Pu blic Law 104–4 104 th Congress

An Act

Mar . 22, 1995[S. 1]

Unfun ded Man dat esReform Act of 1995 .2 USC 1501 note.

2 USC 1501 . To cur b th e practice of imposing unfun ded Fede ra l man dat es on Stat es an d local governm ent s; to str ength en th e partn ership betwee n th e Fede ra l Governm ent an d Stat e, local an d tr ibal governm ent s; to end th e imposition, in th e abse nce of full considerat ion by Congress , of Fede ra l man dat es on Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s without adeq uat e fun ding, in a mann er that ma y displace oth er esse nt ial governm enta l priorities; an d to ensur e that th e Fede ra l Governm ent pays th e costs incurr ed by those governm ent s in complying with certa in requirement s un der Fede ra l statut es an d regulat ions, an d for oth er pur poses.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representativ es of the United States of America in Congress assembled,SECTIO N 1. SHORT TITL E.This Act ma y be cited as th e ‘‘Un fun ded Man dat es Reform Act of 1995’’.SEC. 2. P UR POSES .The pur poses of th is Act ar e—(1) to str ength en th e partn ership betwee n th e Fede ra l Governm ent an d Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s;(2) to end th e imposition, in th e abse nce of full considerat ion by Congress , of Fede ra l man dat es on Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s without adeq uat e Fede ra l fun ding, in a mann er that ma y displace oth er esse nt ial Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm enta l priorities;(3) to assist Congress in its considerat ion of proposed legi slat ion es ta blis hing or revisi ng Fede ra l program s conta ining Fede ra l man dat es affecting Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, an d th e privat e sector by—(A) providing for th e development of informat ion about th e natur e an d size of man dat es in proposed legi slat ion; an d

(B) es ta blis hing a mechan ism to bring such informat ion to th e att ent ion of th e Senat e an d th e House of Rep rese nta tives before th e Senat e an d th e House of Rep rese ntat ives vote on proposed legi slat ion;(4) to promote inform ed an d delibe rat e decisions by Congress on th e app ropriat eness of Fede ra l man dat es in an y part icular instan ce;(5) to require that Congress consider wheth er to provide fun ding to assist Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s in complying with Fede ra l man dat es, to require ana lyses of th e impact of privat e sector man dat es, an d thr ough th e disse minat ion of that informat ion provide inform ed an d delibe rat e decisions by Congress an d Fede ra l agencies an d reta in competitive balance betwee n th e public an d privat e sectors;

(6) to es ta blis h a point -of-or der vote on th e considerat ion in th e Senat e an d House of Rep rese ntat ives of legi slat ion conta ining significant Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es without providing adeq uat e fun ding to comply with such man dat es;(7) to assist Fede ra l agencies in th eir considerat ion of proposed regulat ions affecting Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, by—(A) requiring that Fede ra l agencies develop a process to ena ble th e elected an d oth er officials of Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s to provide input when Fede ra l agencies ar e developing regulat ions; an d(B) requiring that Fede ra l agencies prep ar e an d consider es timat es of th e budgetar y impact of regulat ions conta ining Fede ra l man dat es upon Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s an d th e privat e sector before adopting such regulat ions, an d ensur ing that sma ll governm ent s ar e give n special considerat ion in that process; an d(8) to begi n considerat ion of th e effect of previously imposed Fede ra l man dat es, including th e impact on Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s of Fede ra l court int erpretat ions of Fede ra l statut es an d regulat ions that impose Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es.

SEC. 3. DEF INITIO NS .For pur poses of th is Act—(1) excep t as provided in section 305 of th is Act, th e term s defined un der section 421 of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 (as added by section 101 of th is Act) sha ll ha ve th e mean ings as so defined; an d(2) th e term ‘‘Di rector’’ mean s th e Director of th e Congressiona l Budget Office.SEC. 4. EXCLUS IONS .This Act sha ll not apply to an y provision in a bill, joint resolution, am endment , motion, or conference report before Congress an d an y provision in a proposed or fina l Fede ra l regulat ion that —(1) enforces constitut iona l right s of individua ls;(2) es ta blis hes or enforces an y statut ory right s that prohibi t discriminat ion on th e basis of race, color, religion, sex, nat iona l origin, age, han dicap, or disability;(3) requires compliance with account ing an d au diting procedur es with respe ct to grant s or oth er money or propert y provided by th e

Fede ra l Governm ent;(4) provides for emergency assistan ce or relief at th e reques t of an y Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent or an y official of a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent;(5) is necess ar y for th e nat iona l secur ity or th e rat ificat ion or implementat ion of int ernat iona l tr eat y obligat ions;(6) th e Pr eside nt designat es as emergency legi slat ion an d that th e Congress so designat es in statut e; or(7) relat es to th e old-age, sur vivors, an d disability insuran ce program un der title II of th e Social Secur ity Act (including ta xes imposed by sections 3101 (a) an d 3111 (a) of th e Int erna l Reve nu e Code of 1986 (relat ing to old-age, sur vivors, an d disability insuran ce)).

2 USC 1502 .

2 USC 1503 .

2 USC 1504 .

2 USC 658 .

SEC. 5. AGEN CY ASS ISTANCE.Each agency sha ll provide to th e Director such informat ion an d assistan ce as th e Director ma y reasona bly reques t to assist th e Director in carr ying out th is Act.TITL E I—LEGISLATIV EACCO UN TABILITY AND REF ORMSEC. 101 . LEGISLATIV E MAND ATE ACCO UN TABILITY AND REF ORM.(a) IN GENE RAL.—Title IV of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 is am ended by—(1) insert ing before section 401 th e followi ng:‘‘PART A—GENE RAL PROVISIONS ’’; an d(2) adding at th e end th ereof th e followi ng new part : ‘‘PART B—FEDERAL MANDATES‘‘SE C. 421 . DEF INITIO NS .‘‘For pur poses of th is part :‘‘(1) AGENCY.—The term ‘agency’ ha s th e sam e mean ing as defined in section 551(1) of title 5, Un ited Stat es Code, but does not include indepe ndent regulatory agencies.‘‘(2) AMOUNT.—The term ‘amount’, with respe ct to an auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce, mean s th e amount of budget auth ority for an y Fede ra l grant assistan ce program or an y Fede ra l program providing loan guarant ees or direct loan s.‘‘(3) DIRECT COSTS .—The term ‘direct costs’—‘‘(A)(i) in th e case of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e, mean s th e aggregat e es timat ed amount s that all Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s would be required to spe nd or would be prohibi ted from ra ising in revenu es in order to comply with th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e; or‘‘(ii) in th e case of a provision referr ed to in para gra ph (5)(A)(ii), mean s th e amount of Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce eliminat ed or red uced;‘‘(B) in th e case of a Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e, mean s th e aggregat e es timat ed amount s that th e privat e sector will be required to spe nd in order to comply with th e Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e;‘‘(C) sha ll be determ ined on th e ass um ption that — ‘‘(i) Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, an d th eprivat e sector will tak e all reasona ble steps necess ar y to mitigat e th e costs res ulting from th e Fede ra l man dat e, an d will comply with applicable stan dar ds of practice an d conduct es ta blis hed by recognized professiona l or tra de associat ions; an d‘‘(ii) reasona ble steps to mitigat e th e costs sha ll not include increases in Stat e, local, or tr ibal ta xes or fees; an d‘‘(D) sha ll not include—‘‘(i) es timat ed amount s that th e Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s (in th e case of a Fede ra l int ergov-

ernm enta l man dat e) or th e privat e sector (in th e case of a Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e) would spe nd— ‘‘(I) to comply with or carr y out all applicableFede ra l, Stat e, local, an d tr ibal laws an d regulations in effect at th e time of th e adoption of th e Fede ra l man dat e for th e sam e activity as is affected by that Fede ra l man dat e; or

