de promoção de maior debate sobre o projeto, uma vez que o encontro e a sua metodologia se tornaram prejudicados pelo atraso e significativo número de presentes, o baixo nível de domínio de informações sobre o projeto, como também a dificuldade lingüística uma vez que a maioria não tinha o domínio da língua portuguesa. Ao final do encontro, foi promovida uma reunião de público mais restrito, com representação da assembléia geral, com o objetivo de pactuar e planejar uma nova reunião para prevista para o mês de abril ( vindo a ocorrer no dia 12 de setembro). Também ficou pactuado que para a nova reunião haveria de se dispor de maiores informações a respeito das linhas e áreas de concentração do projeto, de modo a permitir melhor visualização e maior precisão a respeito das áreas de interesse e as questões que afetam as populações indígenas da região do Alto Solimões. Second Round:

Reunião ampliada com representantes indígenas das etnias do Alto Solimões, representantes governamentais e sociedade civil Data: 12 de setembro de 2006. Horário: 09 às 17:30 hs Localidade: Aldeia Filadélfia (Salão Comunitário) – Município de Benjamim Constant. Público presente: Indígenas: Cerca de 150 pessoas, sendo 89 lideranças das etnias Tikuna

(majoritária), Kokama, Kambeba, Mayoruna, Marubo, Matis, Awaé e Kaixana. (40 mulheres). (vide lista de presença)

Representantes do GovAm: Gerência da UGD: Sr. Laércio Cavalcante (coordenador da UGD); Sr. Deolindo Dantas (Técnico da SEPLAN); Sr. Geraldo Couto Araújo (Técnico SEPLAN);

30

Sr. Osman A. F. Bastos (Liderança indígena Tikuna e técnico da FEPI/SDS);

Sra. Ana Paula Q. Paiva (Técnica SDS); Sra. Maria Tereza S. Pereira (Técnica SEPROR); Sra. Roseane Couto Batista (Técnica SUSAM); Sra. Francisca Claudia de O. Andrade (Técnica SEPLAN). COIAB: Sr. Edilson Martins Melgueiro Baniwa (Coordenador do

departamento de Projetos da Coiab – Manaus);

Outros: Representante da Prelazia de Benjamim Constant; Prefeito do Município de Atalaia do Norte; Representante do escritório da FUNASA em Tabatinga; Representante da FUNAI de Atalaia do Norte; Técnicos do Ministério do Trabalho (Projeto Economia

Solidária); Metodologia e processo:

Às 09:00 h os trabalhos foram conduzidos sob a ciceronia do cacique da comunidade de Filadélfia, Sr. Hamilton Horácio Vasquez, que abriu os trabalhos e procedeu a apresentação dos presentes indígenas. Um a um os 89 líderes indígenas se apresentaram em língua mãe. Em discussão prévia foi definida e pactuada a programação e a metodologia dos trabalhos: exposição, trabalhos grupais, comentários e debates. 10:05 h: O Sr. Laércio Cavalcante, coordenador da UGD, passou a proceder a apresentação do escopo geral do Projeto, interagindo com os seus técnicos assistentes, com a tradução para a língua Tikuna pelo Sr. Osman Bastos. (tempo duração: 01:20 hora). 11:30 h: Villi F. Seilert, consultor para o Marco Indígena, fez a exposição do seu trabalho, com destaque para o marco conceitual, legal e os parâmetros da participação indígena no Projeto. Apresentação intercalada com tradução para a língua Tikuna pelo Sr. Osman Bastos. (tempo duração: 01:20 hora). 12:40 hs Intervalo para almoço. (grupo fez apresentação de ritual de dança Tikuna). 13:30 h: Retomada dos trabalhos com debate prévio e apresentação de destaques para os trabalhos de grupos. 14:00h: Trabalhos grupais: O público se distribuiu por 07 grupos de trabalhos mantidos no mesmo ambiente de trabalho, os quais em regime de disciplina circular promoveram debates e sugestões orientadas sob as seguintes questões:

31

i. Quais as questões que considera destacáveis no projeto pela sua importância para os indígenas?

ii. Quais as questões que considera desnecessárias ao projeto? iii. Quais as sugestões que faria ao Projeto para melhorá-lo? Os grupos passaram a trabalhar sob a assistência dos técnicos presentes, disposto em grupos circulares. 16:00 h: Apresentação dos resultados dos grupos: Apresentação por relatores de cada Grupo: (vide recomendações abaixo) 17:30 h: encerramento dos trabalhos.

