public availability session groundwater contamination · former american cleaners 412 west grand...

Public Availability SessionGroundwater Contamination

Our Mission: To protect and improve the health and environment of all Kansans.

Former American Cleaners412 West Grand Avenue

Haysville, Kansas

August 17, 2017Haysville Alternative High School


Agenda• What is the concern?• Timeline of events to date• What is the risk?

– Action Levels– Health Concerns

• Emergency action – Interim alternative water supply

• Long term alternative water supply• Long term corrective action


What is the Concern?

• Groundwater contamination from a former dry cleaner(s)

• Impacts to domestic water wells– Drinking water supply– Lawn & garden

• Former American Cleaners: 412 W. Grand – Dry cleaning machines: 1978 – 1996

• Tetrachloroethylene (PCE, “Perc”) solvent• Appears standard industry practices were followed


Why is there a concern?

• Dry Cleaning Industry – Common sources of releases that were considered appropriate practice• Separator water into sewer lines • Filters disposed in dumpster –

liquid drains out• Routine spills and leaks -

No containment pans


Degradation Pathway

PCE (Tetrachloroethylene)

TCE (Trichloroethylene)

DCE (Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene)

VC (Vinyl Chloride)


PCE Degradation Pathway

PCE → TCE → DCE → VC → Ethene


Area of Concern

Map


General Geologic ConditionsFormer Muncie Pit north of Treece

• Silt to silty clay - surface to ~25+ ftbelow ground surface (bgs)

• Sand - ~25 to 40+ feet bgs• Wellington Formation - bedrock

40+ feet bgs• Groundwater - ~15 feet bgs


GW Flow

Example of Contaminant Movement


• 8/25/11: Limited Site Investigation completed for the Kwik Shop, 424 W. Grand storage tank facility

• PCE above MCL detected in 3 groundwater samples

• 11/7/11: Application submitted by the property owner to the Dry Cleaning Facility Release Trust Fund

• 11/29/11: Application accepted and priority ranked for fund expenditure based on data in LSI (ranked low)

Investigation History


• 5/3/16: KDHE Site Assessment Program conducted a Site Evaluation of the former USDA Grain Bin site

• Southeast corner of Grand Ave. and German Ave

• PCE detected below MCL

• Assumed southwest groundwater flow


American Cleaners


Haysville, 1950


• 10/26/16: Property owner contacted KDHE → looking to lease property and wanted KDHE to conduct interior work

• 12/13/16: Contract award issued for CI

• 1/24/17: Site reconnaissance

• 1/25/17 – 2/7/17: Passive soil gas survey

• 4/3/17: Interior soil samples (hand auger)



• 4/17 thru 4/18/17: Electrical conductivity probes

• 4/18 thru 4/26/17: Direct push soil and groundwater probes

• Review of data indicated that assumed GW flow direction was incorrect → groundwater flow is actually to the southeast

• Revise the work plan → schedule → remobilize

• 7/24/17: Begin 2nd round of direct push groundwater probes

• cis-1,2-DCE exceeded MCL near domestic wells

• KDHE began testing private water wells



Area of Investigation

-Boundaries

have not been confirmed


Investigation: Next Steps

• Ongoing: Sampling private wells

• Planned:

• City design & install water mains

• Connect homes within the plume and a buffer zone to city water supply

• Remediation Pilot Study – Source Area

• Final remedial design & implementation


How is this paid for?


Drycleaner Environmental Response ActDry Cleaning Facility Release Trust Fund

• Enacted in July 1995• Mandated pollution prevention measures• Created the DFRTF to address contaminated sites

• 2.5% Environmental Gross Receipts Surcharge• $5.50 / gallon fee for chlorinated solvents• $0.55 / gallon fee for non-chlorinated solvents• $100 annual facility registration fee• $5,000 Deductible to join DFRTF

→ $5,000,000 corrective action• ~$900,000 annual income


Environmental Stewardship Fund• Excellent foresight by the Legislature in 2016• Provided est. $5 million per year funding for

emergency response and timely Orphan Site assessment and remediation– Orphan Sites Program– Superfund Program– Dry Cleaner Remediation Program

• $0.01/gallon for fuel purchases


What is the risk?


Maximum Contaminant Levels• Legal threshold limit for the amount of a substance

allowed in public water under the Safe Drinking Water Act• PCE = 5 ppb• TCE = 5 ppb• Cis-1,2-DCE = 70 ppb• Vinyl Chloride = 2 ppb

• Determined by EPA, adopted by KDHE• Based on probability of an additional cancer incidence


What is 1 ppb?