‘‘(II) to comply with or carr y out Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm enta l program s, or privat e-sector business or oth er activities in effect at th e time of th e adoption of th e Fede ra l man dat e for th e sam e activity as is affected by that man dat e; or‘‘(ii) expe nditur es to th e extent that such expe nditur es will be offset by an y direct savings to th e Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, or by th e privat e sector, as a res ult of—‘‘(I) compliance with th e Fede ra l man dat e; or ‘‘(II) oth er chan ges in Fede ra l law or regula-tion that ar e enacted or adopted in th e sam e bill or joint resolut ion or proposed or fina l Fede ra l regulat ion an d that govern th e sam e activity as is affected by th e Fede ra l man dat e.‘‘(4) DIRECT SAVINGS .—The term ‘direct savings’, when used with respe ct to th e res ult of compliance with th e Fede ra l man dat e—‘‘(A) in th e case of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e, mean s th e aggregat e es timat ed red uction in costs to an y Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent as a res ult of compliance with th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e; an d‘‘(B) in th e case of a Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e, mean s th e aggregat e es timat ed red uction in costs to th e privat e sector as a res ult of compliance with th e Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e.‘‘(5) FEDERAL INT ERGOVERNMENTAL MANDATE.—The term‘Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e’ mean s—‘‘(A) an y provision in legi slat ion, statut e, or regulat ion that —‘‘(i) would impose an enforceable dut y upon Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s, excep t—‘‘(I) a condition of Fede ra l assistan ce; or‘‘(II) a dut y ar ising from part icipat ion in a voluntar y Fede ra l program , excep t as provided in subp ara gra ph (B)); or‘‘(ii) would red uce or eliminat e th e amount of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for—‘‘(I) Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce that would be provided to Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s for th e pur pose of complying with an y such previously imposed dut y un less such dut y is red uced or eliminat ed by a corr esponding amount ; or‘‘(II) th e contr ol of borders by th e Fede ra l Governm ent; or reimbur sement to Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s for th e net cost associat ed with illeg al, deporta ble, an d excludable alie ns, including court -man dat ed expe nses relat ed to emergency

health car e, ed ucat ion or crimina l justice; when such a red uction or eliminat ion would res ult in increased net costs to Stat e, local, or tr ibal government s in providing ed ucat ion or emergency health car e to, or incarcerat ion of, illeg al alie ns; excep t that th is subclau se sha ll not be in effect with respe ct to a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent , to th e extent that such governm ent ha s not fully cooperat ed in th e effort s of th e Fede ra l Government to locat e, app rehend, an d deport illeg al alie ns;‘‘(B) an y provision in legi slat ion, statut e, or regulat ion that relat es to a th en-exis ting Fede ra l program un der which $500 ,000 ,000 or more is provided annua lly to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s un der ent itlement auth ority, if th e provision—

‘‘(i)(I) would increase th e str ingency of conditions of assistan ce to Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s un der th e program ; or‘‘(II) would place caps upon, or oth erwise decrease, th e Fede ra l Governm ent’s responsibili ty to provide fun ding to Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s un der th e program ; an d‘‘(ii) th e Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s that part icipat e in th e Fede ra l program lack auth ority un der that program to am end th eir finan cial or programmat ic responsibili ties to cont inu e providing required services that ar e affected by th e legi slat ion, statut e, or regulat ion.‘‘(6) FEDERAL MANDATE.—The term ‘Fede ra l man dat e’ mean s a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e or a Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e, as defined in para gra phs (5) an d (7). ‘‘(7) FEDERAL PRIVATE SECTOR MANDATE.—The term ‘Fed-era l privat e sector man dat e’ mean s an y provision in legi slat ion, statut e, or regulat ion that —‘‘(A) would impose an enforceable dut y upon th e privat e sector excep t—‘‘(i) a condition of Fede ra l assistan ce; or‘‘(ii) a dut y ar ising from part icipat ion in a voluntar y Fede ra l program ; or‘‘(B) would red uce or eliminat e th e amount of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for Fede ra l finan cial assistance that will be provided to th e privat e sector for th e pur poses of ensur ing compliance with such dut y.‘‘(8) LOCAL GOVERNMENT.—The term ‘local governm ent’ ha s th e sam e mean ing as defined in section 6501 (6) of title 31, Un ited Stat es Code.‘‘(9) PRIVATE SECTOR .—The term ‘privat e sector’ mean s all persons or ent ities in th e Un ited Stat es, including individua ls, partn erships, associat ions, corporat ions, an d ed ucat iona l an d nonprofit institut ions, but sha ll not include Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s.‘‘(10) REGULATIO N; RULE.—The term ‘regulat ion’ or ‘ru le’ (excep t with respe ct to a ru le of eith er House of th e Congress) ha s th e mean ing of ‘ru le’ as defined in section 601(2) of title 5, Un ited Stat es Code.

‘‘(11) SMALL GOVERNMENT.—The term ‘sma ll governm ent’ mean s an y sma ll governm enta l jur isdictions defined in section 601(5) of title 5, Un ited Stat es Code, an d an y tr ibal governm ent . ‘‘(12) STATE.—The term ‘Stat e’ ha s th e sam e mean ing asdefined in section 6501 (9) of title 31, Un ited Stat es Code.‘‘(13) TRIBAL GOVERNMENT.—The term ‘tr ibal governm ent’ mean s an y Indian tr ibe, ban d, nat ion, or oth er organ ized group or commun ity, including an y Alask a Nat ive vill age or regiona l or vill age corporat ion as defined in or es ta blis hed pur suant to th e Alask a Nat ive Claims Sett lement Act (85 Stat . 688;43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) which is recognized as eligible for th e special program s an d services provided by th e Un ited Stat es to Indian s becau se of th eir special statu s as Indian s.‘‘SE C. 422 . EXCLUS IONS .

‘‘This part sha ll not apply to an y provision in a bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report before Congress that —‘‘(1) enforces constitut iona l right s of individua ls;‘‘(2) es ta blis hes or enforces an y statut ory right s that prohibi t discriminat ion on th e basis of race, color, religion, sex, nat iona l origin, age, han dicap, or disability;‘‘(3) requires compliance with account ing an d au diting proced ur es with respe ct to grant s or oth er money or propert y provided by th e Fede ra l Governm ent;‘‘(4) provides for emergency assistan ce or relief at th e reques t of an y Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent or an y official of a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent;‘‘(5) is necess ar y for th e nat iona l secur ity or th e rat ificat ion or implementat ion of int ernat iona l tr eat y obligat ions;‘‘(6) th e Pr eside nt designat es as emergency legi slat ion an d that th e Congress so designat es in statut e; or‘‘(7) relat es to th e old-age, sur vivors, an d disability insurance program un der title II of th e Social Secur ity Act (including ta xes imposed by sections 3101 (a) an d 3111 (a) of th e Int erna l Reve nu e Code of 1986 (relat ing to old-age, sur vivors, an d disability insuran ce)).‘‘SE C. 423 . DU TIES OF CONGRESS IONAL COMMITT EES .‘‘(a) IN GENE RAL.—When a comm itt ee of auth orizat ion of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives report s a bill or joint resolut ion of public chara cter that includes an y Fede ra l man dat e, th e report of th e comm itt ee accompan ying th e bill or joint resolut ion sha ll conta in th e informat ion required by subsections (c) an d (d). ‘‘(b) SUBMISSIO N OF BILLS TO THE DIRECTOR .—When a comm it-tee of auth orizat ion of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives orders report ed a bill or joint resolut ion of a public chara cter, th e comm itt ee sha ll promptly provide th e bill or joint resolut ion to th e Director of th e Congressi ona l Budget Office an d sha ll ident ify to th e Director an y Fede ra l man dat es conta ined in th e bill or resolut ion.‘‘(c) REP ORTS ON FEDERAL MANDATES.—Each report describe d un der subsection (a) sha ll conta in—‘‘(1) an ident ificat ion an d description of an y Fede ra l man dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion, including th e direct costs to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, an d to th e privat e sector, required to comply with th e Fede ra l man dat es;

2 USC 658 a.

2 USC 658b .

Congressi ona l Record,publicat ion. ‘‘(2) a qua litat ive, an d if practicable, a quant itat ive assess ment of costs an d benefits ant icipat ed from th e Fede ra l man dat es (including th e effect s on health an d safety an d th e protection of th e natura l environm ent ); an d‘‘(3) a stat ement of th e degree to which a Fede ra l man dat e affect s both th e public an d privat e sectors an d th e extent to which Fede ra l payment of public sector costs or th e modificat ion or term inat ion of th e Fede ra l man dat e as provided un der section 425(a)(2) would affect th e competitive balance betwee n Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s an d th e privat e sector including a description of th e actions, if an y, tak en by th e comm itt ee to avoid an y adverse impact on th e privat e sector or th e competitive balance betwee n th e public sector an d th e privat e sector.‘‘(d) INTERGOVERNMENTAL MANDATES.—If an y of th e Fede ra l man

dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion ar e Fede ra l int ergovernmenta l man dat es, th e report required un der subsection (a) sha ll also conta in—‘‘(1)(A) a stat ement of th e amount , if an y, of increase or decrease in auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions un der exis ting Federa l finan cial assistan ce program s, or of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for new Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce, provided by th e bill or joint resolut ion an d usable for activities of Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s subject to th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es;‘‘(B) a stat ement of wheth er th e comm itt ee int ends that th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es be part ly or ent irely unfun ded, an d if so, th e reasons for that int ent ion; an d‘‘(C) if fun ded in whole or in part , a stat ement of wheth er an d how th e comm itt ee ha s creat ed a mechan ism to allocat e th e fun ding in a mann er that is reasona bly consistent with th e expected direct costs among an d betwee n th e respe ctive level s of Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent; an d‘‘(2) an y exis ting sources of Fede ra l assistan ce in addition to those ident ified in para gra ph (1) that ma y assist Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s in meeting th e direct costs of th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es.‘‘(e) PREE MPTIO N CLARI FICATIO N AND INF ORMATIO N.—When acomm itt ee of auth orizat ion of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives report s a bill or joint resolut ion of public chara cter, th e comm itt ee report accompan ying th e bill or joint resolut ion sha ll conta in, if relev ant to th e bill or joint resolut ion, an explicit stat ement on th e extent to which th e bill or joint resolut ion is int ended to preempt an y Stat e, local, or tr ibal law, an d, if so, an expl anat ion of th e effect of such preemption.‘‘(f) PUBLIC ATIO N OF STATEMENT FROM THE DIRECTOR .—‘‘(1) IN GENE RAL.—Upon receiving a stat ement from th e Director un der section 424 , a comm itt ee of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives sha ll publis h th e stat ement in th e comm itt ee report accompan ying th e bill or joint resolut ion to which th e stat ement relat es if th e stat ement is available at th e time th e report is print ed.‘‘(2) OTHE R PUBLIC ATIO N OF STATEMENT OF DIR ECTOR .—If th e stat ement is not publis hed in th e report , or if th e bill or joint resolut ion to which th e stat ement relat es is expected to be considered by th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives before th e report is publis hed, th e comm itt ee sha ll cau se th e

stat ement , or a summar y th ereof, to be publis hed in th e Congressi ona l Record in advance of floor considerat ion of th e bill or joint resolut ion.‘‘SE C. 424 . DU TIES OF THE DIRECTO R; STATEMEN TS ON BILL S AND JOINT RES OLUTIO NS OTHER THAN APP ROPRIATIO NS BILL S AND JOINT RES OLUTIO NS .‘‘(a) FEDERAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL MANDATES IN REP ORT EDBILLS AND RESOLUTIONS .—For each bill or joint resolut ion of a public chara cter report ed by an y comm itt ee of auth orizat ion of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, th e Director of th e Congressi ona

l Budget Office sha ll prep ar e an d submit to th e comm itt ee a stat ement as follows:‘‘(1) CONTENTS.—If th e Director es timat es that th e direct cost of all Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion will equa l or exceed $50 ,000 ,000 (adjusted annua lly for inflat ion) in th e fiscal year in which an y Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e in th e bill or joint resolut ion (or in an y necess ar y implement ing regulat ion) would first be effective or in an y of th e 4 fiscal year s followi ng such fiscal year , th e Director sha ll so stat e, specify th e es timat e, an d briefly expl ain th e basis of th e es timat e.‘‘(2) ESTIMATES.—Estimat es required un der para gra ph (1) sha ll include es timat es (an d brief expl anat ions of th e basis of th e es timat es) of—‘‘(A) th e tota l amount of direct cost of complying with th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion;‘‘(B) if th e bill or resolut ion conta ins an auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions un der section 425(a)(2)(B), th e amount of new budget auth ority for each fiscal year for a period not to exceed 10 year s beyond th e effective dat e necess ar y for th e direct cost of th e int ergovernm enta l man dat e; an d ‘‘(C) th e amount , if an y, of increase in auth orizat ionof app ropriat ions un der exis ting Fede ra l finan cial assistance program s, or of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for new Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce, provided by th e bill or joint resolut ion an d usable by Stat e, local, or tr ibal government s for activities subject to th e Fede ra l int ergovernmenta l man dat es.‘‘(3) ESTIMATE NOT FEASIBL E.—If th e Director determ ines that it is not feasible to mak e a reasona ble es timat e that would be required un der para gra phs (1) an d (2), th e Director sha ll not mak e th e es timat e, but sha ll report in th e stat ement that th e reasona ble es timat e cann ot be ma de an d sha ll include th e reasons for that determ inat ion in th e stat ement . If such determ inat ion is ma de by th e Director, a point of order un der th is part sha ll lie only un der section 425(a)(1) an d as if th e requirement of section 425(a)(1) ha d not bee n met.‘‘(b) FEDERAL PRIVATE SECTOR MANDATES IN REP ORT ED BILLSAND JOINT RESOLUTIONS .—For each bill or joint resolut ion of a public chara cter report ed by an y comm itt ee of auth orizat ion of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, th e Director of th e Congressi ona l Budget Office sha ll prep ar e an d submit to th e comm itt ee a stat ement as follows:‘‘(1) CONTENTS.—If th e Director es timat es that th e direct cost of all Fede ra l privat e sector man dat es in th e bill or joint

2 USC 658c.

resolut ion will equa l or exceed $100 ,000 ,000 (adjusted annua lly for inflat ion) in th e fiscal year in which an y Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e in th e bill or joint resolut ion (or in an y necess ar y implement ing

regulat ion) would first be effective or in an y of th e 4 fiscal year s followi ng such fiscal year , th e Director sha ll so stat e, specify th e es timat e, an d briefly expl ain th e basis of th e es timat e.‘‘(2) ESTIMATES.—Estimat es required un der para gra ph (1) sha ll include es timat es (an d a brief expl anat ion of th e basis of th e es timat es) of—‘‘(A) th e tota l amount of direct costs of complying with th e Fede ra l privat e sector man dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion; an d‘‘(B) th e amount , if an y, of increase in auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions un der exis ting Fede ra l finan cial assistance program s, or of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for new Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce, provided by th e bill or joint resolut ion usable by th e privat e sector for th e activities subject to th e Fede ra l privat e sector man dat es.‘‘(3) ESTIMATE NOT FEASIBL E.—If th e Director determ ines that it is not feasible to mak e a reasona ble es timat e that would be required un der para gra phs (1) an d (2), th e Director sha ll not mak e th e es timat e, but sha ll report in th e stat ement that th e reasona ble es timat e cann ot be ma de an d sha ll include th e reasons for that determ inat ion in th e stat ement .‘‘(c) LEGISL ATIO N FALLI NG BELOW THE DIRECT COSTS THRESH-OLDS .—If th e Director es timat es that th e direct costs of a Fede ra l man dat e will not equa l or exceed th e thr es holds specified in subsections (a) an d (b), th e Director sha ll so stat e an d sha ll briefly expl ain th e basis of th e es timat e.‘‘(d) AMENDED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS ; CONFE RENCEREP ORTS .—If a bill or joint resolut ion is passed in an am ended form (including if passed by one House as an am endment in th e natur e of a subs titut e for th e text of a bill or joint resolut ion from th e oth er House) or is report ed by a comm itt ee of conference in am ended form , an d th e am ended form conta ins a Fede ra l man dat e not previously considered by eith er House or which conta ins an increase in th e direct cost of a previously considered Fede ra l man dat e, th en th e comm itt ee of conference sha ll ensur e, to th e great es t extent practicable, that th e Director sha ll prep ar e a stat ement as provided in th is subsection or a supplementa l stat ement for th e bill or joint resolut ion in that am ended form .

2 USC 658d .

‘‘SE C. 425 . LEGISLATIO N SUB JECT TO POINT OF ORDER .‘‘(a) IN GENE RAL.—It sha ll not be in order in th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives to consider—‘‘(1) an y bill or joint resolut ion that is report ed by a comm ittee un less th e comm itt ee ha s publis hed a stat ement of th e Director on th e direct costs of Fede ra l man dat es in accordance with section 423(f) before such considerat ion, excep t th is para gra ph sha ll not apply to an y supplementa l stat ement prep ar ed by th e Director un der section 424(d); an d‘‘(2) an y bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report that would increase th e direct costs of Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es by an amount that cau ses th e thr es holds specified