Grupo 01 – Atalaia do Norte Relator: Sr. Manoel Barbosa Grupo 02 – Santo Antônio do Içá Relator: Sr. Darci Ferreira Grupo 03 – Amaturá Relator: Sr. José Evilázio Grupo 04 – Tabatinga Relator: Sr. Alfredo Grupo 05: São Paulo de Olivença. Relatora; Sra. Lenita Grupo 06 - Benjamim Constant Relatora: Sra. Maria Alcenira Grupo 07 – Benjamim Constant Relator: Sr. Sansão fernandes Bastos

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Annex C: Painel fotográfico:

Encontros prévios com entidades governamentais e não-governamentais em Manaus. Janeiro e fevereiro de 2006.

33

Pré-consulta na Aldeia Filadélfia, Benjamim Constant. 24 de março de 2006

34

Consulta Indígena na Aldeia Filadélfia, Benjamim Constant. 12 de setembro de 2006.

35

36

37

38

Annex D

Institutional Arrangements For Permanent Consultative Committee In Alto Solimões

CTec

CTrip

FUNAI FUNASAMPF

Aldeias

A A

A

AA

COIAB

SDS/FEPI SEPLAN

Aldeias

A A

A

AA

ONGs

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Annex E Indigenous Peoples, Health, Water and Sanitation

Disease Surveillance and Control Project (three-phase APL)

For Indigenous peoples in Federal reserves, the Federal mandate is implemented through the VIGISUS program. VIGISUS II objectives are two-fold to: (a) reduce mortality and morbidity from communicable and non-communicable diseases and exposure to risk factors associated with ill health, and (b) improve the health outcomes of especially vulnerable groups including Indigenous populations and Quilombo (descendents of slaves) communities. This is being currently achieved by: (a) continuing to strengthen the national public health surveillance and disease control system for communicable diseases and environmental health, particularly in states and municipalities; (b) improving and broadening the scope of public health surveillance and disease control, to include non-communicable diseases, injuries and maternal health, and the surveillance and prevention of risk factors; (c) expanding access to and utilization of health services to indigenous populations; (d) improving the effectiveness of indigenous health care through institutional development, quality enhancement and cultural appropriateness; and (e) extending water and sanitation services to rural, Quilombo communities. VIGISUS II finances a slice of two large government programs: Epidemiology and Disease Control and Indigenous Health. The Bank’s value added relates more to contributions of technical know-how and experience related to health surveillance and disease control practices, institutional capacity building for health surveillance at sub-national levels, organizational arrangements and financial instruments to improve quality and effectiveness of Indigenous health services, establishment of a community-driven development initiatives and the introduction of a performance-based financing scheme for supporting disease surveillance and control activities in states and municipalities. Through VIGISUS I, the first phase APL, the Bank and the Governmen acquired considerable technical expertise in strengthening disease surveillance and control systems at both regional and central levels, working together with over 50 NGOs that delivery of services to Indigenous peoples communities. Key results of VIGISUS II include (a) full coverage of Indigenous populations with an integrated package of preventive and curative services; (b) all providers under contract with FUNASA operating under performance-based contracting arrangements; (c) protocols for mother-infant care implemented in all Special Indigenous Indigenous peoples Sanitary Districts (DSEI). Among others, measurable results expected for Indigenous peoples include (a) 50 percent of Indigenous pregnant women in targeted districts receive at least three prenatal consultations according to FUNASA protocols (the proportion has reached 67 percent in 2005); (b)100 percent of Indigenous mothers with children less than two years of age identified with inadequate weight gain receive nutrition education and counseling on feeding practices that are also culturally appropriate; (c) all modules of Indigenous information system are functioning in all DSEIs; (d) 70 percent of health teams in targeted DSEIs providing integrated, benchmark service plan; (e) one-third of new Community Health Agents hires are ndigenous women; and (f) Indigenous nutritional surveillance system fully operational in 10 DSEIs. Therefore, through financial support to FUNASA to carry out its constitutional mandate on Indigenous health care, support for these populations as well as to quilombolas, is covered by another Bank financed operation with the same Ministry of Health. Although there is still room for improvement due to delays in approving budget, as December 2005, VIGISUS has made some substantial progresses with regard to the Indigenous population, among others: (a) compared to baseline (40 percent), in December 2005 50 percent of Indigenous peoples were covered with a complete vaccination regime; (b) the proportion of Indigenous

