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PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND
ARRIVAL TIME ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE
ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(INTERNET COMPUTING)
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2017
PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION TRACKING AND ARRIVAL TIME
ESTIMATION USING HAVERSINE
ABDUL AFNAN BIN BASIR
Bachelor of Computer Science (Internet Computing)
Faculty of Informatics and Computing
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
MAY 2017
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project is based on my own effort with helps getting information
from sources that I have confessing. All sections of the text and results which have been
obtained from other workers or sources are fully references. I understand that are cheating
and plagiarism constitute a breach of university regulations and will be dealt with
accordingly.
________________________________
Name : .............................................
Date :.................................................
ii
CONFIRMATION
I hereby declare that this report is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously
or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin or other
institutions.
________________________________
Name : ..................................................
Date : ..................................................
iii
DEDICATION
I am using this opportunity to express my greatest gratitude to everyone who
supported me throughout my final year project, Public Bus Transportation Tracking and
Arrival Time Estimation Using Haversine. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance,
invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am
sincerely grateful to them for truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related
to the project.
Firstly, I express my thanks to Dr Azrul Amri Bin Jamal as my supervisor for guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this final year project. I
want to take this opportunity to thank my parent and also special thanks to all lecturers of
Faculty Informatics and Computing for their attention, guidance and advice to help in the
development of this project.
I would also like to thanks all my friends and classmates for their valuable comments and
suggestions on this project which gave me an inspiration to improve this project. I thank all
the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete this project.
Thank you,
Abdul Afnan Bin Basir
iv
ABSTRACT
Urban communities are becoming more reliant to public transportation. Traffic congestion
differs based on the time of day and the route being taken. Thus, making the bus time table
unreliable and bus users are wasting time at bus stops waiting for transport to come. This
open the users to become prey to crimes because some of the bus stops are in secluded area.
The objectives of this study are to design an easy system using suitable interfaces and iconic
that fulfill the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and user friendly system that are can
used by all ages in this country that using public transportation. Secondly are to develop
the appropriate and usable system to facilitate users or passengers that using public
transportation daily especially bus. Lastly is to evaluate the effectiveness of this system
which are could avoid passengers from missed the bus. The method is being used is WDMS
which is require four phases which are user modelling, conceptual design, implementation
design and actual implementation. The technologies such as Global Positioning System
(GPS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and Arduino. By the end of this
study, it is expected that the developed application can help peoples or bus passenger avoid
from missed the bus arrival time. This been done by user or passenger get notification from
the bus. The bus will update the latest location to the nearest bus station or bus stand.
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ABSTRAK
Masyarakat bandar masa kini banyak bergantung kepada system pengangkutan awam.
Keadaan trafik yang dilalui mereka berbeza berdasarkan hari dan laluan yang dilalui
mereka. Jadual harian bas awam yang dibuat membuatkan pengguna-pengguna bas
tertunggu-tunggu dan membuang masa di stesen bas. Hal yang demikian memyebabkan
mereka terdedah kepada jenayah kerana kebanyakan perhentian bas berada di kawasan-
kawasan terpencil. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mereka system yang mudah dan sesuai
untuk memenuhi kriteria Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer (HCI) dan mesra pengguna
yang dapat digunakan oleh semua lapisan masyarakat di negara ini yang menggunakan
sistem pengangkutan awam. Keduanya, sistem ini dibangunkan bertujuan membolehkan
semua pengguna yang menaiki pengangkutan awam berasa mudah untuk digunakan.
Ketiganya ialah untuk menilai sejauh mana keberkesanan system ini untuk mengatasi
pengguna-pengguna pengangkutan awam daripada terlepas bas. Metodologi kajian ialah
WDMS yang memerlukan empat fasa iaitu permodelan pengguna, reka bentuk pelaksanaan
dan pelaksaaan yang sebenar. Teknologi yang digunakan dlm kajian ini adalah Sistem
Kedudukan Global (GPS), Sistem Global untuk Komunikasi Mudah Alih (GSM) dan
Arduino. Di akhir kajian ini, jangkaan hasil yang dapat dinyatakan ialah sistem yang
dibangunkan dapat membantu pengguna mengatasi masalah ketinggalan bas. Hal ini
dapat diselesaikan dengan penumpang bas menerima ‘notification’ daripada sistem.
Sistem ini juga akan sentiasa memperbaharui maklumat, info serta lokasi bas yang
berhampiran dengan stesen bas atau perhentian bas.