in section 424(a)(1) to be exceeded , un less—

‘‘(A) th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report provides new budget auth ority or new ent itlement auth ority in th e House of Rep rese ntat ives or direct spe nding auth ority in th e Senat e for each fiscal year for such man dat es included in th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report in an amount equa l to or exceedi ng th e direct costs of such man dat e; or ‘‘(B) th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report includes an auth orizat ion for app ropriations in an amount equa l to or exceedi ng th e direct costs of such man dat e, an d—‘‘(i) ident ifies a specific dollar amount of th e direct costs of such man dat e for each year up to 10 year s dur ing which such man dat e sha ll be in effect un der th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion or conference report , an d such es timat e is consistent with th e es timat e determ ined un der subsection (e) for each fiscal year;‘‘(ii) ident ifies an y app ropriat ion bill that is expected to provide for Fede ra l fun ding of th e direct cost referr ed to un der clau se (i); an d‘‘(iii)(I) provides that for an y fiscal year th e responsible Fede ra l agency sha ll determ ine wheth er th ere ar e insufficie nt app ropriat ions for that fiscal year to provide for th e direct costs un der clau se (i) of such man dat e, an d sha ll (no lat er than 30 days after th e begi nn ing of th e fiscal year) notify th e app ropriat e auth orizing comm itt ees of Congress of th e determ ination an d submit eith er—‘‘(aa ) a stat ement that th e agency ha s determined, based on a re-es timat e of th e direct costs of such man dat e, after consultat ion with Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, that th e amount app ropriat ed is sufficie nt to pay for th e direct costs of such man dat e; or‘‘(bb) legi slat ive recomm endat ions for eith er implement ing a less costly man dat e or mak ing such man dat e ineffective for th e fiscal year;‘‘(II) provides for expedi ted proced ur es for th e considerat ion of th e stat ement or legi slat ive recomm endat ions referr ed to in subclau se (I) by Congress no lat er than 30 days after th e stat ement or recomm endat ions ar e submitt ed to Congress; an d‘‘(III ) provides that such man dat e sha ll—‘‘(aa ) in th e case of a stat ement referr ed to in subclau se (I)(aa ), cease to be effective 60 days after th e stat ement is submitt ed un less Congress ha s app roved th e agency’s determ inat ion by joint resolut ion dur ing th e 60-day period;‘‘(bb) cease to be effective 60 days after th e dat e th e legi slat ive recomm endat ions of th e responsible Fede ra l agency ar e submitt ed to Congress un der subclau se (I)(bb) un less Congress provides oth erwise by law; or

Term inat ion dat e.

‘‘(cc) in th e case that such man dat e that ha s not yet tak en effect, cont inu e not to be effective un less Congress provides oth erwise by law.‘‘(b) RULE OF CONSTRUCTIO N.—The provisions of subsection (a)(2)(B)(iii) sha ll not be constru ed to prohibi t or oth erwise res tr ict a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent from voluntar ily electing to rema in subject to th e origina l Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e, complying with th e programmat ic or finan cial responsibili ties of th e origina l Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e an d providing th e fun ding necess ar y consistent with th e costs of Fede ra l agency assistance, monitoring, an d enforcement .‘‘(c) COMMITT EE ON APP ROPRIATIO NS.—‘‘(1) APP LICATIO N.—The provisions of subsection (a)—‘‘(A) sha ll not apply to an y bill or resolut ion report ed by th e Comm itt ee on App ropriat ions of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat

ives; excep t‘‘(B) sha ll apply to—‘‘(i) an y legi slat ive provision increasing direct costs of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e conta ined in an y bill or resolut ion report ed by th e Comm itt ee on App ropriat ions of th e Senat e or House of Rep rese nta tives;‘‘(ii) an y legi slat ive provision increasing direct costs of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e conta ined in an y am endment offered to a bill or resolut ion report ed by th e Comm itt ee on App ropriat ions of th e Senat e or House of Rep rese ntat ives;‘‘(iii) an y legi slat ive provision increasing direct costs of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e in a conference report accompan ying a bill or resolut ion report ed by th e Comm itt ee on App ropriat ions of th e Senat e or House of Rep rese ntat ives; an d‘‘(iv) an y legi slat ive provision increasing direct costs of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e conta ined in an y am endment s in disagreement betwee n th e two Houses to an y bill or resolut ion report ed by th e Comm itt ee on App ropriat ions of th e Senat e or House of Rep rese ntat ives.‘‘(2) CERTAIN PROVISIONS STRICK EN IN SENATE.—Upon apoint of order being ma de by an y Senat or against an y provision listed in para gra ph (1)(B), an d th e point of order being susta ined by th e Cha ir, such specific provision sha ll be dee med str icken from th e bill, resolut ion, am endment , am endment in disagreement , or conference report an d ma y not be offered as an am endment from th e floor.‘‘(d) DETERMI NATIO NS OF APP LICABILIT Y TO PENDING LEGISL A-TIO N.—For pur poses of th is section, in th e Senat e, th e presidi ng officer of th e Senat e sha ll consult with th e Comm itt ee on Governmenta l Affair s, to th e extent practicable, on ques tions concern ing th e applicability of th is part to a pending bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report .‘‘(e) DETERMI NATIO NS OF FEDERAL MANDATE LEVELS.—For pur-poses of th is section, in th e Senat e, th e level s of Fede ra l man dat es for a fiscal year sha ll be determ ined based on th e es timat es ma de by th e Comm itt ee on th e Budget.

‘‘SE C. 426 . PROVISIONS RELATI NG TO THE HOUSE OF RE PRESEN TATIVES .‘‘(a) ENF ORC EMENT IN THE HOUSE OF REP RESENTATIVES.—Itsha ll not be in order in th e House of Rep rese ntat ives to consider a ru le or order that waives th e applicat ion of section 425 .‘‘(b) DIS POSITIO N OF POINTS OF ORDER.—‘‘(1) APP LICATIO N TO THE HOUSE OF REP RESENTATIVES.—This subsection sha ll apply only to th e House of Rep rese nta tives.‘‘(2) THRESHOLD BURDEN.—In order to be cognizable by th e Cha ir, a point of order un der section 425 or subsection(a) of th is section mu st specify th e precise lan gua ge on which it is premised.‘‘(3) QUES TIO N OF CONSI DERATIO N.—As disposition of point s of order un der section 425 or subsection (a) of th is section, th e Cha ir sha ll put th e ques tion of considerat ion with respe ct to th e

proposition that is th e subject of th e point s of order. ‘‘(4) DEBATE AND INT ERVEN ING MOTIO NS.—A ques tion ofconsiderat ion un der th is section sha ll be deb ata ble for 10 minut es by each Member initiat ing a point of order an d for 10 minut es by an opponent on each point of order, but sha ll oth erwise be decided without int ervening motion excep t one that th e House adjourn or that th e Comm itt ee of th e Whole rise, as th e case ma y be.‘‘(5) EFFE CT ON AMENDMENT IN ORD ER AS ORIGI NAL TEXT.—The disposition of th e ques tion of considerat ion un der th is subsection with respe ct to a bill or joint resolut ion sha ll be considered also to determ ine th e ques tion of considerat ion un der th is subsection with respe ct to an am endment ma de in order as origina l text.‘‘SE C. 427 . REQUES TS TO THE CONGRESS IONAL BUD GET OFF ICE FROM SEN ATO RS .‘‘At th e writt en reques t of a Senat or, th e Director sha ll, to th e extent practicable, prep ar e an es timat e of th e direct costs of a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e conta ined in an am endment of such Senat or.‘‘SE C. 428 . CLARIFICATIO N OF APP LICATIO N.‘‘(a) IN GENE RAL.—This part applies to an y bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report that reauth orizes app ropriat ions, or that am ends exis ting auth orizat ions of app ropriat ions, to carr y out an y statut e, or that oth erwise am ends an y statut e, only if enactm ent of th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report—‘‘(1) would res ult in a net red uction in or eliminat ion of auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions for Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce that would be provided to Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s for use for th e pur pose of complying with an y Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e, or to th e privat e sector for use to comply with an y Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e, an d would not eliminat e or red uce dut ies es ta blis hed by th e Fede ra l man dat e by a corr esponding amount ; or‘‘(2) would res ult in a net increase in th e aggregat e amount of direct costs of Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es or Federa l privat e sector man dat es oth er than as describe d in para gra ph (1). 2 USC 658e .