40

women receiving at least three pre-natal consultation had already reached, in 2005, 67 percent; (c) 50 percent of NGOs were performing under performance-based contracts. The eleven DSEIS with more malaria incidence are receiving laboratories apt to process more complex tasks, including serology of leishmaniose, dengue and other endemic diseases. At the same time, the carrying out of the first nutrition survey in Indigenous areas will make possible to diagnose the incidence of anemia, which is the most recurrent disease among Indigenous peoples in Brazil. VIGISUS is financing this survey. Finally, five DSEIs (Interior South, Mato Grosso do Sul, East Roraima Coastal South and Yanomani) were defined as priorities for cervical cancer preventive campaigns for Indigenous women. In urban areas, FUNASA is addressing issues of Indigenous health FUNASA under the Federal Family Health Program (PSF). Since its creation in 1994, the PSF brought primary health closer to households, shifting from the traditional static health center model (a primary health facility typically staffed with a pediatrician, an obstetrician and an adult clinician plus nurses and secretarial personnel) to family health teams responsible for outreach as well as passive services. The program’s beneficiaries are all residents of the unit catchment areas (referred to as residents). The rationale is to offer a type of health care that assigns priority to preventing disease and promoting health, in addition to providing curative care, delivered either at health facilities or, whenever necessary, through home visits. Indigenous peoples living in municipal areas are covered through this program. In the Project’s area which is made up of small municipalities, this Federal program is particularly appropriate,.as Indigenous peoples tend to live in close neighborhoods.

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Annex FSummary of Institutional Arrangements to Implement the Sustainable Component for Indigenous Peoples

Estágio Ações & Atores1. Subprojetos produtivos demonstrativos (oferta e gestão governamental): Projetos de processamento e comercialização de pescado.

Beneficiários Câmaras de deliberação e gestão Instituições cooperantes -ações

Instituição Executora– ações

Organizações jurídicas(associações indígenas)+ Orgs. não- jurídicas (conselhosaldeias, pessoas de notável saber,grupos de mulheres, artesãos,educadores, agentes de saúde,entre outros)

Conselho Deliberativo - (CD)(bipartite – GovAm eorganizações indígenas)

Câmara Técnica – (CT) =(técnicos governamentais +consultor/es nãogovernamentais).

SDS/FEPI, FUNAI, FUNASA,COIAB, MDA/DFAM,Prefeituras, MPF.

SDS/FEPI

1.1. Preparação dosmeios institucionais/técnicos eDisseminação

Reuniões comunitárias pela CT(01 em cada pólo – B. Constant eAtalaia Norte)Indicação de 01 membro titular e01 suplente para o CD

Parâmetros e regras para ossubprojetos produtivosdemonstrativosAprovação de manuaisinformativos e operativos

Ato normativo de instituiçãoElaboração dos materiaisinformativos e operativos dossubprojetos produtivosdemonstrativos

Indicação de 01 representantepara o CD.Termo de Cooperação técnicainterinstitucional

Contrata consultor/espara CT

1.2. preparação dossubprojetos produtivosdemonstrativos

Definição das áreas de aplicaçãodos projetos -

ElaboraçãoRevisão dos subprojetos produtivosdemonstrativos

- -

1.3. Aprovação dossubprojetosdemonstrativos (versãofinal)

-

Análise, aprovação eautorização da contratação dossubprojetos - - -

1.4. Contratação dossubprojetos produtivosdemonstrativos

- -Produção de documentaçãoadministrativa de contratação - -

1.5. Execução Formação de Conselhos Gestores(CD) para acompanhamento daexecução dos subprojetosdemonstrativos (01 por projeto)

-

Participação nos CD Assistência técnica contínuaaos subprojetos

Implementação dos os(04) subprojetos comapoio técnico da CT.

1.6. Monitoramento Reuniões dos CD (01 portrimestre)

Análise e recomendações aosrelatórios intermediários dossubprojetos (semestrais).

Visitas técnicas de monitoramentoApoio técnico na elaboração dosrelatórios intermediários

Acompanhamento das reuniõesdos CD

Elaboração de relatóriosexecutivosintermediários dossubprojetos

42

1.7. Avaliação Seminário final de avaliação dos subprojetos demonstrativos

-

Relatórios finais deavaliação dossubprojetosdemonstrativos, comindicadores qualitativose quantitativos.

Estágio Ações & Atores

2. Subprojetos produtivos (demanda comunitária espontânea, conforme tipologias elegíveis).

Beneficiários Câmaras de deliberação e gestão Instituições cooperantes - ações InstituiçãoExecutora – ações

Organizações jurídicas (associaçõesindígenas)+ Orgs. não- jurídicas (conselhosaldeias, pessoas de notável saber,grupos de mulheres, artesãos,educadores, agentes de saúde, entreoutros)

Conselho Deliberativo - (CD)(tripartite)

Câmara Técnica – (CT) = (03técnicos governamentais + 02consultores não governamentais.

SDS/FEPI, FUNAI, FUNASA,COIAB, MDA/DFAM, Prefeituras,MPF.

