Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha1 PHN TCH iN HA Electroanalytical methods Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha2 Gii thiu mn hc S n v hc trnh: 3 Phn b thi gian: 75% l thuyt 25% tho lun v kim tra Ti liu hc tp: Cc phng php phn tch in ha hin i T Vng Nghi, Trn Chng Huyn, Phm Lun Phn tch ha l H Vit Qu Bi ging Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha3 Chng 1: C s l thuyt chung v phn loi cc phng php phn tch in ha Chng 2: Phng php in th dng cc cc chn lc ion Chng 3: Phng php cc ph xung Chng 4: Cc phng php phn tch in ha ha tan Chng 5: K thut in ha trong phn tch HPLC v FIA Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha4 Chng 1: C s l thuyt chung v phn loicc phng php PTH 1.1 S in phn 1.2 Qu trnh in cc 1.3 Phn loi cc phng php PTH Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha5 M u Ha hc phn tch: Cc phng php ha hc v Cc phng php pt cng c Cc pp phn tch cng c (ha l): Cc phng php tch (sc k) Cc phng php quang hc Cc phng php in ha Cc pp in ha: ng dng cc qui lut lin quan ti phn ng in ha xy ra trn ranh gii tip xc gia cc cc v dung dch phn tch Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha6 M u H thng phn tch in ha: Dung dch cht in li cha trong bnh in ha Cc in cc My o Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha7 1.1 in cc Th in cc cn bng Nguyn t in ha in cc: h ni tip nhau ca cc tng dn in (kim loi, dung dch cht in li) in cc kim loi ion kim loi (in cc tan) Me / Men+// Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha8 in cc Pt / Ox / Kh // in cc kh Pt(H2) / H2 / H+ // Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha9 in cc in cc bc clorua Ag / AgCl; Cl- in cc calomel (Pt) Hg / Hg2Cl2 ; Cl- Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha10 Th in cc cn bng Ranh gii tip xc gia kim loi v dung dch cht in li lun xut hin mt th - Th in cc cn bng Nguyn nhn: do xut hin lp in kp ranh gii gia kim loi v dd cht in li Cc kim loi c tnh m in cao (Zn, Fe ) tch in m trn b mt Cc kim loi km hot ng (Cu, Ag, Hg) tch in dng trn b mt Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha11 Hnh nh lp in kp + + + + + - - in ccdung dch cht in li + + + + Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha12 Hnh nh lp in kp Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha13 Hnh nh lp in kp Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha14 V d Xt in cc Zn / ZnSO4 // B mt in cc tch in m Tc qu trnh Zn nhng e ln hn tc Zn2+ dung dch nhn e Lp kp hnh thnh khi tc hai qu trnh ny bng nhau ZnZn2++2e Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha15 Xt in cc Pt / Fe3+ / Fe2+ // Mng li tinh th Pt bn vng, khng b ha tan, ng vai tr vn chuyn e Fe3+ + e = Fe2+ V d Pt + O O O + + + + O O Lp in kp Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha16 Xc nh th cn bng ca mt in cc Khng th o trc tip th cn bng ca mt in cc Da vo hiu th cn bng ca 2 cc Chn cc tiu chun c th = 0 Pt (H2) / H2 p = 1at / H3O+ a = 1 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha17 Th in cc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha18 Nguyn t in ha Nguyn t in ha (nguyn t Gavanic) M1 | M1n+ || M2m+ | M2 Ni 2 cc vi nhau bng mt dy dn Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha19 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha20 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha21 S in phnNi 2 cc vi ngun in mt chiu Trn 2 cc xy ra qu trnh in cc nhng ngc vi qu trnh trong nguyn t Gavanic Cc ion Zn2+ i v catot, nhn e to thnh Zn cc Cu, Cu b tan ra, Cu2+ khuch tn vo trong dung dch S in phn ch xy ra khi th t vo ln hn hiu th cn bng ca 2 in cc U = Ea Ec + IR IR: gim th ca bnh in phnTrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha22 Nu trong dung dch cha lng ln cht in li tr U= Ea Ec Nu s dng mt cc c th khng i E = U + Ess