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CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION i
CONFIRMATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 4
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4
Scopes and Limitation 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Public Transport Applications 8
2.2 Distance Calculation Techniques 13
2.2.1 Euclidean
2.2.2 Haversine
14
11
15
2.3 Summary 16
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project Life Cycle 17
3.1.1 Planning Phase 19
3.1.2 Requirement Analysis and Specification 20
3.1.3 Design Phase 20
3.1.4 Implementation Phase 20
3.1.6 Deployment Phase 21
3.2 Gantt Chart 22
vii
3.3 System Requirement 23
3.3.1 Software 23
3.3.2 Hardware 24
3.4 System Design 25
3.4.1 Framework Design 25
3.4.2 Process Design 26
3.4.2.1 Context Diagram 26
3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram 27
3.4.3 Data Model 28
3.4.3.1 Entity Relational Diagram 28
3.4.3.2 Database Scheme 29
3.4.4 Interfaces 31
3.4.4.1 Passenger 31
3.5 References 33
VIII
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 First table in chapter 1 10
1.2 Second table in chapter 1 11
2.1 First table in chapter 2 20
2.2 Second table in chapter 2 25
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 First figure in chapter 1 10
1.2 Second figure in chapter 1 11
2.1 First figure in chapter 2 20
2.2 Second figure in chapter 2 25
X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS
CD Context Diagram
DFD Data Flow Diagram
ERD Entity Relationship Diagram
FYP Final year project
GA Genetic algorithm
HCI Human computer interface
IOT Internet of Things
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Public transportation in Malaysia is expanding and growing to satisfy the demand
of peoples to travel from one place to another (Abdullah, 2013). Public transportation
assume a major part in transportation industry. This public transportation consume a lot of
transport services to most peoples living in Malaysia. People use busses to go work,
schools, or other places. Bus is a very vital today because it is used by most of people
because it can reduce the number of vehicles on road that can cause traffic jams. Some
users like to sit in the bus with another passengers while waiting to reach their destinations.
This indirectly will influence people to communicate each other. (Dissertation & Jeong,
2004) .
2
Basically in Malaysia, bus public transportation is covered by Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd
which supervised under Prasarana Malaysia Berhad as the asset owner and operator of LRT,
KL Monorail, Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Sunway-BRT and bus services in Kuala
Lumpur, Penang and Kamunting. Basically in Kuala Lumpur, RapidKL covered at
Ampang, Cheras, Damansara, Jalan Ipoh, Jalan Klang Lama, Jalan Pahang, Lebuhraya
Persekutuan, Sungai Besi and Puchong (Abdullah, 2013). Rapid KL also used by Rapid
Bus Sdn Bhd for the first bus rapid transit service in Malaysia and it is also one of the
largest stage bus operators in the Klang Valley, next to Metrobus. Currently, there are 98
stage bus routes and 39 feeder bus services which operate from LRT stations. The bus
routes operated by Rapid Bus were previously operated by Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, a
subsidiary of DRB-Hicom Bhd; and Cityliner Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Park May Bhd
(Abdullah, 2013).
Bus stands or bus stops is the place for passengers to waiting for the bus. Several
standard is being set when considering build a bus stops. Bus stop must located at straight
roads to improve the sight distance for bus drivers as they leave the stop, and easier for
driver to draw in. There must be adequate weave length provided where buses are required
to enter the traffic lane and cross additional lanes to make turning movement. Bus stops
should not located adjacent to facilities that induce a high parking turnover such as ATMs,
shops and etc. as is likely that vehicles will park illegally near the bus stop (Cortés,
Fernández, & Burgos, 2007).
3
Public transports, especially buses have been used throughout the world. Vehicle
tracking system was first being implemented in shipping because there is a need to track
item from courier. Technology is growing in a fast pace, automated bus tracking system
can be used to track and display location in real-time. This paper proposes a bus tracking
system using GPS/GSM technology and smartphone application to give a better and cost
effectiveness services to the user. This project work on bus arrival time are predicted based
on location of previous station. The travel prediction time also take into accounting other
unpredictable factors such as traffic jam, harsh weather situation and the worst, bus
breakdowns. The model and algorithm are based on vector data for bus route, bus stand,
and road network with junctions and segments. Passengers with access to the Internet earn
obtain to get real-time arrival information, notification via SMS or some other wireless
push mechanism.
