PTE Academic Practice Test 2

Part 2: Reading

Part 2: Reading

The item types included in this part of the test are.

Item type Time allowed Multiple-choice, choose single answer

32-41 minutes Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers Re-order paragraphs Reading: Fill in the blanks Reading and writing: Fill in the blanks

The reading section does not have a time limit on a per question basis. When you practice, be aware of the overall time limit and try to complete all the questions within the time limit. Answers are at the end.

Multiple-choice, choose single answer – Item 1

Live oak was widely used in early American butt shipbuilding. Because of the trees' short height and low-hanging branches, lumber from live oak was specifically used to make curved structural members of the hull, such as knee braces (single-piece, inverted L-shaped braces that spring inward from the side and support a ship's deck). In such cuts of lumber, the line of the grain would fall perpendicularly to lines of stress, creating structures of exceptional strength. Live oaks were not generally used for planking because the curved and often convoluted shape of the tree did not lend itself to be milled to planking of any length. Red oak or white oak was generally used for planking on vessels, as those trees tended to grow straight and tall and thus would yield straight trunk sections of length suitable for milling into plank lengths. Live oak was largely logged out in Europe by the latter half of the 19th century and was similarly sought after and exported from the United States until iron- and steel-hulled commercial vessel construction became the standard early in the 20th century. Live oak lumber is rarely used for furniture due to warping and twisting while drying.

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting the correct response. Only one response is correct. For which of the following, will you prefer live oak? § Human knee braces § Furniture making § Parts of ship hulls § Planking on vessels § As a substitute for steel hulls

Multiple-choice, choose single answer – Item 2

The United States was the only industrialized country that went into the Great Depression of the 1930s with no social insurance policies in place. In 1935 Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal instituted significant social insurance policies. In 1938 Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, limiting the work week to 40 hours and banning child labor for children under 16, over stiff congressional opposition from the low-wage South. The Social Security law was very unpopular among many groups – especially farmers, who resented the additional taxes and feared they would never be made good. They lobbied hard for exclusion. Furthermore, the Treasury realized how difficult it would be to set up payroll deduction plans for farmers, for housekeepers who employed maids, and for non-profit groups; therefore, they were excluded. State employees were excluded for constitutional reasons (the federal government in the United States cannot tax state governments). Federal employees were also excluded. Many textbooks, however, falsely indicate that the exclusions were the product of southern racial hostility toward blacks; there is no evidence of that in the record. By 2013 the U.S. remained the only major industrial state without a uniform national sickness program. American spending on health care (as percent of GDP) is the highest in the world, but it is a complex mix of federal, state, philanthropic, employer and individual funding. The US spent 16% of its GDP on health care in 2008, compared to 11% in France in second place.

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting the correct response. Only one response is correct. Which one of the following was not a challenge in implementing the social security law? § Some sections resisted the

additional taxes § Ensuring equal access to

healthcare was not trivial § Payroll deduction was not easy for

several types of workers § Federal-state structure made it

impossible to include all employees

§ Payroll deduction was difficult to be set up for non-profit groups

Multiple-choice, choose single answer – Item 3

A tea sandwich also referred to as finger sandwich, is a small prepared sandwich meant to be eaten at afternoon teatime to stave off hunger until the main meal. The tea sandwich may take a number of different forms, but should be easy to handle, and should be capable of being eaten in two or three bites. It may be a long, narrow sandwich, a triangular half-sandwich, or a small biscuit. It may also be cut into other decorative shapes with a cookie cutter. The bread is traditionally white, thinly sliced, and buttered. The bread crust is cut away cleanly from the sandwich after the sandwich has been prepared but before serving. Modern bread variations might include wheat, pumpernickel, sour dough or rye bread. The bread used for preparing finger sandwiches is sometimes referred to as sandwich bread. Fillings are light and are "dainty" or "delicate" in proportion to the amount of bread. Spreads might include butter, cream cheese or mayonnaise mixtures, and the sandwiches often feature fresh vegetables such as radishes, olives, cucumber, asparagus, or watercress. The cucumber tea sandwich in particular is considered the quintessential tea sandwich. Other popular tea sandwich fillings include tomatoes, pimento cheese, ham with mustard, smoked salmon, fruit jam, curried chicken, fish paste, and egg salad.