S in phnTrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha23 S in phn Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha24 1.2 Qu trnh in cc Qu trnh in cc gm cc giai on: a cc cht in hot ti b mt in cc Phn ng in cc Qt chuyn sn phm t in cc ra dd, s to thnh kim loi hoc hn hng (nu l cc Hg) Tc ca qt in cc c biu th qua i lng cng dng Nghin cu qt in cc: v ng biu din s ph thuc gia cng dng v th in cc ng dng th (ng von ampe) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha25 Phn ng in cc caKKOx+ne KhOx Khc Ox a Khdn dnv = - = = K C- K Cdt dt0a a(1 )nFK= K exp ERT o ( ( Tc ca phn ng: 0c CnFK= K exp( E)RToTrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha26 Ta phn ng Gox Gox -nEF Gkh Gox +(1-)nEF Nng lng Dng kh Dng oxi ha Phc hot ng S ph thuc ca nng lng hot haca phn ng in cc vo in th Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha27 Thay cc gi tr Ka v Kc vo biu thc v: 0 oox khc ox a khdn dn nEF (1- )nEFv = -= =K C exp(- ) -K C exp( )dt dt RT RTPhn ng in cc Cng dng in = v * din tch b mt (S) * in tch tiu tn bin i 1 mol cht in hot (nF) Mt dng (j): l gi tr cng dng khi S = 1 0 oc ox a khnEF (1- )nEFj =nF k C exp(- ) - k C exp( )RT RT ` )Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha28 Mt dng j o c l tng jc v ja: 0c c oxnEFj =nFk C exp -RT ( ( Phn ng in cc oa a kh(1- )nEFj =-nFk C expRT ( ( Nh vy: j = jc +ja H t cn bng khi j = 0, tc jc =ja 0 oc ox a khnEF (1- )nEFnFk C exp - =nFk C expRT RT (( (( Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha29 Phn ng in cc 00c ox oxcboa kh khk C C RT RT RTE = ln + ln =E + lnnF k nF C nF CE0 ch ph thuc vo cc hng s 0 o 'c anEF (1- )nEFk exp - =k exp =kRT RT (( (( 0 0ox khnF (1- )nFj =nFk' C exp - (E-E ) - C exp (E-E )RT RT (( ` (( )Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha30 Biu din phng trnh trn th Phn ng in cc ic i E ic = io ia = io ECB ia Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha31 Phn ng in cc ng phn cc ca h nhanh (a); h chm (b) ja jc ECB ECB a b Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha32 Cc qu trnh vn chuyn cht in hot ti in cc Cht c th c chuyn trong dung dch do: S khuch tn: do chnh lch nng S i lu: bng cch khuy trn dung dch, quay cc S di chuyn cc phn t tch in: do lc ht tnh in gim s in di: thm mt lng ln cc cht in li tr Qu trnh in cc chia lm 2 trng hp: Qu trnh n nh: gradien nng khng i, I v E khng i, c th o trc tip Qu trnh khng n nh: gradien nng thay i theo thi gian, I v E l hm ca thi gian Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha33 Qu trnh n nh iu kin: gradien nng = 0: C = 0tccS ph thuc nng cht in hot vo khong cch n b mt in cc (dd ban u ch c cht Ox) x 0 C C*kh C*ox C0ox ox kh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha34 nh lut Fick 1: Bdn cDSdt xc| |= |c\ .Qu trnh n nh Gradien nng dng oxy ha v dng kh: 0 * *ox ox ox kh khox khC C C C C;x x c c| | | |= = ||c c\ . \ .Mt dng Bdn dQj ( )nFdt dt= =Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha35 Qu trnh n nh 0 *ox ox oxox oxox*kh khkh khkhC C Cj nFD nFDx C CnFD ( ) nFDx c | |= = |c\ .c= = c0 * *ox ox ox kh khj (C C ) C = = Mt dng t gi tr cc i khi C*Ox = 0 Dng in phn khi gi l dng gii hn khuch tn 0gh ox oxj C =(1) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha36 Dng gii hn khuch tn: Khng ph thuc vo th in cc Pt (1) l c s ca cc phng php phn tch nh lng trong phn tch in ha Ph thuc vo tc khuch tn i lu (khuy dd, quay cc), nhit Nh vy dng gii hn khuch tn ch ph thuc vo nng th phi gi cc iu kin trn khng i Qu trnh n nh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha37 Chia v vi v ca 2 pt trn: 0gh* *ox oxox khox ox khj j C j jC ; C = = = Qu trnh n nh Phng trnh ng phn cc catot: *ghOx kh*ox Khj jC .