2 USC 658f.

2 USC 658g.

‘‘(b) DIRECT COSTS .—‘‘(1) IN GENE RAL.—For pur poses of th is part , th e direct cost of th e Fede ra l man dat es in a bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report that reauth orizes app ropriations, or that am ends exis ting auth orizat ions of app ropriat ions, to carr y out a statut e, or that oth erwise am ends an y statut e, mean s th e net increase, res ulting from enactm ent of th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report , in th e amount describe d un der para gra ph (2)(A) over th e amount describe d un der para gra ph (2)(B).‘‘(2) AMOUNTS.—The amount s referr ed to un der para gra ph(1) ar e—‘‘(A) th e aggregat e amount of direct costs of Fede ra l man dat es that would res ult un der th e statut e if th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report is enacted; an d‘‘(B) th e aggregat e amount of direct costs of Fede ra l man dat es that would res ult un der th e statut e if th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report were not enacted.‘‘(3) EXTEN SION OF AUTHORIZATIO N OF APP ROPRIATIO NS.—For pur poses of th is section, in th e case of legi slat ion to extend auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions, th e auth orizat ion level that would be provided by th e extension sha ll be compar ed to th e auth orizat ion level for th e last year in which auth orizat ion of app ropriat ions is already provided.’’.(b) TECHN ICAL AND CONF ORMI NG AMENDMENTS.—Section 1(b) of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 is am ended—(1) by insert ing ‘‘PART A—GENE RAL PROVISIONS ’’ before th e

item relat ing to section 401; an d(2) by insert ing after th e item relat ing to section 407 th e followi ng:

‘‘Sec. 421 . Definitions. ‘‘Sec. 422 . Exclusions. ‘‘PART B—FEDERAL MANDATES

2 USC 602 . ‘‘Sec. 423 . Dut ies of congressi ona l comm itt ees.‘‘Sec. 424 . Dut ies of th e Director; stat ement s on bills an d joint resolut ions oth er than app ropriat ions bills an d joint resolut ions.‘‘Sec. 425 . Legisl at ion subject to point of order.‘‘Sec. 426 . Provisions relat ing to th e House of Rep rese ntat ives.‘‘Sec. 427 . Req ues ts to th e Congressi ona l Budget Office from Senat ors. ‘‘Sec. 428 . Clar ificat ion of applicat ion.’’.SEC. 102 . ASS ISTANCE TO COMMITT EES AND STUD IES .The Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 is am ended—(1) in section 202—(A) in subsection (c)—(i) by redesig nat ing para gra ph (2) as para gra ph (3); an d(ii) by insert ing after para gra ph (1) th e followi ng new para gra ph:‘‘(2) At th e reques t of an y comm itt ee of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, th e Office sha ll, to th e extent practicable, consult with an d assist such comm itt ee in ana lyzi ng th e budgetar y or finan cial impact of an y proposed legi slat ion that ma y ha ve—

‘‘(A) a significant budgetar y impact on Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s;‘‘(B) a significant finan cial impact on th e privat e sector;or‘‘(C) a significant employment impact on th e privat esector.’’; an d(B) by am ending subsection (h) to read as follows: ‘‘(h) STUDI ES.—‘‘(1) CONTINUIN G STUDI ES.—The Director of th e Congressiona l Budget Office sha ll conduct cont inu ing stu dies to enhan ce compar isons of budget out lays, credi t auth ority, an d ta x expe nditur es.‘‘(2) FEDERAL MANDATE STUDI ES.—‘‘(A) At th e reques t of an y Cha irman or rank ing member of th e

minority of a Comm itt ee of th e Senat e or th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, th e Director sha ll, to th e extent practicable, conduct a stu dy of a legi slat ive proposal conta ining a Fede ra l man dat e.‘‘(B) In conducting a stu dy on int ergovernm enta l man dat es un der subp ara gra ph (A), th e Director sha ll—‘‘(i) solicit an d consider informat ion or comm ent s from elected officials (including th eir designat ed represe ntat ives) of Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s as ma y provide helpful informat ion or comm ent s;‘‘(ii) consider es ta blis hing advisory pan els of elected officials or th eir designat ed rep rese ntat ives, of Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s if th e Director determines that such advisory pan els would be helpful in perform ing responsibili ties of th e Director un der th is section; an d‘‘(iii) if, an d to th e extent that th e Director determines that accurat e es timat es ar e reasona bly feasible, include es timat es of—‘‘(I) th e futur e direct cost of th e Fede ra l man dat e to th e extent that such costs significant ly differ from or extend beyond th e 5-year period after th e man dat e is first effective; an d‘‘(II) an y disp roport ionat e budgetar y effect s of Fede ra l man dat es upon part icular industr ies or sectors of th e economy, Stat es, regions, an d ur ban or rura l or oth er types of commun ities, as app ropriat e.‘‘(C) In conducting a stu dy on privat e sector man dat es un der subp ara gra ph (A), th e Director sha ll provide es timat es, if an d to th e extent that th e Director determ ines that such es timat es ar e reasona bly feasible, of—‘‘(i) futur e costs of Fede ra l privat e sector man dat es to th e extent that such man dat es differ significant ly from or extend beyond th e 5-year time period referr ed to in subp ara gra ph (B)(iii)(I);‘‘(ii) an y disp roport ionat e finan cial effect s of Federa l privat e sector man dat es an d of an y Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce in th e bill or joint resolut ion upon an y part icular industr ies or sectors of th e economy, Stat es, regions, an d ur ban or rura l or oth er types of commu nities; an d

2 USC 632 .

2 USC 1511 .

2 USC 653 .

2 USC 1512 . ‘‘(iii) th e effect of Fede ra l privat e sector man dat es in th e bill or joint resolut ion on th e nat iona l economy, including th e effect on productivity, economic growth , full employment , creat ion of productive jobs, an d int ernat iona l competitive ness of Un ited Stat es goods an d services.’’; an d(2) in section 301(d) by adding at th e end th ereof th e followi ng new sent ence: ‘‘Any Comm itt ee of th e House of Represe ntat ives or th e Senat e that ant icipat es that th e comm itt ee will consider an y proposed legi slat ion es ta blis hing, am ending, or reauth orizing an y Fede ra l program likely to ha ve a significant budgetar y impact on an y Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent , or likely to ha ve a significant finan cial impact on th e privat e sector, including an y legi slat ive proposal

submitt ed by th e execut ive bran ch likely to ha ve such a budgetar y or finan cial impact, sha ll include its view s an d es timat es on that proposal to th e Comm itt ee on th e Budget of th e applicable House.’’.SEC. 103 . COST OF REGULATIO NS .(a) SEN SE OF THE CONGRESS.—It is th e sense of th e Congress that Fede ra l agencies should review an d evaluat e plann ed regulations to ensur e that th e cost es timat es provided by th e Congressiona l Budget Office will be car efully considered as regulat ions ar e promu lgat ed.(b) STATEMENT OF COST.—At th e reques t of a comm itt ee cha irman or rank ing minority member, th e Director sha ll, to th e extent practicable, prep ar e a compar ison betwee n—(1) an es timat e by th e relev ant agency, prep ar ed un der section 202 of th is Act, of th e costs of regulat ions implement ing an Act conta ining a Fede ra l man dat e; an d(2) th e cost es timat e prep ar ed by th e Congressi ona l Budget Office for such Act when it was enacted by th e Congress .(c) COOPE RATIO N OF OFF ICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET.— At th e reques t of th e Director of th e Congressi ona l Budget Office, th e Director of th e Office of Mana gement an d Budget sha ll provide data an d cost es timat es for regulat ions implement ing an Act conta ining a Fede ra l man dat e covered by part B of title IV of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 (as added by section 101 of th is Act).SEC. 104 . RE PEAL OF CERTAIN ANALYSIS BY CONGRESS IONAL BUD GET OFF ICE.Section 403 of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 is am ended—(1) in subsection (a)—(A) by str iking out para gra ph (2);(B) in para gra ph (3) by str iking out ‘‘p ara gra phs (1) an d (2)’’ an d insert ing in lie u th ereof ‘‘p ara gra ph (1)’’; an d(C) by redesig nat ing para gra phs (3) an d (4) as para gra phs (2) an d (3), respe ctively;(2) by str iking out ‘‘(a)’’; an d(3) by str iking out subsections (b) an d (c).SEC. 105 . CONS IDER ATIO N FOR FEDER AL FUND ING.Noth ing in th is Act sha ll preclude a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent that already complies with all or part of th e Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es included in th e bill, joint resolut ion, am endment , motion, or conference report from considerat ion for

Fede ra l fun ding un der section 425(a)(2) of th e Congressi ona l Budget an d Impoun dment Contr ol Act of 1974 (as added by section 101 of th is Act) for th e cost of th e man dat e, including th e costs th e Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent is curr ent ly paying an d an y additiona l costs necess ar y to meet th e man dat e.SEC. 106 . IMPACT ON LOCAL GOVERN MEN TS.(a) FINDINGS .—The Senat e finds that —(1) th e Congress should be concern ed about shifting costs from Fede ra l to Stat e an d local auth orities an d should be equa lly concern ed