Bus arrival time and prediction is very vital to passengers, not only at the terminal,
but on every bus stop (Abdullah, 2013). Problem arise if the arrival times or departures
time of the buses at bus stop cannot be predicted by passengers. Bus stops are the place that
familiar to bus passengers. This relationship lead to the bus arrival time at different stop on
a route. Inaccurate bus arrival time will affect the schedule designed by the bus
management. Bus management design bus operations and produce bus arrival time
schedule, however the implementation is depends on bus speed, bus operator, and the traffic
conditions on road. This paper focus on basic development of optimum bus arrival time by
tracking and estimate the arrival time using Haversine formula based on the ground speed
of the bus travelling. Then, every 5 minutes the GPS tracking will capture ground speed of
the bus. So that calculation is happen there based on the speed capture of the vehicle.
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1.2 Problem Statement
There are several problems need to be solved in this system. The first problem was
mostly bus in Malaysia is not real time and they could not track or predict when the bus is
arrived or departed from bus stops. Lack of estimation time provided will hard to users and
passengers to plan their trip such as head to go to working place. They did not know when
the bus is arrived, badly they could missed the bus because do not know the arrival time of
the bus.
Secondly, people waiting a lot of times waiting at bus stops, therefore I will exposed
them to prey of crimes while waiting at bus stops. Previous studies (Cervero, 1997) proved
that waiting at bus stops bring them to exposed to crime and risk rider’s security. They
using crime data from 1994 until 1995 made by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation
Authority said that transit crime (crime on the bus or train or at bus stop or rail station) is
quite much and many (Cervero, 1997).
1.3 Objectives
- To study the most suitable prediction methodology for bus arrival time from
previous station to the next station
- To design an application useful and suitable interfaces for predict bus arrival time
- To develop the complete system that could identify the prediction interval of bus
arrival time and the probability of a bus being on time
5
1.4 Scope and Limitation
In this project scope involves are User or Passenger. User is a person using bus public
transport to go to working or head to their destination. User could request the route number,
or search location or the live departures or live arrival time of the specific bus stops. There
could request through their smartphone which have internet access. They could see live
map of the route and could gain the arrival and departures time based on the bus stops.
They could also request the official schedule provided by bus transport management.
Therefore they could track and monitor the bus location precisely by give them a real time
access.
Administrator is the is bus management itself which are staff responsible to analyze
the information about updated location of the bus and provide the arrival and departures
schedule of the whole bus trip of the bus. Admin also responsible to specify the location of
bus stop and facilitate the passengers to manage their trip using bus transportation. Admin
responsible to update location of the bus to insert to system.
Internet of Things involved was Arduino board GPS/GSM module. They play role
similar as Administrator but it done automatically to transmit to system. The GPS capture
ground speed of the bus to calculate estimation to arrive at bus stop requested by user. Each
bus has GPS module to track and trace the location of the bus.
6
The limitation was the system only worked if there are internet connection whether
mobile connection or Wi-Fi connection. It was internet of things, so internet connection is
a vital to make this system run. It also work on smartphone only which have latest features
of technologies such as internet connection, GPS and etc. It does not working on mobile
phones or basic phones.
1.5 Expected Outcome
Based on the objective of the development for this project, this tracking application will
be run as below:
i. This application or system will enable passengers or transit riders get the real
time access of the bus public transportation
ii. This application will help passengers to prevent the transit riders from missed
the bus at the bus stop
iii. This application will help passengers to plan their journey and trip where ever
their destinations effectively and clearly.
7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
RapidKL is a sub brand of myRapid a company of Prasarana Malaysia Berhad.
RapidKL buses provided services to 6 main areas of Klang Valley with a total of 165 routes.
RapidKL Bus operate whopping 18.5 hours daily at 5.30 am to 12 am midnight (Abdullah,
2013). RapidKL Bus commonly divided into categories that were city shuttles using the
letter ‘B’ stand for Bandar for example was B114. Secondly trunk services using letter ‘T’
stand for Tempatan for example was T323. Lastly express services using letter ‘E’ stand
for Ekspres for example was E1. These codes are provided to ease passengers to ride the
bus and guide them to identify which bus should they ride to arrive at their destination
safely.
Peoples are easily to become a prey of crimes while they waiting at the bus stops.