( )j C =Theo Nernst: *0Ox*KhC RTE E lnnF C= +Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha38 Suy ra: gh0OxKhj j RT RTE E ln lnnF nF j= + +gh0khoxj j nF.( ) exp (E E)j RT ( = ( Phng trnh ng phn cc catot Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha39 Biu din trn th ng phn cc jc ja 0 jc gh jagh E Ea1/2 Ec1/2 E1/2 E1/2 1 2 3 5 4 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha40 Th bn sng: th khi mt dng bng na dng gii hn Qu trnh n nh 0Ox1/ 2Kh RTE E ln nF = +Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha41 Qu trnh khng n nh C0tc=c2 2 2ox ox kh khox kh2 2C C C CD ; Dt x t xc c c c= =c c c c0 0ox ox kh khox kh ox khC C nF (1 )nFD D k' C exp (E E) C exp (E E)x x RT RTc c ((= = ` ((c c )Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha42 Chng 2: Phng php in th dngcc cc chn lc ion 2.1 Gii thiu 2.2 L thuyt v cc th mng ca cc cc chn lc 2.3 Nguyn tc cu trc cc cc chn lc ion 2.4 K thut thc nghim 2.5 Mt s phng hng ng dng cc cc chn lc ion Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha43 2.1 Gii thiu Phng php phn tch in th Cc so snh Cc ch thin cc chn lc ion (ISE): c kh nng o chn lc hot ca mt phn t ion c bit no in cc thy tinh: H+ in cc florua: F- Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha44 in cc chn lc ion (ISE) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha45 Picture of a commercial fluoride ISETrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha46 2.2 L thuyt v cc th mng ca cc cc chn lc ion Cu to cc chn lc (ISE: ion selective electrode): Cc so snh trong 1 Dung dch trong 1: c thnh phn, nng xc nh Mng: rn, lng, thy tinh Cc ss trong 1 Dd trong 1 Mng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha47 H in ha khi s dng ISE: ISE Cc so snh 2 Dung dch phn tch Khuy t Mng thy tinh Dy Ag Dd cha bit gt pH in cc calomel bo ha in cc thy tinh 2.2 L thuyt v cc th mng ca cc cc chn lc ion Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha48 S in ha: Cc so snh 1/ Dd trong 1/ Mng//Dd phn tch/ cc so snh 2 Th ca nguyn t in ha: E = E2 + M E1

Khi dd 1 v dd phn tch cha cng loi ion (J),khng c ion no gy cn tr: Th ca ISE l: 2.2 L thuyt v cc th mng ca cc cc chn lc ion AJMJa (1) RT =lnzF a (2)ISE JRTE = Const + lna(1)zFTrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha49 Nu trong dung dch c ion K gy cn tr: Th ca ISE s thay i: KJ/K: h s chn lc cho ion K i vi ion cn xc nh J (K gip nh hng c s nh hng ca cc ion khc ti vic x ion cn phn tch) +AJ JK KMJa (1) K a RT =lnzF a (2)ISE J J,K KRTE =Const + ln a(1) k a (1)zF ( + Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha50 Cu trc mng mt s loi mng chn lc Mng cha ion tan c kh nng trao i ion Tnh cht ca mng ph thuc: H s phn b ca mui cha ion trao i v ion cn xc nh S to cc cp ion trong mng Gi s mng cha mt loi mui JA: J+ l ion cn xc nh; A- l ion trao i Hiu th ranh gii gia mng v dung dch: J1JJ2Ja (m) RTlnF a (1)a (m) RTlnF a (2) = =Mng dd 1 Mng dd2 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha51 Cu trc mng Th chung ca mng: Tng qut: Nu trong dung dch c ion K gy cn tr - Phng trnh th s thay i: J2 1Ja (1) RTlnF a (2)A = =++A =nnJJa (1)RTlnzF a (2)ISE J J,K KRTE =Const + ln a(1) k a (1)zF ( + Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha52 Khi in tch ca ion nh hng l +2 th: Mng cha cht mang ion trung tnh Cc mng rn v vt liu thy tinh 2 21/ 