about th e growing tendency of Stat es to shift costs to local governm ent s;(2) cost shifting from Stat es to local governm ent s ha s, in man y instan ces, forced local governm ent s to ra ise propert y ta xes or curta il sometimes esse nt ial services; an d(3) increases in local propert y ta xes an d cut s in esse nt ial services thr eat en th e ability of man y citize ns to atta in an d ma inta in th e American dream of owning a home in a safe, secur e commun ity.(b) SEN SE OF THE SENATE.—It is th e sense of th e Senat e that —(1) th e Fede ra l Governm ent should not shift certa in costs to th e Stat e, an d Stat es should end th e practice of shifting costs to local governm ent s, which forces man y local government s to increase propert y ta xes;(2) Stat es should end th e imposition, in th e abse nce of full considerat ion by th eir legi slatur es, of Stat e iss ued man dat es on local governm ent s without adeq uat e Stat e fun ding, in a mann er that ma y displace oth er esse nt ial governm ent priorities; an d(3) one primar y objective of th is Act an d oth er effort s to chan ge th e relat ionship among Fede ra l, Stat e, an d local governm ent s should be to red uce ta xes an d spe nding at all level s an d to end th e practice of shifting costs from one level of governm ent to anoth er with litt le or no benefit to ta xpayers.SEC. 107 . ENF ORCEMEN T IN THE HOUSE OF RE PRESEN TATIV ES .(a) MOTIO NS TO STRIK E IN THE COMMITT EE OF THE WHOLE.— Clau se 5 of ru le XXIII of th e Rules of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives is am ended by adding at th e end th e followi ng:‘‘(c) In th e considerat ion of an y measur e for am endment in th e Comm itt ee of th e Whole conta ining an y Fede ra l man dat e th e direct costs of which exceed th e thr es hold in section 424(a)(1) of th e Unfun ded Man dat e Reform Act of 1995 , it sha ll always be in order, un less specifically waived by term s of a ru le govern ing considerat ion of that measur e, to move to str ike such Fede ra l man dat e from th e port ion of th e bill th en open to am endment .’’.(b) COMMITT EE ON RULES REP ORTS ON WAIVED POINTS OF ORDER.—The Comm itt ee on Rules sha ll include in th e report required by clau se 1(d) of ru le XI (relat ing to its activities dur ing th e Congress) of th e Rules of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives a sep arat e item ident ifying all waive rs of point s of order relat ing to Fede ra l man dat es, listed by bill or joint resolut ion num ber an d th e subject matt er of that measur e.SEC. 108 . EXERCISE OF RU LEMAKI NG POWERS .The provisions of sections 101 an d 107 ar e enacted by Congress—

2 USC 1513 .

2 USC 1514 .

2 USC 1515 .

2 USC 1516 .

2 USC 1511 note.

2 USC 1531 .

2 USC 1532 . (1) as an exercise of th e ru lemak ing power of th e Senat e an d th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, respe ctively, an d as such th ey sha ll be considered as part of th e ru les of such House, respe ctively, an d such ru les sha ll supersede oth er ru les only to th e extent that th ey ar e inconsistent th erewith; an d(2) with full recognition of th e constitut iona l right of eith er House to chan ge such ru les (so far as relat ing to such House) at an y time, in th e sam e mann er, an d to th e sam e extent as in th e case of an y oth er ru le of each House.SEC. 109 . AUTHORIZATIO N OF APP ROPRIATIO NS .There ar e auth orized to be app ropriat ed to th e Congressi ona l Budget Office $4,500 ,000 for each of th e fiscal year s 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , an d 2002 to carr y out th e provisions of th is title.SEC. 110 . EFFE CTIV E DATE.This title sha ll tak e effect on J anuar y 1, 1996 or on th e dat e 90 days after app ropriat ions ar e ma de available as auth orized un der section

109 , whichever is ear lie r an d sha ll apply to legi slat ion considered on an d after such dat e.

TITL E II—REGULATO RYACCO UN TABILITY AND REF ORM

SEC. 201 . REGULATO RY PROCESS .Each agency sha ll, un less oth erwise prohibi ted by law, assess th e effect s of Fede ra l regulatory actions on Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, an d th e privat e sector (oth er than to th e extent that such regulat ions incorporat e requirement s specifically set forth in law).SEC. 202 . STATEMEN TS TO ACCOM PANY SIGNIFICANT REGULATO RY ACTIO NS .(a) IN GENE RAL.—Un less oth erwise prohibi ted by law, before promu lgat ing an y genera l notice of proposed ru lemak ing that is likely to res ult in promu lgat ion of an y ru le that includes an y Fede ra l man dat e that ma y res ult in th e expe nditur e by Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, in th e aggregat e, or by th e privat e sector, of $100 ,000 ,000 or more (adjusted annua lly for inflat ion) in an y 1 year , an d before promu lgat ing an y fina l ru le for which a genera l notice of proposed ru lemak ing was publis hed, th e agency sha ll prep ar e a writt en stat ement conta ining—(1) an ident ificat ion of th e provision of Fede ra l law un der which th e ru le is being promu lgat ed;(2) a qua litat ive an d quant itat ive assess ment of th e ant icipat ed costs an d benefits of th e Fede ra l man dat e, including th e costs an d benefits to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s or th e privat e sector, as well as th e effect of th e Fede ra l man dat e on health , safety, an d th e natura l environm ent an d such an assess ment sha ll include—(A) an ana lysis of th e extent to which such costs to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s ma y be paid with Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce (or oth erwise paid for by th e Fede ra l Governm ent ); an d

(B) th e extent to which th ere ar e available Fede ra l resources to carr y out th e int ergovernm enta l man dat e;(3) es timat es by th e agency, if an d to th e extent that th e agency determ ines that accurat e es timat es ar e reasona bly feasible, of—(A) th e futur e compliance costs of th e Fede ra l man dat e;an d(B) an y disp roport ionat e budgetar y effect s of th e Fed- era l man dat e upon an y part icular regions of th e nat ion or part icular Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s, ur ban or rura l or oth er types of commun ities, or part icular segment s of th e privat e sector;(4) es timat es by th e agency of th e effect on th e nat iona l economy, such as th e effect on productivity, economic growth , full employment , creat ion of productive jobs, an d int ernat iona l competitive ness of Un ited Stat es goods an d services, if an d to th e extent that th e agency in its sole discretion determ ines that accurat e es timat es ar e reasona bly feasible an d that such effect is relev ant an

d mat erial; an d(5)(A) a description of th e extent of th e agency’s prior consultat ion with elected rep rese ntat ives (un der section 204) of th e affected Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s;(B) a summar y of th e comm ent s an d concern s that were prese nt ed by Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s eith er ora lly or in writing to th e agency; an d(C) a summar y of th e agency’s evaluat ion of those comment s an d concern s.(b) PROM ULGATIO N.—In promu lgat ing a genera l notice of proposed ru lemak ing or a fina l ru le for which a stat ement un der subsection (a) is required, th e agency sha ll include in th e promu lgation a summar y of th e informat ion conta ined in th e stat ement .(c) PREPARATIO N IN CON J UNCTIO N WITH OTHE R STATEMENT.— Any agency ma y prep ar e an y stat ement required un der subsection(a) in conjunction with or as a part of an y oth er stat ement or ana lysis, provided that th e stat ement or ana lysis sat isfies th e provisions of subsection (a).SEC. 203 . SMALL GOVERN MEN T AGEN CY PLAN.(a) EFFE CTS ON SMALL GOVERNMENTS.—Before es ta blis hing an y regulatory requirement s that might significant ly or un iquely affect sma ll governm ent s, agencies sha ll ha ve developed a plan un der which th e agency sha ll—(1) provide notice of th e requirement s to potent ially affected sma ll governm ent s, if an y;(2) ena ble officials of affected sma ll governm ent s to provide mean ingful an d timely input in th e development of regulatory proposals conta ining significant Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es; an d(3) inform , ed ucat e, an d advise sma ll governm ent s on compliance with th e requirement s.(b) AUTHORIZATIO N OF APP ROPRIATIO NS.—There ar e auth orized to be app ropriat ed to each agency to carr y out th e provisions of th is section an d for no oth er pur pose, such sum s as ar e necess ar y.SEC. 204 . STATE, LOCAL , AND TRIBAL GOVERN MEN T IN P UT.(a) IN GENE RAL.—Each agency sha ll, to th e extent perm itt ed in law, develop an effective process to perm it elected officers of Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s (or th eir designat ed employee s

2 USC 1533 .

2 USC 1534 .

with auth ority to act on th eir beha lf) to provide mean ingful an d timely input in th e development of regulatory proposals conta ining significant Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat es.(b) MEE TINGS BETWEEN STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL AND FEDERAL OFF ICERS.—The Fede ra l Advisory Comm itt ee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) sha ll not apply to actions in support of int ergovernm enta l commu nicat ions where—(1) meetings ar e held exclusively betwee n Fede ra l officials an d elected officers of Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s (or th eir designat ed employee s with auth ority to act on th eir beha lf) acting in th eir official capacities; an d(2) such meetings ar e solely for th e pur poses of exchan ging view s, informat ion, or advice relat ing to th e mana gement or implementat ion of Fede ra l program s es ta blis hed pur suant to public law that explicitly or inh erent ly shar e int ergovernm enta l responsibili ties or administrat ion.(c) IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES .—No lat er than 6 month s after th e

dat e of enactm ent of th is Act, th e Pr eside nt sha ll iss ue guidelines an d instru ctions to Fede ra l agencies for app ropriat e implementat ion of subsections (a) an d (b) consistent with applicable laws an d regulat ions.