Mostly woman and children are become victims of crimes. A survey made in 1994 and
1995 by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority, police indicate the data that
majority of reported crime happen on bus and bus stops. The crimes at bus stops being
increased and concentrated (Cervero, 1997). A limited number of bus stops attract the
excessive amount of crime incidents. Mostly number of crimes occur during rush hours of
late afternoon, early evening, and at night when there are a few pedestrians walking around
bus stops. It is reported that transit riders run twice the risk to become a victims compared
to non-transit riders. People especially children are risky to accidents. They should wait in
a safe place away from the road. Kids should never speak to strangers and never get into
the car with a stranger. Do not run and play while waiting the bus (Cervero, 1997).
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2.1 Public Transport Applications
Real-time arrival estimation system is vital today to ensure passenger could get
information when bus is arrived. Actually real time arrival estimation system give benefits
to bus transit company and passengers (Haghani & Banihashemi, 2002). It could save
money. The high cost of diesel fuel and transit labor require that transit agencies operate as
efficiently as possible. A good real time prediction system give big impact by reduce
significant cost. Once these areas is cut, the remaining route segments can be reorganized
and served using fewer routes, vehicles, and operators (Schweiger, 2003).
In Malaysia, the most popular web-based system was www.myrapid.com.my portal
“Plan My Journey”. This system provide a plan for a tourist or bus riders to ride public
transportation either LRT, BRT, Monorail or RapidKL Bus. Passengers fill in depart
location and the destination they heading. There are an options to go by Bus, Rail or both.
The departure time also provided to estimate when the bus or rail trip arrive at current
location. After that, system will give result what transportation should they ride. The travel
time provided and Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) is given. Basically in Malaysia there
are no specific prediction time system for a bus transportation because Malaysian still
prefer using their own vehicles. Prediction time arrival of bus many used at Europe because
their government encourage their citizens to ride public transportation. Figure 2.1 shows
the rapidkl system.
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Figure 2.1: myrapid bus system
10
In Chicago, there is one system is used to tracked the location of the bus called
ctabustracker.com by Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). CTA Bus Tracker using GPS
devices to give data location back to their server. Then in real time, they show the passenger
where the bus on map and estimate when they will arrive at bus stops. If bus went on an
irregular route, the system could not predict the accurate arrival time of the bus.
Furthermore, they could not locate the bus on map. If bus is unable to move for several
minutes because of being stuck on irregular event e.g. (traffic jam or stop by freight train
at crossing and etc), arrival estimate will be switched to “DELAYED”. During that time
the bus stop transmitting data to the server and disappear from the website.
Figure 2.2: CTA bus tracking system
11
In London, there is one system used was Transport for London. The system used
domain named tfl.gov.uk. In the portal, passenger choose public transportation either Bus,
Tube or Overground or TFL Rail or DLR or Tram, River or Emirates Air Line. The Bus
passenger will choose number of bus such as 1-50, then passenger choose ‘3’.Number ‘3’
was towards Crystal Palace. They list all of the streets. One street such as ‘Trafalgar Sq /
Charing Cross Stn’ is chosen. The next bus is listed from bus number ‘3’. The estimate
arrival time is given in next column of the list of the bus. This system update is not real
time because they do not give exact location if irregular incident occur such as traffic jam
or flat tire.
Figure 2.3: TFL bus tracking system
12
In Bridgeport, the city of Connecticut, United States, there is one system called
GBT tracker (Greater Bridgeport Transit) provides local, regional and express bus
throughout the Bridgeport region with routes extending from Milford to Norwalk and from
Bridgeport to Naugatuck Valley. It included a map-click through map showing all the
routes in GBT system along with timetables and schedules for individual routes. Web-
watch is its real time information system that allows passengers to track bus.
Figure 2.4: GBT bus system
13
All bus system integrated mostly similar to each other. Passenger or transit rider
will request route number or station name to get the estimated arrival time of the bus. Bus
managements design bus operations with convenient headway and release the bus schedule
based on bus operation manual standards. The availability of real-time bus information at
stops will help passengers plan their bus trips efficiently and reduce long queues and waiting
times at stops.
2.2 Distance Calculation Techniques
Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics context,
distance is a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria. In mathematics, a
distance function or metric is a generalization of physical distance concept (Mwemezi &
Huang, 2011). The techniques popular used is Euclidean and Haversine. If we want to
calculate the distance between two point, we must consider the shape of the earth
(Mwemezi & Huang, 2011). For the example, the assumption that interior angle of a
triangle add up to 180 degrees is no longer true. People use this mathematics to measure
the land, construct religious buildings, and calculate the positions of stars and planets. In
fact, we still take our calendar and our measurement of time from the positions of stars and
planets.