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting the correct response. Only one response is correct. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tea sandwich? § It should be consumable in two or

three bites § The bread crust is removed before

serving § Fillings used should be light § Fillings often include fresh

vegetables § It should always be triangular in

shape

Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers – Item 1

Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat. The origins of wrestling go back 15,000 years through cave drawings in France. Babylonian and Egyptian reliefs show wrestlers using most of the holds known in the present-day sport. Literary references to it occur as early as in the ancient Indian Vedas. The Iliad contains references, in which Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th century BC. Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata contain references to martial arts including wrestling. In ancient Greece wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature; wrestling competition, brutal in many aspects, served as the focal sport of the ancient Olympic Games. The ancient Romans borrowed heavily from Greek wrestling, but eliminated much of its brutality. During the Middle Ages wrestling remained popular and enjoyed the patronage of many royal families, including those of France, Japan and England. Early European settlers in America brought a strong wrestling tradition with them if they came from England. The settlers also found wrestling to be popular among Native Americans. Amateur wrestling flourished throughout the early years of the North American colonies and served as a popular activity at country fairs, holiday celebrations, and in military exercises. The first organized national wrestling tournament took place in New York City in 1888, and wrestling has been an event at every modern Olympic Games since the 1904 games in St. Louis, Missouri. The international governing body for the sport, United World Wrestling (UWW), was established in 1912 in Antwerp, Belgium as the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA). The 1st NCAA Wrestling Championships were also held in 1912, in Ames, Iowa. USA Wrestling, located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, became the national governing body of amateur wrestling in 1983. It conducts competitions for all age-levels.

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all correct responses. More than one response is correct. Based on the information in the text, which of the following are correct statements? § Wrestling has been popular since

ancient times. § Wrestling was most popular in

ancient India compared to other regions such as France.

§ The ancient epics such as Iliad, Ramayana and Mahabharata contain several stories about wrestling.

§ Wrestling enjoyed the patronage of several royal families in the middle ages.

§ Amateur wrestling flourished in the world mainly due to the efforts of the American federations.

§ Roman wrestling and Greek wrestling are exactly similar with hardly any differences.

§ Organized wrestling events started happening towards the end of 19th century.

Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers – Item 2

A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, which is secured at one end over a slot that serves as an airway. When the free end is made to vibrate by the player's air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches. Tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds; shorter, lighter and stiffer reeds make higher-pitched sounds. If, as on most modern harmonicas, a reed is affixed above or below its slot rather than in the plane of the slot, it responds more easily to air flowing in the direction that initially would push it into the slot, i.e., as a closing reed. This difference in response to air direction makes it possible to include both a blow reed and a draw reed in the same air chamber and to play them separately without relying on flaps of plastic or leather (valves, wind-savers) to block the nonplaying reed. An important technique in performance is bending: causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. It is possible to bend isolated reeds, as on chromatic and other harmonica models with wind-savers, but also to both lower, and raise (overbend, overblow, overdraw) the pitch produced by pairs of reeds in the same chamber, as on a diatonic or other unvalved harmonica. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the opening reed (for instance, the blow reed while the player is drawing).

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all correct responses. More than one response is correct. Which of the following statements about harmonica reeds are not correct? § A reed is almost like a spring

which produces sound by blocking and unblocking air blown in by the player.

§ Reeds can be tuned to different pitches quickly during the performance.

§ To produce a deeper sound you should use a smaller and lighter reed.

§ Reeds are usually affixed above or below their slots.

§ Each reed requires its own isolated chamber to produce the best sound.

§ For higher pitch sound you require stiff and light reeds.

§ Modern reeds can be made of several materials such as steel and tungsten.