• 1 part per billion (ppb) = 1 microgram per liter (µg/L)

• 1 drop of dye in an Olympic size swimming pool;

• 1 blade of grass on a football field;

• 1 corn kernel in a silo 45 feet high & 16 feet diameter

• 1 second in 32 years;

• 1 inch in 15,782 miles; or

• 1 foot in the distance to the moon.


Removal Management Level• Used to determine when showering, bathing is allowed• Groundwater Concentration – ppb

Exposure Child PCE

Child TCE

ChildDCE

Child VC

Adult PCE

AdultDCE

Adult TCE

Adult VC

Non-Carcinogen 104 7.7 108 108 156 178 9.9 205

Ingestion 282 23.5 120 141 657 200 54.8 329

Inhalation 250 12.5 -- 626 250 -- 12.5 626

Dermal 489 147 1,090 1,750 1,100 1,640 329 4,150

Carcinogen ingest 974 21.8 -- 1.5 974 -- 21.8 1.5


What are the potential health effects?

Farah Ahmed, MPH, PhDKDHE Environmental Health Officer


Degradation Pathway

PCE (Tetrachloroethylene)

TCE (Trichloroethylene)

DCE (Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene)

VC (Vinyl Chloride)


How are people exposed?•Exposure to contaminants can occur when a person breathes (inhalation), eats or drinks (ingestion), or touches (dermal) the chemicals. •Whether or not the contaminants cause harm will depend on a number of factors:

•how much of the chemicals a person was exposed to (dose)•how long they were exposed (duration)•how they were exposed (inhalation, ingestion or dermal).

•May also depend on other factors such as age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, general health status, and exposures to other contaminants.


Non Carcinogenic Health Risk - PCE

• Short-term exposure to air with high levels of PCE may causedizziness, headaches, and may even cause unconsciousnessor death.

• Long-term exposure to low levels of PCE may cause changesin mood, memory, and vision.

• Studies have shown that women who were exposed to PCEduring the first trimester of pregnancy experienced anincreased risk of miscarriages.

• Evidence for a small increased risk of preterm births for womenexposed to the highest level of PCE during their entirepregnancy.

• No evidence for an increased risk of birth defects.


Carcinogenic Health Risk - PCE

• EPA has determined that PCE is a “likely human carcinogen.”

• Some evidence that exposure to PCE in humans may cause an increased risk of:

• bladder cancer

• multiple myeloma

• non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• high levels may increase the risk of developing breast cancer and lung cancer.

• Some research in animals has shown an increased risk of cancer of the liver, kidney and blood.


Non-carcinogenicHealth Risk - TCE

• Short-term exposure to moderate levels of TCE may cause dizziness, headaches, and sleepiness.

• Exposure to large amount may cause damage to the nerves of the face, changes in heartbeat, liver and kidney damage.

• A study has shown maternal exposure via ingestion to very high levels of TCE during the entire pregnancy had increased risk of small for gestational age babies


Carcinogenic Health Risk - TCE

• EPA has determined that TCE is carcinogenic to humans

• Health studies have shown that exposure to TCE in humans may cause cancers of the kidney and liver, as well as malignant lymphoma.

• Research in animals has also shown an increased risk of liver and testicular cancer.


Non-carcinogenicHealth Risk - DCE

• EPA has determined that DCE is NOT a “likely human carcinogen”

• Breathing high levels of DCE can cause nausea and drowsiness and even death.

• Animal studies have shown damage to the liver, lungs and heart. Have also shown decreased number of blood cells at exposure to low doses.

• Not sure about the effect of low doses on humans


Non-carcinogenic Health Risk - VC

• Breathing high levels of vinyl chloride can result incentral nervous system effects such as dizziness,drowsiness, and headaches in humans.

• Touching vinyl chloride can cause numbness,redness and blisters

• Long-term exposure to vinyl chloride throughinhalation and oral exposure in humans can resultin liver damage.


Carcinogenic Health Risk - VC

• EPA has classified vinyl chloride as a Group A,human carcinogen.

• Vinyl chloride exposure can increase the risk of arare form of liver cancer in humans.

• Studies of workers have shown an increased risk ofliver, brain, and lung cancer


References

Our vision is 'healthy Kansans living in safe and sustainable environments'. The state belongs to all of us -"Kansas Don't Spoil It"

• United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Draft Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene (October 2014). Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf

• United States Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Draft Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene (October 2014). Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp19.pdf

• Gallagher LG, Vieira VM, Ozonoff D, Webster TF, Aschengrau A. Risk of breast cancer following exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Reanalysis of a case-control study using a modified exposure assessment. Environ Health. 2011 May 21; 10:47.