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2.2.1 Euclidean
Euclidean distance can be produced efficiently by sequential algorithms. The map
indicates, for each pixel in the objects (or the background) of the originally binary picture,
the shortest distance to the nearest pixel in the background (or the objects). In mathematics,
Euclidean distance is said as an ordinary straight line distance between two points. Despite
the development of numerous types of geometry. Euclidean geometry is still by far the most
used geometrical tool of applied scientist. Euclidean is also known as Cartesian Distance .
Geometry in the earliest was measuring land. Ancient, countries like Babylonia and Assyria
often flooded, this mean that people live in the river banks had to measure out the
boundaries of their land. This made them expert in geometry of flat surfaces very quickly.
They learn how to create right angles and right-angle triangles and they could calculate
areas using simple multiplication (Gower, 1982).
Euclidean geometry is named after the Greek mathematician, Euclid. His focus was
on using logical thinking and deductive reasoning to make mathematical statement, and
then go on to prove them. Euclidean geometry focuses on point lines and shape on flat
surfaces or planes. It is not concerned with what happen when the surfaces curves. Actually
when we want to find a distance between two points, we have set the points (latitude and
longitude) e.g point one (5,2) and point two (-3,-4), we using formula
. So the distance from point one and two is 10
(Danielsson, 1980).
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2.2.2 Haversine
If a vehicle had to move from point A to B and the distance those two points is
about 36 km and the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) and the point from
A(43.901N,79.222W) to B(43.901N,78.772W) is straight line. Since the latitude are the
same, it is considered that it had to head to east, but there are reason why that would not
work. For the record heading due to east in a straight line will result about 330 meters from
the target. The earth is spherical and as such follows a different set of geometric rules . The
flight routes to go far up north in arc is because that is the shortest route. Common mistake
in navigation is representing the geographical coordinates as points on a two dimensional
plane without realizing their angles about the center of earth. Navigation using something
else called the law of Haversine to calculate large distance on the spherical planet (Chopde
& Nichat, 2013).
Supposed a traveler want to go a city from point A to point B and he take road south
and a road to east and arrive at the destination. The total distance traveled is the length of
the road south plus road to east. However we must consider that the earth is sphere, if a
traveler want to go from one point in earth to another point in earth e.g Toronto to
Johannesburg and traveled in straight line, basically will be straight line on spherical
surface of the earth. Point from Toronto to Johannesburg in a world map is not be equal to
spherical distance because straight line on a sphere is actually part of great circle and great
circle basically is a circle whose planes travels through the center of the earth or passes
through the center of the earth. All distances calculated on the surface of the earth are
basically spherical great circle distance (Ganesh & Kumar, 2015).
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2.3 Summary
The absence of information on arrival times at stops or inaccurate information will
affect the uncertainty regarding the frequency of buses at stops. For example, in the case of
30-min bus frequency, if the first bus arrives too early and the next bus arrives quite late,
the service frequency will not comply with the information of one bus every 30 minutes.
The passengers will have a negative impression regarding the service because they had
assumed that the bus would arrive within 30 min. So it is very important to the system to
implement the specific calculation to ease users and passengers to know the arrival time of
the bus (Abdul Wahab, Borhan, & OK Rahmat, 2017).
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project Life Cycle
In this section, the detail methodology that used to develop this system is described.
The use of the methodology is to solve all the problem arising and to ensure that the project
will works as well as the planning to develop this system smoothly and complete within the
given time. There are many types of methodology that we can applied and used in the
development of the system. The approach must be chosen correctly so that it is suitable for
the development of the project. It is the important step to guide the researcher to manage
the given task. Hence, this project hence on to use Waterfall Model for this project. The
details of every phases that involved is described
Waterfall model is a model which was develop for software development. The basic
idea it is called as such because the model develop systematically from one phases to other
phase in downwards style like a waterfall. The phases consist of definition study or analysis,
basic design, technical design, construction and implementation, testing, integration and
maintenance. The reason why this model is chosen because it’s parallel to the time taken
to complete this project which is for two semester.
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Figure 3.1:Waterfall Model
Waterfall model has been chosen based on the following consideration:
1) Project Monitoring
- Each phase of the development is monitored from time to time to ensure all the system
module match earlier system requirement.
2) Allow changes
- Any changes in developing the system can be implement at every phases to improve
the functionality of the system.