2ISEJ J ,K KRTE =Const + ln a (1) k a (1) (2.20)zF+ + + + (+ Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha53 2.3 Nguyn tc cu trc cc cc chn lc ion V cc Dung dch trong cc Cc so snh Mng (rn hoc lng) Cc so snh trongDung dch trongMng Dung dch trao i ion Mng V cc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha54 Yu cu: ngn cch hon ton dung dch trong cc dung dch phn tchCc mng rn: PVC, Teflon, nha Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha55 in cc Florua: in cc mng rn c cu to bi cc tinh th v c Mng l tinh th LaF3 trn vi ph gia EuF2 C nhng khong trng trong mng lm cho cc anion c th khuch tn qua (F-) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha56 Th ca ISE F-: E = const 0,059lg[F-]=K + 0,059pF Cc so snh trong: Ag/AgCl Dung dch trong: 0,1M KCl; 0,1M NaF in cc nhy vi ion F- gp 10 ln OH-; nh vy tng qut: E = K 0,059lg([F-] + 0,1[OH-]) (Nu dng F- trong mi trng kim s mc sai s) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha57 Mt s in cc mng rn Dy Ag Dung dch Cl- c nng xc nh v cation cn phn tch Ag/AgCl mng rn) MngIon cn xc nh LaF3 F-, La3+ AgClAg+, Cl- AgBrAg+, Br- AgIAg+, I- Ag2SAg+, S2- Ag2S + CuSCu2+ Ag2S + CdSCd2+ Ag2S + PbSPb2+ Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha58 Solid-State Electrode Analytes Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha59 in cc mng rn Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha60 V d v in cc mng lng Trao i ion qua mng V d: mng hydrophobic trao i Ca2+ Khi cn bng th, s trao i kt thc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha61 Phng trnh trao i ion Ca2+: [(RO)2POO]2Ca2(RO)2POO-+ Ca2+ Th ca in cc: E khng ph thuc vo pH trong khong t 5,5 11 nhy ca in cc vi Ca2+ gp 50 ln Mg2+; gp 1000 ln K+ v Na+ 20, 059lg2ISECaE K a+= +Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha62 in cc mng lng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha63 Liquid-Based ISE Analytes Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha64 V d v in cc nhy vi cht kh Nguyn tc: da trn hot ng ca mt mng thm kh V d: in cc nhy vi kh SO2 (tan trong dung dch) SO2 khuch tn qua mng ti khi t trng thi cn bng: Cc l nh ca mng tip xc vi dung dch bn trong v xy ra cn bng th 2SO2SO2 Dung dch phn tch Cc l nh ca mng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha65 V d v in cc nhy vi cht kh SO2 + 2H2OHSO3- + H3O+ Nng H+ s c o vi mt in cc thy tinh (sensor) c t ngay sau mng bn thm V H+ t l vi SO2 nn: SO2SO2 Cc l mng cha kh Dung dch trong 20, 059lg[ ]1ISEE K SO = +Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha66 ngdng ca ISE Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha67 in cc thy tinh Mngutinckhaithclmin cc l mng thy tinh, rt chn lc vi H+ S : c Calomel // [H+] = a1 / mng thy tinh / [H+] = a2, [Cl-] = 1M, AgCl/Ag V1 V2 c so snh 1Dd phn tchc thy tinh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha68 in cc thy tinh Thnh phn ca thy tinh nhy vi H+ Khng phi mi loi thy tinh u nhy vi s thay i pH (v d: thch anh v pyrex) Thnh phngnng:22%Na2O;6%CaO;72% SiO2 MngnynhyvihirocpH~9.KhipHcao hn,mngtrnnnhyviNa+vkimloikim khc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha69 in cc thy tinh Tnh ht nc ca mng thy tinh Mng thy tinh cn phi cha nc nhy ca mng c th c phc hi khingmincctrongncmtvi gi Shtnccamngckmtheos traoigiacccation(camng)v H+ (hu nh ch cc cation +1 tham gia) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha70 in cc thy tinh Phn ng trao i: H+dung dch +Na+ - GlassNa+dung dch +H+ - Glass Dung dch trong H+ chim v tr cc l trng [H+] = a2 Lp gel hirat ha~ 10-4mm H+, Na+

Lp thy tinh kh 0,1mm Na+

