Powered two-wheeler rider eye-height determination Stergios Dimoulas, Basil Psarianos, Constantinos Antoniou and Sophia Vardaki National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)

92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board January 2013 - Washington, D.C.

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!Research motivation

¨  PTW rider eye-height affects rider safety and highway design ¤ Vulnerable riders need to detect larger

number of possible hazards ¤ Vehicle angle/speed may affect rider eye-

height

¨  Limited research has been reported in the literature (e.g. Davoodi et al., 2011) ¤ While there is extensive research in eye-

height determination for other vehicle types (cars, trucks)

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!US fatality data (GAO, 2012)

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¨  5.4 million of motor-vehicle crashes in 2010 ¨  8.4 million of motorcycle registrations in 2010 ¨  Decrease of passenger car fatalities

¤  (1991: 30.776, 2010: 22.187)

¨  Increase of motorcycle fatalities ¤  (1991:2.806, 2010: 4.502)

¨  Most vulnerable age group: 45-54 ¨  PTW riders most vulnerable group

¤ 30 times more likely to die

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!Objective

¨  Investigate the parameters that affect PTW rider eye-height

¨  Determine appropriate values

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!PTW rider eye-height

¨  Anthropometric Characteristics ¨  Type of PTW ¨  Riding Position ¨  Seat Height ¨  Load ¨  Weather Conditions ¨  Radius of Horizontal Curves ¨  Velocity

¨  Sight Distance ¨  Road Design ¨  Road Safety Levels

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Depends on Influences

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Experimental design

Experimental setup

Selection of study areas

Extraction of measurements

Data analysis

Exploratory statistical analysis

Setup and data collection Analysis

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Methodology and data collection

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Type of Road Facility

Freeway

Major Urban Arterial

Type of PTW

Motorbike

Scooter

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Experimental design

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Class of PTW

Standard

Cruiser

Sport

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Experimental design

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Experimental design

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Criteria

•  Road Speed & Classification •  PTW Traffic Volume & Traffic Conditions •  Horizontal & Vertical Alignment & Profile •  Roadside Area Conditions •  Weather & Lighting Conditions •  Accessibility of the sites

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Selection of study areas

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OMORFOKLISIAS (VEIKOU) AVENUE

ATTICA TOLLWAY

Suburban Freeway Speed Limit 120km/hr

Major Urban Arterial Max Speed Limit 70km/hr

P1: Omorfoklisias (Veikou) Avenue P2: Attica Tollway TRB 2013  

Selection of study areas

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ATTICA TOLLWAY

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Selection of study areas

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OMORFOKLISIAS (VEIKOU) AVENUE

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Selection of study areas

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MEASUREMENTS

AutoCAD Pinnacle

Φ2

PTW Speed

Φ2 Φ1

Δy s S D

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Extraction of measurements

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!Measurements

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!Measurements

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!Measurements

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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Eye−height distribution by type of motorbike Attiki Odos

Eye−height (m)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x

●

● CruiserSportStandard

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Eye−height distribution by type of motorbike Veikou

Eye−height (m)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x

●

● CruiserSportStandard

0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of scooter Attiki Odos

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x ●

● CruiserStandard

0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of scooter Veikou

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x ●

● CruiserStandard

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0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of motorbike Attiki Odos

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x

●

● CruiserSportStandard

0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of motorbike Veikou

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x

●

● CruiserSportStandard

0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of scooter Attiki Odos

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x ●

● CruiserStandard

0 50 100 150 200

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Speed distribution by type of scooter Veikou

Speed (kph)

Prop

ortio

n <=

x ●

● CruiserStandard

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!MotorbikeCruiser

MotorbikeSport

MotorbikeStandard

ScooterCruiser

ScooterStandard

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

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AttikiOdos

Veikou

100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150

PTW rider eye−height by road, PTW type and class

Speed (km/h)

Eye

heig

ht (m

)

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!A simple model

Estimate Std.Error t-value (Intercept) 1.596 0.004 360.1 RoadVeikou -0.083 0.005 -16.5 TypeScooter -0.045 0.005 -8.6 Sport -0.093 0.008 -11.8 Residual standard error 0.056 (533 d.o.f.) R2 0.444 Adjusted R2 0.441 F-statistic 142 (3 and 533 d.o.f.) / p-value <2.2E-16

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Ø  Minimum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,250m

Ø  Maximum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,700m

Ø  Minimum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,250m >

Road Design Value 1,000m

Ø  Difference between two studies

Ø  Dimoulas et al. (2013): 1,250m, Davoodi et al. (2011):1,350m

Ø  PTWs’ Operating Speed at Freeway V85 = 144km/hr

Ø  PTWs’ Operating Speed at Major Arterial Urban V85 = 103km/hr

Ø  PTW Rider’s Eye-Height is not influenced by the PTW velocity

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Discussion and conclusion

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Ø  PTW Rider’s Eye-Height at Freeway > PTW Rider’s Eye-Height at Major Urban Arterial Ø  Road Design (horizontal curves)

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Discussion and conclusion

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Powered two-wheeler rider eye-height determination Stergios Dimoulas, Basil Psarianos, Constantinos Antoniou and Sophia Vardaki National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)

92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board January 2013 - Washington, D.C.

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