19
3) Save cost
- The development of the system can save the cost because the information collected at
each phases are very particular until the final test of the system.
This project is using Structured Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) by
applies waterfall model. This methodology is adaptable to time given for complete the task.
It starts with the planning, requirement analysis, design, implementation and testing and
operation and maintenance. Every phase must fulfil the requirement specification. After the
system complete, it will undergo maintenance as final test.
3.1.1 Planning phase
The objective in this phase is to choose and decide the system and title for this project
with supervisor. The title that has been agreed to proceed was Public Bus Transportation
Tracking and Arrival Time Estimation using Haversine. This system will develop for
passengers and transit riders to estimate the bus arrival time of the bus. An abstract is done
based on information gathered and the system that has been agreed to develop.
20
3.1.2 Requirement Analysis and Specification phase
The objective in this phase is to gather all the requirement needed to develop the
system and analyze the existing system. In this phase, the information gather regarding on
online appointment and the way to implement the scheduling technique is based on the
analyzing from the internet searching to understand more about the system will develop.
For better understanding about the existing bus tracking application, an observation of the
real time system an observation of the real system is done by looking the system that are
already had. Technique used also discovered in this project.
3.1.3 Design Phases
Design phases contains several diagram to show the process of the system will
functioning. This phases contain Context Diagram, Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0,
and Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). These entire diagram is the guide for user to
understand the flow of the system that will be functioning. The database for overall system
also is develop at this phase.
3.1.4 Implementation Phase
This phase will transform the design into the real system by implementing the
coding. This project developing using GPS/GSM module to implement at bus to get the
location of the bus, plus could capture the ground speed of the bus to estimate when the bus
is arrived at bus stops or bus stations. RFID tag and reader are used in this project. Tag is
put on bus stops or bus stations while the reader is on the bus which bus has power source.
The GPS module is on the bus to track and every 5 minutes it will capture the ground speed
of the bus so that it could estimate the time arrival of the bus.
21
Android Studio is used to create the mobile platform that used by users or passenger to
request the arrival or departures of the bus.
3.1.5 Testing Phase
After writing the code, the system module is tested by using single unit testing to
test the single module of the system. Then, the integration testing is conducted to test the
integrated modules. After that, system testing in conducted to test error of the whole
system. Any errors or bugs will be fixed and the system will repeat the testing phase until
there none of errors and bugs are founds. The finishing of testing phase, will released the
first version of the system.
3.1.6 Deployment Phase
After the system is bug free, the system can be released and users can use the
system. Once the system is in the steady state, it is reviewed that the system has meet all
the goals, requirement and the objective for the project plan satisfactory results.
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3.2 Gantt Chart
Figure 3.2: Gantt Chart
No. Tasks Weeks
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 Planning System
1.1 Problem
Definition
1.2 Project
Identification
1.3 Project
Proposal
2 System Analysis
2.1 Analysis of
System
Operation and
current
Problem
2.2 Specification
of
Requirements
2.3 Selection of
Technical
Options
3 Designing System
3.1 Data Design
3.2 Process
Design
3.3 Physical
Design
4 Implementing
System
4.1 Construct
System
4.2 Install System
5 Performing Test
5.1 System Test
5.2 Maintain
System
6 Document System
7 Presentation &
Submission
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3.3 System Requirement
3.3.1 Software
List of software used in this project
Table 3.1: List of software requirement
No Software Name Description
1 Android Studio Platform to build android application
2 Notepad ++ Editor to write PHP language for web
3 Xampp Act as a local server to run and test the system
4 Adobe Photoshop Platform to design header and logo of the
system
5 Java JDK Development environment for application
6 Google Chrome Browser to open the web system
7 MySQL Platform for the database of the system
8 Microsoft Office Word 2013 Platform for documentation the system
9 Microsoft Office Power Point
2013
Platform to manage the presentation slide
10 Arduino 1.6.12 Programming IDE`
11 Arduino Bootloader Programmer
12 AVR GCC Compiler
24
3.3.2 Hardware
List of hardware used in this project
Table 3.2: List of hardware requirement
No Item Name Description
1 Laptop
(Asus : A556U)
Processor: Intel Core i7- 6500U CPU @ 2.50 GHz
RAM : 12GB
Operating System: Windows 10
System Type: 64-bit Operating System, x64-based
processor
2 ATmega328
Microcontroller With
Arduino Bootloader
Arduino module
3 SIM800A GSM
MODEM
4 GPS Receiver Receive the GPS transmission
5 7.5V DC Adapter Power supply
6 5V Regulated Power
supply
Power supply
7 RC522 RFID RFID reader and tag
25
3.4 System Design
3.4.1 Framework Design
Figure 3.3: Framework of Bus tracking system
26
3.4.2 Process Design
3.4.2.1 Context Diagram
Figure 3.4: Context Diagram
There are only User or passenger involved, user request bus number and the system will
send the ETA of the bus to arrive at bus stop. Authorized admin will authenticate to access
the system as a bus management system. They could manage the bus information regarding
the request by the user. At the end, the system could generate report upon request. IOT will
update automatically the location of the bus heading to next bus stop.