2 USC 1535 .

SEC. 205 . LEAST BURDENS OME OPTIO N OR EXPLANATIO N REQUIRED .(a) IN GENE RAL.—Excep t as provided in subsection (b), before promu lgat ing an y ru le for which a writt en stat ement is required un der section 202 , th e agency sha ll ident ify an d consider a reasonable num ber of regulatory alternat ives an d from those alternat ives select th e least costly, most cost-effective or least bur densome alternat ive that achieve s th e objectives of th e ru le, for—(1) Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, in th e case of a ru le conta ining a Fede ra l int ergovernm enta l man dat e; an d(2) th e privat e sector, in th e case of a ru le conta ining a Fede ra l privat e sector man dat e.(b) EXCEP TIO N.—The provisions of subsection (a) sha ll apply un less— (1) th e head of th e affected agency publis hes with th e fina l ru le an expl anat ion of why th e least costly, most costeffective or least bur densome method of achievi ng th e objectives of th e ru le was not adopted; or(2) th e provisions ar e inconsistent with law.(c) OMB CERTI FICATIO N.—No lat er than 1 year after th e dat e of th e enactm ent of th is Act, th e Director of th e Office of Mana gement an d Budget sha ll cert ify to Congress , with a writt en expl anat ion, agency compliance with th is section an d include in that cert ificat ion agencies an d ru lemak ings that fail to adeq uat ely comply with th is section.

2 USC 1536 .

SEC. 206 . ASS ISTANCE TO THE CONGRESS IONAL BUD GET OFF ICE.The Director of th e Office of Mana gement an d Budget sha ll—(1) collect from agencies th e stat ement s prep ar ed un der section 202; an d(2) periodically forwar d copies of such stat ement s to th e Director of th e Congressi ona l Budget Office on a reasona bly timely basis after promu lgat ion of th e genera l notice of proposed ru lemak ing or of th e fina l ru le for which th e stat ement was prep ar ed.

SEC. 207 . PILOT PROGRAM ON SMALL GOVERN MEN T FLEXIBILITY.(a) IN GENE RAL.—The Director of th e Office of Mana gement an d Budget, in consultat ion with Fede ra l agencies, sha ll es ta blis h pilot program s in at least 2 agencies to tes t innovat ive, an d more flexible

regulatory app roaches that —(1) red uce report ing an d compliance bur dens on sma ll governm ent s; an d(2) meet overa ll statut ory goals an d objectives.(b) PROGRAM FOCUS.—The pilot program s sha ll focu s on ru les in effect or proposed ru les, or a combinat ion th ereof.SEC. 208 . ANNU AL STATEMEN TS TO CONGRESS ON AGEN CY COM PLIANCE.No lat er than 1 year after th e effective dat e of th is title an d annua lly th ereafter, th e Director of th e Office of Mana gement an d Budget sha ll submit to th e Congress , including th e Comm itt ee on Governm enta l Affair s of th e Senat e an d th e Comm itt ee on Governm ent Reform an d Oversight of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, a writt en report deta ili ng compliance by each agency dur ing th e precedi ng report ing period with th e requirement s of th is title.SEC. 209 . EFFE CTIV E DATE.This title an d th e am endment s ma de by th is title sha ll tak e effect on th e dat e of th e enactm ent of th is Act.TITL E III—REVIEW OF FEDER AL MAND ATESSEC. 301 . BASELINE STUDY OF COSTS AND BENEF ITS.(a) IN GENE RAL.—No lat er than 18 month s after th e dat e of enactm ent of th is Act, th e Advisory Comm ission on Int ergovernmenta l Relat ions (hereafter in th is title referr ed to as th e ‘‘Advisory Comm ission’’), in consultat ion with th e Director, sha ll complete a stu dy to exam ine th e measur ement an d definition iss ues involved in calculat ing th e tota l costs an d benefits to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s of compliance with Fede ra l law.(b) CONSI DERATIO NS.—The stu dy required by th is section sha ll consider—(1) th e feasibili ty of measur ing indirect costs an d benefits as well as direct costs an d benefits of th e Fede ra l, Stat e, local, an d tr ibal relat ionship; an d(2) how to measur e both th e direct an d indirect benefits of Fede ra l finan cial assistan ce an d ta x benefits to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s.SEC. 302 . RE PORT ON FEDER AL MAND ATES BY ADVISORY COMMI SS ION ON INTERGOVERN MEN TAL RELATIO NS .(a) IN GENE RAL.—The Advisory Comm ission on Int ergovernmenta l Relat ions sha ll in accordance with th is section—(1) investigat e an d review th e role of Fede ra l man dat es in int ergovernm enta l relat ions an d th eir impact on Stat e, local, tr ibal, an d Fede ra l governm ent objectives an d responsibili ties, an d th eir impact on th e competitive balance betwee n Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, an d th e privat e sector an d consider view s of an d th e impact on working men an d women on those sam e matt ers; 2 USC 1537 .

Report s.

2 USC 1538 .

2 USC 1531 note.

2 USC 1551 .

2 USC 1552 .

(2) investigat e an d review th e role of unfun ded Stat e man dat es imposed on local governm ent s;(3) mak e recomm endat ions to th e Pr eside nt an d th e Congress regar ding—(A) allowing flexibili ty for Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s in complying with specific Fede ra l man dat es for which term s of compliance ar e unn ecess ar ily rigid or complex;(B) reconciling an y 2 or more Fede ra l man dat es which impose contra dictory or inconsistent requirement s;

(C) term inat ing Fede ra l man dat es which ar e duplicative, obsolete, or lacking in practical ut ili ty;(D) suspe nding, on a temporar y basis, Fede ra l man dat es which ar e not vita l to public health an d safety an d which compoun d th e fiscal difficultie s of Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s, including recomm endat ions for tr igge ring such suspe nsion;(E) consolidat ing or simplifying Fede ra l man dat es, or th e plann ing or report ing requirement s of such man dat es, in order to red uce duplicat ion an d facilitat e compliance by Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s with those man dat es;(F) es ta blis hing common Fede ra l definitions or stan dar ds to be used by Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s in complying with Fede ra l man dat es that use different definitions or stan dar ds for th e sam e term s or principles; an d(G)(i) th e mitigat ion of negat ive impacts on th e privat e sector that ma y res ult from relievi ng Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s from Fede ra l man dat es (if an d to th e extent that such negat ive impacts exis t on th e privat e sector); an d(ii) th e feasibili ty of applying relief from Fede ra l man dat es in th e sam e mann er an d to th e sam e extent to privat e sector ent ities as such relief is applied to Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s; an d(4) ident ify an d consider in each recomm endat ion ma de un der para gra ph (3), to th e extent practicable—(A) th e specific Fede ra l man dat es to which th e recomm endat ion applies, including requirement s of th e dep artm ent s, agencies, an d oth er ent ities of th e Fede ra l Governm ent that Stat e, local, an d tr ibal governm ent s ut ilize metr ic systems of measur ement; an d(B) an y negat ive impact on th e privat e sector that ma y res ult from implementat ion of th e recomm endat ion.(b) CRIT ERIA.—(1) IN GENE RAL.—The Comm ission sha ll es ta blis h criteria for mak ing recomm endat ions un der subsection (a).(2) ISSU ANCE OF PROPOS ED CRIT ERIA.—The Comm ission sha ll iss ue proposed criteria un der th is subsection no lat er than 60 days after th e dat e of th e enactm ent of th is Act, an d th ereafter provide a period of 30 days for submission by th e public of comm ent s on th e proposed criteria.(3) FINAL CRIT ERIA.—No lat er than 45 days after th e dat e of iss uan ce of proposed criteria, th e Comm ission sha ll—(A) consider comm ent s on th e proposed criteria received un der para gra ph (2);