Multiple-choice, choose multiple answers – Item 3

The original use of the term 'informal sector’ is attributed to the economic development model put forward by W. Arthur Lewis, used to describe employment or livelihood generation primarily within the developing world. It was used to describe a type of employment that was viewed as falling outside of the modern industrial sector. An alternative definition uses job security as the measure of formality, defining participants in the informal economy as those "who do not have employment security, work security and social security". While both of these definitions imply a lack of choice or agency in involvement with the informal economy, participation may also be driven by a wish to avoid regulation or taxation. This may manifest as unreported employment, hidden from the state for tax, social security or labour law purposes, but legal in all other aspects. Edgar L. Feige has proposed a taxonomy for describing unobserved economies including the informal economy as being characterized by some form of non-compliant behavior with an institutional set of rules. Feige argues that circumvention of labor market regulations specifying minimum wages, working conditions, social security, unemployment and disability benefits gives rise to an informal economy that deprives some workers of deserved benefits while conveying undeserved benefits to others. The term is also useful in describing and accounting for forms of shelter or living arrangements that are similarly unlawful, unregulated, or not afforded protection of the state. 'Informal economy' is increasingly replacing 'informal sector' as the preferred descriptor for this activity.

Read the text answer the multiple-choice question by selecting all correct responses. More than one response is correct. Which of the following jobs would fall under the definition of “informal sector”? § An accountant working at a

national firm § A cleaner who only works when

called by the hotel staff § A grocery store clerk who gets

paid in cash and is not reported in the tax statement by the store owner

§ A part time teacher making the minimum teaching wage at a state school

§ An engineer who’s paid a salary after the deduction of tax by his employer

§ A construction worker who gets paid what the supervisor feels right at the end of the job

§ A non profit worker who had to sign a legal agreement in accordance with the labor market requirements

Re-order paragraphs – Item 1 The text boxes in the left panel have been placed in a random order. Restore the original order by dragging the text boxes from the left panel to the right panel.

This advertising practice has been significantly criticized by privacy advocates due to concerns over unlimited data retention, and the potential for Google to change its policies to further decrease privacy by combining information with other Google data usage. Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to filter spam and malware, and to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails.

In June 2017, Google announced the upcoming end to the use of contextual Gmail content for advertising purposes, relying instead on data gathered from use of its other services.

Google has stated that email users must "necessarily expect" their emails to be subject to automated processing, and claims that the service refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages.

The company has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues.

Re-order paragraphs – Item 2 The text boxes in the left panel have been placed in a random order. Restore the original order by dragging the text boxes from the left panel to the right panel.

At these events and at meetings organized by groups of angels companies pitch directly to investor in face-to-face meetings.

Because there are no public exchanges listing their securities, private companies meet angel investors in several ways, including referrals from the investors' trusted sources and other business contacts; and at investor conferences and symposia.

These include wanting to keep abreast of current developments in a particular business arena, mentoring another generation of entrepreneurs, and making use of their experience and networks on a less than full-time basis.

Thus, in addition to funds, angel investors can often provide valuable management advice and important contacts.

Angel investors are often retired entrepreneurs or executives, who may be interested in angel investing for reasons that go beyond pure monetary return.

Re-order paragraphs – Item 3 The text boxes in the left panel have been placed in a random order. Restore the original order by dragging the text boxes from the left panel to the right panel.

The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption.

Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally.

A whistleblower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organization such as the media, government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned.

Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of other people within the accused organization such as an immediate supervisor.