0
Public Bus Transportation and
Arrival Time Estimation using
Haversine
ADMIN
IOT USER
Admin Profile
Bus info
Bus report
Estimation Time Arrival
Bus number Update automatically
Verification admin
27
3.4.2.2 Data Flow Diagram Level 0
Figure 3.5: Data Flow Diagram Level 0
1.0
Register Admin
2.0
Manage Bus Information
3.0
Calculate Bus Arrival Time
4.0
Generate Report
ADMIN
IOT
USER
D1
D3
D5
D2
D4
ADMIN
BUS
ARRIVAL
ROUTE
STATION
admin
profile
bus info
station info
bus info
arrival info
arrival detail
bus data
route data
arrival data
time estimation
bus no
Estimated Time Arrival station data
bus data
report detail arrival data
Admin verification
route data
station data
route info
location detail
28
Figure 3.5 show the data flow that consist of four processes and five data stores. The
processes are register admin, manage bus information, calculate bus arrival time, and
generate report. The report will generated based on the data accumulated all of those data
stores.
3.4.3 Data Model
3.4.3.1 Entity Relational Diagram
Figure 3.6: Entity Relational Diagram
BUS
ROUTE
STATION
has
Route_No
Route_Name
BusID
has
ADMIN
AdminID
Admin_Pwd
Admin_UName
manage
StationID
Station_Name
ARRIVAL
Time_Arrive
BusID StationID
ARRIVAL
Plate_No
Route_No
Latitude
Longitude
CheckpointID
29
Figure 3.6 shows ER Diagram, An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) illustrates system’s
entities information and entities’ relationship. ERD composed of 3 things such as
identifying and defining the entities, determine entities’ interaction and the cardinality of
the relationship. Every boxes illustrate the table in database and lines is to illustrate
relationship.
3.4.3.2 Database Scheme
Table 3.1: Admin Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
AdminID Identification of
admin
VARCHAR 10 PK
Admin_UName Admin Name VARCHAR 30
Admin_Pwd Admin Password VARCHAR 10
Table 3.2: Bus Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
BusID Identification of
bus
VARCHAR 5 PK
Plate_No Bus plate number INT 6
Route_No Identification of
route
INT 2 FK
30
Table 3.3: Route Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
Route_No Identification of
route
INT 2 PK
Route_Name Route name VARCHAR 20
CheckpointID Identification of
checkpoint every
5 minutes
INT 20
Table 3.4: Table Station
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
StationID Identification of
station or stop
VARCHAR 10 PK
Station_Name Station Name VARCHAR 20
Latitude Latitude of bus
location
VARCHAR 10
Longitude Longitude of bus
location
VARCHAR 10
Table 3.5: Arrival Table
Attribute Explanation Data Type Size Remark
Time_Arrive Arrival Time INT 10
BusID Identification of
bus
VARCHAR 5 FK
StationID Identification of
station or stop
VARCHAR 10 FK
31
3.4.4 Interfaces
3.4.4.1 Passenger
Figure 3.4: Interface design for Passenger request for estimation arrival time
Figure 3.4 shows that the interface by passenger request for the route number and the
system will give back the arrival time of the bus at the bus stops. It will display 3
upcoming bus to arrive.
32
Figure 3.5: Interface design for live view map of the bus
Figure 3.5 shows the interface design for live view map to see map-through where the bus
stop either southbound, northbound, westbound or eastbound, so that user can make sure
where exactly they heading for their destination.
33
3.5 References
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Chopde, N., & Nichat, M. (2013). Landmark Based Shortest Path Detection by Using A*
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Gower, J. C. (1982). Euclidean Distance Geometry. Mathematical Scientist, 7(1), 1–14.
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