• Mattei F, Guida F, Matrat M, Cenee S, Cyr D, Sanchez M, et al. Exposure to chlorinated solvents and lung cancer: Results of the ICARE study. Occup Environ Med. 2014 Oct; 71(10): 681-689.

• Kyyronen P, Taskinen H, Lindbohm ML, Hemminki K, Heinonen OP. Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1989; 43: 346-351.

• Ruckart PZ, Bove FJ, Maslia M. Evaluation of contaminated drinking water and preterm birth, small for gestational age, and birth weight at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: A cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2014 Nov; 13: 99

• Forand SP, Lewis-Michl EL, Gomez MI. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene through soil vapor intrusion in New York State. Environ Health Perspectives. 2011 Dec; 120(4): 616-621.

• Osterman MJK, Kochanek KD MacDorman MF, Strobino DM, Guyer B. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2012-2013. Pediatrics. Epub 2015 May; 0434.

• Antao VC, Muravov OI, Sapp J, Larson TC, Pallos LL, Sanchez ME, et al. Considerations before establishing an environmental health registry. Am J Public Health. Epub 2015 June; e1-e8.

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp19.pdf


Alternative Drinking Water Haysville PWS

1. Immediate hookup to existing city water mains- any home above MCL or within KDHE designated zone.

2. Bottled water for homes above MCL, but below RML.

3. Point of Entry (whole house) treatment- Any home above the dermal or inhalation RML. NONE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED TO DATE

4. Install city water mains and connect all homes in the final area of concern

• The AOC boundary is yet to be determined


Private Water Connections1. KDHE pays for city connection fees and plumber

• KDHE Access Agreement/pressure regulator acknowledgment or waiver must be signed

2. Typically open trenching, but horizontal boring may be considered in certain situations

3. Final Area of Concern will be based on KDHE comprehensive Investigation


City Water Main1. Requires design, bidding and installation

2. Capital cost paid by KDHE, no specials for water mains

3. No annexation for the area needing connections by KDHE


Ways of using the water

How you can protect your health

Watering lawns, washing cars, gardening or playing in the sprinkler

· Cold water releases fewer VOCs, and using the water outdoors allows remaining VOCs to escape into the air where they are diluted and cannot be breathed in as easily.

· Avoid drinking or accidentally swallowing the water. · Use a sprinkler when watering the lawn or garden. This will

promote volatilization of the VOCs.· Studies indicate that plant uptake is negligible and does not

pose a serious risk to human health. Residents should thoroughly wash plants and vegetables from the garden.

Filling private pools, spasand wading pools

· Wait 24+ hours after filling the pool before using it to allow some of the VOCs to volatilize.

· Make sure the pool is kept outside and not covered.· Avoid drinking or swallowing the water. Supervise children and

pets.

Use of Lawn & Garden Wells


Use of Lawn & Garden WellsWays of using the

waterHow you can protect your health

Using the water inindoor shops or garages, green-houses or other enclosed areas

· VOCs will “off-gas” into the indoor air, which means that you can breathe in the chemicals.

· Make sure the area is well ventilated by keeping doors and windows open, and using exhaust fans, if possible.

· Keep the time spent in the area where the water is used to a minimum.

Watering animals, pets and birds

· Animals can be affected by VOCs in a similar manner as humans.

· A hose and spray nozzle can be used to fill a bucket or other container. The spray will help promote volatilization. A full bucket of water can be left overnight to allow additional time for the VOCs to volatilize.


Water Well Sampling• KDHE’s Dry Cleaning Program will sample homes

determined to possibly be impacted by the formerAmerican Cleaners contamination

• Sampling your own well:

• EPA Method 8260• Analyzed by an accredited laboratory for VOCs

• Accredited laboratories in Kansas• http://www.kdheks.gov/labs/index.html• Some environmental consultants can assist

with collecting and analyzing water samples.

http://www.kdheks.gov/labs/index.html


Corrective Action• KDHE Dry Cleaning Program – Project Lead• Comprehensive Investigation

• Delineation of soil and groundwater impacts• Vertically and spatially

• Remedial Design and Implementation• Pilot Test• Soil• Groundwater


Questions



Bob Jurgens: 785-296-1914, [email protected]

Kevin Moon, P.G., Proj. Mgr: 785-296-8025, [email protected]

Joe Dom, P.G., Unit Mgr: 785-296-4367, [email protected]

Farah Ahmed, Envir. Health Officer: 785-296-6426, [email protected]

www.kdheks.gov

Our vision is 'healthy Kansans living in safe and sustainable environments'. The state belongs to all of us -"Kansas Don't Spoil It"

mailto:[email protected]




http://www.kdheks.gov/

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