Organizações,associações indígenas eOngs parceiras

2.1. Preparação dos meiosjurídico-institucionais,técnicos e disseminação.

Visitas técnicas CTIndicação de 01 membro titular e 01suplente para o CDDefinição de linhas de pré-propostas desubprojetos produtivos comunitários.Reuniões comunitárias(01 por etnia)

Definição de regras paraapresentação dos subprojetosprodutivos comunitáriosespontâneosAprovação de manuaisoperativos

Regras de funcionamentoApoio técnico para instalação deescritório-oficina de gestão eadministração de subprojetos(“aprender-fazendo”).Elaboração dos manuais informativose operacionaisOficina para capacitação para projetoscomunitários

Indicação de 01 representante paraCD.Coordenação FEPIParceria e interveniência nossubprojetos produtivos espontâneosTermo de Cooperação Técnica

Contratação + 2consultores para CT

Instalação de escritóriode apoio no AltoSolimões paraassistência eacompanhamento dossubprojetos produtivos

2.2. Definição dossubprojetos produtivosespontâneos (pré-propostas)

Reuniões comunitárias(01 por município – pólo)Base para pré-propostas de subprojetosprodutivos espontâneos.

Análise dos subprojetosprodutivos espontâneos (pré-proposta)

Assistência técnica aosproponente/executores na concepção ena elaboração dos subprojetosprodutivos espontâneos

Acompanhamento e apoio técnico Elaboração das pré-propostas dossubprojetos produtivosespontâneos

2.3. Aprovação subprojetosprodutivos espontâneos(versão final)

-Aprovação dos subprojetosAutorização da contratação - - -

2.4. Contratação Oficinas preparatórias dos atosadministrativos (Planos detrabalhos/contratos/convênios)

-Assistência técnica aosproponentes/executores nos processosadministrativos da contratação

- -

2.5. Execução Execução dos subprojetos produtivosespontâneos. -

Assistência técnica e extensãocontínua durante o período deexecução dos projetos

- -

2.6. Monitoramento Constituição dos Conselhos Gestores(CG) dos subprojetos produtivos (01por projeto)

-Analisa relatórios intermediários dossubprojetos (semestrais). -

Acompanhamento dasreuniões dos CGRelatórios de avaliação

43

Reuniões dos CG2.7. Avaliação Oficinas de avaliação dos subprojetos Relatórios finais de avaliação dos subprojetos

demonstrativos, com indicadores qualitativos equantitativos.

Estágio Ações & Atores

3. Subprojeto de capacitação técnica para extensionistas indígenas em etnodesenvolvimento e gestão de projetos produtivos.

Beneficiários Câmaras de deliberação e gestão Instituições cooperantes - ações UnidadeExecutora

Organizações jurídicas (associaçõesindígenas)+ Orgs. não- jurídicas (conselhos aldeias,pessoas de notável saber, grupos demulheres, artesãos, educadores, agentes desaúde, entre outros)Técnicos de ONGTécnicos Governamentais

Conselho Gestor (CG) Equipe técnico-pedagógica:Técnicos governamentais + consultorespecialista em educação indígena

SDS/FEPI, FUNAI, FUNASA,COIAB, MMA/PDPI, MDA/DFAM,Prefeituras, MPF.

FEPI + UEA

3.1. Preparação dos meiosinstitucionais e técnicos

Indicação de 01 representante indígena poretnia para o Conselho Gestor

Ato governamentalFormulação da base daproposta técnico-pedagógicaElaboração de minuta doTermo de CooperaçãoTécnica entre as instituiçõesdo GovAM (SDS/FEPI eUEA) e órgãos federais.(Funai e FUNASA).

Indicam 01 representante para oConselho GestorCoordenado por GovAM/SDS/FEPI

Indicam técnicos para participar doscursos (capacitandos)Acompanhamento do CG e daEquipe Técnico- pedagógica

Contratação deconsultores para EquipeTécnico-pedagógica.Aprovação do Termo deCooperação Técnica

3.2. Disseminação Reuniões comunitárias(01 por pólo – B. Constant e Atalaia Norte)

Discussão e aprovação daproposta técnico-pedagógicado programa de formação deextensionistas

Elaboração de proposta técnica ematerial pedagógico;Elaboração do Plano Executivo

- -

3.3. Preparação Executiva Seleção dos líderes Aprovação do planoexecutivo do programa deformação

Participação no Conselho Gestor- -

3.4. Execução-

Supervisão da implantação docurso

Assistência técnica na execução da gradecurricular

-Implementação do cursode capacitação

3.5. Monitoramento Aplicação dos instrumentos de avaliação, inclusive reuniões do CG e as comunidades. Relatórios intermediários3.6. Avaliação Oficinas de avaliação participativa Relatório final

44