Reading: Fill in the blanks – Item 1 In the text below some words are missing. Drag words from the box below to the appropriate place in the text. To undo an answer choice, drag the word back to the box below the text. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are __________ more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have _________ biodiversity. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest. This __________ the largest _________ of living plants and animal species in the world.

cultivation consistently produces collection undivided

unparalleled constitutes

Reading: Fill in the blanks – Item 2 In the text below some words are missing. Drag words from the box below to the appropriate place in the text. To undo an answer choice, drag the word back to the box below the text. Chocolate syrup is also used to top puddings and cakes. Some restaurants use an artistic _______ of chocolate syrup to decorate _______ of cheesecake or cake, along with other __________ such as cocoa powder, powdered sugar or chocolate shavings. Some brands of chocolate syrup are _______ as chocolate milk syrup. Other brands are marketed as ice cream sundae _______.

presentation decorations consumed servings toppings

distributions drizzling marketed

Reading: Fill in the blanks – Item 3 In the text below some words are missing. Drag words from the box below to the appropriate place in the text. To undo an answer choice, drag the word back to the box below the text. Drizzle tends to be the most ________ form of precipitation over large areas of the world's oceans, particularly in the colder regions of the subtropics. These regions are _________ by trade wind cumulus clouds, which exist entirely within the marine boundary layer. Despite the low rates of surface _________, it has become apparent that drizzle actually exerts a major influence over the cloud _________, coverage, and radiative properties in these regions. This has motivated scientists to design more ___________, sensitive instruments such as high frequency radars that can detect drizzle.

frequent structure dominated popular sophisticated

complicated properties accumulation

Reading: Fill in the blanks – Item 4 In the text below some words are missing. Drag words from the box below to the appropriate place in the text. To undo an answer choice, drag the word back to the box below the text. A short time later the Automatic Enunciator Company was ________ in Chicago in order to market the new device, and a series of promotional installations followed. In August 1912 a large outdoor _______ was made at a water carnival held in Chicago. Seventy-two loudspeakers were strung in pairs at forty-foot ________ along the docks, _______ a total of one-half mile of grandstands. The system was used to _________ race reports and descriptions and provide music between races.

distances announce installation spanning discussed

publish intervals incorporated

Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks – Item 1 Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank. The name teddy bear comes from former United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who was commonly known as "Teddy, though he _______being referred to as such. The name originated from an incident on a bear hunting trip in Mississippi in November 1902, to which Roosevelt was invited by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino. There were several other hunters ________ and most of them had already killed an animal. A suite of Roosevelt's attendants, led by Holt Collier, cornered, clubbed, and tied an American black bear to a willow tree after a long _________ chase with hounds. They called Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot it. He refused to shoot the bear himself, deeming this unsportsmanlike, but instructed that the bear be killed to put it out of its misery, and it became the topic of a political cartoon by Clifford Berryman in The Washington Post on November 16, 1902. While the initial cartoon of an adult black bear lassoed by a handler and a disgusted Roosevelt had __________ overtones, later issues of that and other Berryman cartoons made the bear smaller and cuter. Morris Michtom saw the drawing of Roosevelt and was inspired to create a teddy bear. He created a tiny soft bear cub and put it in the shop window with a sign "Teddy's bear," after sending a bear to Roosevelt and receiving __________ to use his name. The toys were an immediate success and Michtom founded the Ideal Novelty and Toy Co.

Gap 1 o loved o loathed o labelled o lamented

Gap 2 o committing o competing o complaining o commemorating

Gap 3 o exhausting o exhaustive o exhilarating o expediated

Gap 4 o symmetrical o instructional o emotional o symbolic

Gap 5 o permission o promotion o orders o instructions

o

Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks – Item 2 Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank. Throughout history, the most important has been the division into surgical and internal medicine ________. The surgical specialties are the specialties in which an important part of diagnosis and treatment is achieved through major surgical __________. The internal medicine specialties are the specialties in which the main diagnosis and treatment is never major surgery. In some countries Anesthesiology is classified as a surgical ________, since it is vital in the surgical process, though anesthesiologists never perform major surgery themselves. Many specialties are organ-based. Many symptoms and diseases come from a particular organ. Others are based mainly around a set of techniques, such as radiology, which was originally based around X-rays. The age range of patients seen by any given specialist can be quite variable. Paediatricians handle most complaints and diseases in children that do not require surgery, and there are several subspecialties (formally or informally) in paediatrics that mimic the organ-based specialties in adults. Paediatric surgery may or may not be a separate specialty that handles some kinds of surgical complaints in children. A further subdivision is the _________ versus therapeutic specialties. While the diagnostic process is of great importance in all specialties, some specialists perform mainly or only diagnostic examinations, such as pathology, clinical neurophysiology, and radiology. This line is becoming somewhat blurred with interventional radiology, an evolving field that uses image expertise to perform minimally invasive procedures.