(B) adopt an d incorporat e in fina l criteria an y recomm endat ions submitt ed in those comm ent s that th e Comm ission determ ines will aid th e Comm ission in carr ying out its dut ies un der th is section; an d(C) iss ue fina l criteria un der th is subsection.(c) PRELIMI NARY REP ORT.—(1) IN GENE RAL.—No lat er than 9 month s after th e dat e of th e enactm ent of th is Act, th e Comm ission sha ll—(A) prep ar e an d publis h a preliminar y report on its activities un der th is title, including preliminar y recomm endat ions pur suant to

subsection (a);(B) publis h in th e Fede ra l Regis ter a notice of availability of th e preliminar y report; an d(C) provide copies of th e preliminar y report to th e public upon reques t.(2) PUBLIC HEARINGS.—The Comm ission sha ll hold public hear ings on th e preliminar y recomm endat ions conta ined in th e preliminar y report of th e Comm ission un der th is subsection.(d) FINAL REP ORT.—No lat er than 3 month s after th e dat e of th e publicat ion of th e preliminar y report un der subsection (c), th e Comm ission sha ll submit to th e Congress , including th e Comm itt ee on Governm ent Reform an d Oversight of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, th e Comm itt ee on Governm enta l Affair s of th e Senat e, th e Comm itt ee on th e Budget of th e Senat e, an d th e Comm itt ee on th e Budget of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives, an d to th e Pr eside nt a fina l report on th e findings, conclusions, an d recomm endat ions of th e Comm ission un der th is section.(e) PRIORIT Y TO MANDATES THAT ARE SUBJ ECT OF JUDICI AL PROC EE DINGS.—In carr ying out th is section, th e Advisory Comm ission sha ll give th e highes t priority to imm edi at ely investigat ing, reviewi ng, an d mak ing recomm endat ions regar ding Fede ra l man dat es that ar e th e subject of judicial proceedi ngs betwee n th e Un ited Stat es an d a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent .(f) DEF INITION .—For pur poses of th is section th e term ‘‘S tat e man dat e’’ mean s an y provision in a Stat e statut e or regulat ion that imposes an enforceable dut y on local governm ent s, th e privat e sector, or individua ls, including a condition of Stat e assistan ce or a dut y ar ising from part icipat ion in a voluntar y Stat e program .SEC. 303 . S PECIAL AUTHORITI ES OF ADVISORY COMMI SS ION.(a) EXPE RTS AND CONSU LTANTS.—For pur poses of carr ying out th is title, th e Advisory Comm ission ma y procur e temporar y an d int erm itt ent services of expe rt s or consultant s un der section 3109 (b) of title 5, Un ited Stat es Code.(b) DETAIL OF STAFF OF FEDERAL AGENCI ES.—Upon reques t of th e Execut ive Director of th e Advisory Comm ission, th e head of an y Fede ra l dep artm ent or agency ma y deta il, on a reimbur sable basis, an y of th e personn el of that dep artm ent or agency to th e Advisory Comm ission to assist it in carr ying out th is title.(c) ADMI NIS TRATIVE SUPP ORT SERVICES.—Upon th e reques t of th e Advisory Comm ission, th e Administrat or of Genera l Services sha ll provide to th e Advisory Comm ission, on a reimbur sable basis, th e administrat ive support services necess ar y for th e Advisory Comm ission to carr y out its dut ies un der th is title.(d) CONTRACT AUTHORIT Y.—The Advisory Comm ission ma y, subject to app ropriat ions, contra ct with an d compensat e governm ent

Pu blicat ion.

Fede ra l Regis ter, publicat ion.Pu blicinformat ion.

2 USC 1553 .

2 USC 1554 .

2 USC 1555 .

2 USC 1556 .

2 USC 1571 . an d privat e persons (including agencies) for propert y an d services used to carr y out its dut ies un der th is title.SEC. 304 . ANNU AL RE PORT TO CONGRESS REGARD ING FEDER AL COURT RU LINGS.No lat er than 4 month s after th e dat e of enactm ent of th is Act, an d no lat er than March 15 of each year th ereafter, th e Advisory Comm ission on Int ergovernm enta l Relat ions sha ll submit to th e Congress , including th e Comm itt ee on Governm ent Reform an d Oversight of th e House of Rep rese ntat ives an d th e Comm itt ee on Governm enta l Affair s of th e Senat e, an d to th e Pr eside nt a report describi ng an y Fede ra l court case to which a Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent was a part y in th e precedi ng calendar year that required such Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent to un dertak e responsibili ties or activities, beyond those such governm ent would oth erwise ha ve un dertak en, to comply with Fede ra l statut es an d regulat ions.SEC. 305 . DEF INITIO N.Notwith stan ding section 3 of th is Act, for pur poses of th is title th e term ‘‘Fede ra l man dat e’’ mean s an y provision in statut e or regulat ion or an y Fede ra l court ru ling that imposes an enforceable dut y upon Stat e, local, or tr ibal governm ent s including a condition of Fede ra l assistan ce or a dut y ar ising from part icipat ion in a voluntar y Fede ra l program .SEC. 306 . AUTHORIZATIO N OF APP ROPRIATIO NS .There ar e auth orized to be app ropriat ed to th e Advisory Comm ission to carr y out section 301 an d section 302 , $500 ,000 for each of fiscal year s 1995 an d 1996 .

TITL E IV—J UD ICIAL REVIEW

SEC. 401 . J UD ICIAL REVIEW.

(a) AGENCY STATEMENTS ON SIGNI FICANT REGULATORYACTIO NS.—(1) IN GENE RAL.—Compliance or noncompliance by an y agency with th e provisions of sections 202 an d 203(a) (1) an d(2) sha ll be subject to judicial review only in accordance with th is section.(2) LIMIT ED REVIEW OF AGENCY COM PLIANCE OR NONCOM PLIANCE.—(A) Agency compliance or noncompliance with th e provisions of sections 202 an d 203(a) (1) an d (2) sha ll be subject to judicial review only un der section 706(1) of title 5, Un ited Stat es Code, an d only as provided un der subp ara gra ph (B).(B) If an agency fails to prep ar e th e writt en stat ement (including th e prep arat ion of th e es timat es, ana lyses, stat ement s, or descriptions) un der section 202 or th e writt en plan un der section 203(a) (1) an d (2), a court ma y compel th e agency to prep ar e such writt en stat ement .(3) REVIEW OF AGENCY RULES.—In an y judicial review un der an y oth er Fede ra l law of an agency ru le for which a writt en stat ement or plan is required un der sections 202 an d 203(a)(1) an d (2), th e ina deq uacy or failur e to prep ar e such stat ement (including th e ina deq uacy or failur e to prep ar e an y es timat e, ana lysis, stat ement or description) or writt en plan sha ll not

be used as a basis for sta ying, enjoining, invalidat ing or oth erwise affecting such agency ru le.(4) CERTAIN IN FORMATIO N AS PART OF RECORD .—Any informat ion generat ed un der sections 202 an d 203(a) (1) an d(2) that is part of th e ru lemak ing record for judicial review un der th e provisions of an y oth er Fede ra l law ma y be considered as part of th e record for judicial review conducted un der such oth er provisions of Fede ra l law.(5) APP LICATIO N OF OTHE R FE DERAL LAW.—For an y petition un der para gra ph (2) th e provisions of such oth er Fede ra l law sha ll contr ol all oth er matt ers, such as exhau stion of administrat ive remedies , th e time for an d mann er of seek ing review an d venu e, excep t that if such oth er Fede ra l law does not provide a limitat ion on th e time for fili ng a petition for judicial review that is less than 180 days, such limitat ion sha ll be180 days after a fina l ru le is promu lgat ed by th e app ropriat e agency.(6) EFFE CTIVE DATE.—This subsection sha ll tak e effect on October 1, 1995 , an d sha ll apply only to an y agency ru le for which a genera l notice of proposed ru lemak ing is promu lgat ed on or after such dat e.(b) JUDICI AL REVIEW AND RULE OF CONSTRUCTIO N.—Excep t as provided in subsection (a)—(1) an y es timat e, ana lysis, stat ement , description or report prep ar ed un der th is Act, an d an y compliance or noncompliance with th e provisions of th is Act, an d an y determ inat ion concerning th e applicability of th e provisions of th is Act sha ll not be subject to judicial review; an d(2) no provision of th is Act sha ll be constru ed to creat e an y right or benefit, subs tant ive or proced ura l, enforceable by an y person in an y

administrat ive or judicial action.

App roved March 22, 1995 .

LEGISL ATIVE HISTOR Y—S. 1 (H.R. 5) (S. 169): HOUSE REP ORTS : Nos. 104–1 , Pt . 1 (Comm . on Rules) an d Pt . 2 (Comm . on Governm ent Reform an d Oversight), both accompan ying H.R. 5, an d 104–76 (Comm . of Conference).SENATE REP ORTS : Nos. 104–1 (Comm . on Governm enta l Affair s) an d 104–2 (Comm . on th e Budget).CONGRESSION AL RECORD , Vol. 141 (1995 ):J an . 12, 13, 17–19 , 23–27 , considered an d passed Senat e.J an . 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, Feb. 1, considered an d passed House, am ended, in lie u of H.R. 5.Mar . 14, 15, Senat e considered an d agreed to conference report . Mar . 16, House agreed to conference report .WEE KLY COM PILATIO N OF PRESID ENTIAL DOC UMENTS, Vol. 31 (1995 ):Mar . 22, Pr eside nt ial remark s.Æ