Gap 1 o symptoms o specialties o theories o treatments

Gap 2 o techniques o innovations o inventions o modifications

Gap 3 o doctrine o philosophy o discipline o issue

Gap 4 o diagnosis o examination o medicinal o diagnostic

Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks – Item 3 Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank. The concept of universal suffrage, also known as general suffrage or common suffrage, consists of the right to vote of all except a small number of adult citizens. As minors are generally excluded, the concept is frequently described as universal adult suffrage. Many countries make an ________ for small numbers of adults that are considered mentally incapable of voting. Other countries also exclude people convicted of serious crimes or people in jail, but this is considered a violation of a basic human right in an increasing number of countries. In some countries, including the United States, it is very difficult and _________ for convicted criminals to regain this right even after having served their jail sentence, but U.S voting laws are not national, but subject to federalism so some states have more lenient voting laws. In any case, where universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not ________ by race, sex, belief, wealth, or social status. Although it took or is taking a long time in many countries before women got or get the right to run for office even after getting the right to vote, there are still no commonly used clear terms to differentiate between these different rights. It is therefore usually best to avoid the little known and ________ terms used to make this distinction and to instead clearly say whether one is referring to only men or also women having only the right to vote or also the right to run for office. It is important to be careful in reading and using the term universal suffrage because it historically referred to only all adult males and even today is often used to refer to historical or _________ situations in which women had or have the right to vote but not to run for office.

Gap 1 o exemption o extension o accession o exception

Gap 2 o expensive o invasive o intensive o extensive

Gap 3 o respected o referred o restricted o retaliated

Gap 4 o ambitious o ambivalent o aggressive o appropriate

Gap 5 o conditional o continuing o contemporary o customary

Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks – Item 4 Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank. Smithson reportedly chose the Rozel Point site based on the blood-red color of the water and its connection with the primordial sea. The red hue of the water is due to the _________of salt-tolerant bacteria and algae that thrive in the extreme 27 percent salinity of the lake's north arm, which was isolated from freshwater sources by the building of a causeway by the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1959. Smithson was reportedly _________to the Rozel Point site because of the stark anti-pastoral beauty and industrial remnants from nearby Golden Spike National Historic Site, as well as an old pier and a few unused oil rigs. While observing the _________ of the piece from a helicopter, Smithson reportedly remarked "et in Utah ego" as a counterpoint to the pastoral Baroque painting et in Arcadia ego by Nicolas Poussin. To move the rock into the lake, Smithson hired Bob Phillips of nearby Ogden, Utah, who used two dump trucks, a large tractor, and a front end loader to haul the 6,650 tons of rock and earth into the lake. It is reported that Smithson had a difficult time __________a contractor to accept the unusual proposal. Spiral Jetty was the first of his pieces to require the acquisition of land rights and earthmoving equipment. He began work on the jetty in April 1970. The work was actually constructed twice; the first time requiring six days. After _________the result for two days, Smithson called the crew back and had the shape altered to its present configuration, an effort requiring moving 7,000 tons of basalt rock during an additional three days.

Gap 1 o prominence o presence o prevalence o protection

Gap 2 o been attracted o attractive o attracted o have been attracted

Gap 3 o construction o consecration o concentration o consumption

Gap 4 o convinced o to convince o to convincing o convincing

Gap 5 o contemplating o condemning o concluding o completing

Reading and Writing: Fill in the blanks – Item 5 Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank. Before takeoff, the ball is brought to the abdomen and then the windmill motion is started by moving the ball below the waist _______to the length of the player's fully extended arm. Then following the rotation of the outstretch arm, the ball is moved in a circular motion, typically moving from the front towards the back, and then slammed through the rim. Although, due to _________, many players are unable to palm the ball through the entire windmill motion, the dunk is often completed with one-hand as centripetal force allows the player to guide the ball with only their dunking hand. In some instances sticky resins or powders may be applied to the palm, these are thought to improve grip and prevent loss of possession. Amongst players, subtle_________ in the direction of the windmill depend on bodily orientation at takeoff and also jumping style in relation to dominant hand. There are a number of variations on the windmill, the most common being the aforementioned one- or two-hand variants. In these cases, the windmill motion may be performed with the previously discussed one-arm technique and finished with one- or two-hands, or the player may control the ball with two hands, with both arms performing the windmill motion_________ with one or both hands. Additionally, the ball may be cuffed between the hand and the forearm—generally with the dominant hand. The cuff technique provides better ball security, allowing for a faster windmill motion and increased force exerted on the basket at finish, with either one or both hands. Using the cuffing method, players are also afforded the opportunity of performing the windmill motion towards the front a technique _________ by French athlete Kadour Ziani when he pioneered his trademark double-windmill.

Gap 1 o in accordance o according o accorded o in according

Gap 2 o momentum o momentous o movement o motion

Gap 3 o variables o variety o variations o variability

Gap 4 o finished o been finishing o had finished o finishing

Gap 5 o exploited o explored o exhibited o extended

PTE Academic Practice Test 2

Answers

Part 2: Reading

Multiple choice, choose single answer – Item 1 Option 3 Multiple choice, choose single answer – Item 2 Option 2 Multiple choice, choose single answer – Item 3 Option 5 Multiple choice, choose multiple answers – Item 1 Option 1, 4, 7 Multiple choice, choose multiple answers – Item 2 Option 2, 3, 5 Multiple choice, choose multiple answers – Item 3 Option 2, 3, 6 Re-order paragraphs – Item 1 Google's mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to filter spam and malware, and to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails. This advertising practice has been significantly criticized by privacy advocates due to concerns over unlimited data retention, and the potential for Google to change its policies to further decrease privacy by combining information with other Google data usage. The company has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues. Google has stated that email users must "necessarily expect" their emails to be subject to automated processing, and claims that the service refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages. In June 2017, Google announced the upcoming end to the use of contextual Gmail content for advertising purposes, relying instead on data gathered from use of its other services. Re-order paragraphs – Item 2 Angel investors are often retired entrepreneurs or executives, who may be interested in angel investing for reasons that go beyond pure monetary return. These include wanting to keep abreast of current developments in a particular business arena, mentoring another generation of entrepreneurs, and making use of their experience and networks on a less than full-time basis. Thus, in addition to funds, angel investors can often provide valuable management advice and important contacts.

Because there are no public exchanges listing their securities, private companies meet angel investors in several ways, including referrals from the investors' trusted sources and other business contacts; and at investor conferences and symposia. At these events and at meetings organized by groups of angels companies pitch directly to investor in face-to-face meetings. Re-order paragraphs – Item 3 A whistleblower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption. Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of other people within the accused organization such as an immediate supervisor. Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organization such as the media, government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned. Reading Fill in the blanks – Item 1 consistently, unparalleled, constitutes, collection Reading Fill in the blanks – Item 2 drizzling, servings, decorations, marketed, toppings Reading Fill in the blanks – Item 3 frequent, dominated, accumulation, structure, sophisticated Reading Fill in the blanks – Item 4 incorporated, installation, intervals, spanning, announce Reading & writing Fill in the blanks – Item 1 loathed, competing, exhausting, symbolic, permission Reading & writing Fill in the blanks – Item 2 specialties, techniques, discipline, diagnostic Reading & writing Fill in the blanks – Item 3 exception, expensive, restricted, ambivalent, contemporary Reading & writing Fill in the blanks – Item 4

presence, attracted, construction, convincing, contemplating Reading & writing Fill in the blanks – Item 5 according, momentum, variations, finishing, exploited