Lp gel hirat ha~ 10-4mm H+, Na+

Dung dch ngoi H+ chim v tr cc l trng [H+] = a1 V1V2 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha71 in cc thy tinh L thuyt th ca in cc thy tinh Th tip xc ca mng E = V1 V2 Trong : 11 1'1ln a RTV kF a= +22 2'2ln a RTV kF a= +a1 v a2 hot ca H+ trong 2 lp gel Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha72 in cc thy tinh 11 22ln a RTE V VF a= =a2 l hng s, nn: 1lnRTE const aF= +Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha73 Sai s ca in cc thy tinh Th bt i: loi tr bng cch chun ha in cc trc khi o (pH = 4, 7, 10) Sai s kim sai s axit 0 0,5 -0,5 0 -2 246891012 14 pH sai s pH Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha74 in cc thy tinh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha75 2.4 K thut thc nghim Chun b mu Phn hy, ph mu Bo qun mu Chn cc iu kin thc nghim: nhit , pH, lc ion, cc ion cn tr. Xc nh bng phng php ng chun Xc nh bng phng php thm chun Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha76 K thut o in th trc tip Sosnhthcainccchthnhngtrongdung dch phn tch vi th ca in cc nhng trong dung dch chun Cc yu t cn ch : Thtipxclng:hnchchnhxccaphp o Dosphnbkhngngucacccationv anion, tc di chuyn khc nhau PP loi tr: dng cht in gii: KCl, KNO3, NH4NO3 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha77 K thut o in th trc tip Cc phng trnh biu din th quansat sosanh chithi jE E E E = +Th tip xc lng 010, 059lgchithi chithiE E an= +010, 059lgquansat sosanh chithi jE E E a En= +01( )lg0, 059/quansat sosanh j chithiE E E Ea pMn + = =Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha78 K thut o in th trc tip 0, 059 /quansatE KpMn=T pt trn s a ra cc pp phn tch khc nhau Phng php ng chun Phng php thm chun Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha79 K thut o in th trc tip Phng php ng chun Xc nh hng s K: o Equansat vi mt s dung dch chun bit pM Gi thit K khng i theo thi gian 0, 059 /quansatE KpMn=0, 059 0, 059 /quansatn KpM En= Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha80 K thut o in th trc tip 0, 0590, 059 /quansatKE pMn n= + dc l thuyt E pM K Sai s ca pp ng chun gy ra do sai s ca K Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha81 K thut o in th trc tip Phng php thm chun ThcaincccotrcvsaukhithmlE1v E2. Gi thit qu trnh thm khng lm thay i lc ion v do khng lm thay i h s hot f Gi tr o th u E1 Thm Vml dung dch chun, th s l E2: 1log .0, 059 /xE KC fn =2log .0, 059 /x x C Cx CC V C V E KfV V n+ =+Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha82 Chun in th Nguyntc:xcnhim tngngthngquavic o th nh in cc ch th uim:cthxcnh chnhxcimtngng caccdungdch(cmu hay khng) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha83 Chun in th Chun axit baz in cc ch th l in cc thy tinh in cc so snh: calomel hoc Ag/AgCl Php chun ny c bit thun li khi phn tch a axit hoc baz (tch c im cui ca qt chun ) C th chun trong dm khc nc Chun oxy ha kh: c ch th l in cc tr (Pt) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha84 Chun in th Chun to ta c ch th l ISE vi ion cn xc nh VD: chun Cl- bng Ag+

Chun to phc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha85 Chng 3: PHNG PHP CC PH XUNG 3.1 M u 3.2 Phng php c in v nhng hn ch 3.3 Cc phng php trit tiu dng t in 3.4 Phng php cc ph xung 3.5 Nhng hng pht trin mi ca phng php DPP Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha86 History Jaroslav Heyrovsk l ngi pht minh ra pp cc ph v nhng nghin cu v in ha,vinhngthnhcngnyng cnhngiiNobel.Ttcnhngpp voltampe hin i ang c s dng c ngun gc t pp cc ph On February 10, 1922, the "polarograph" was born as Heyrovsk recorded the current-voltage curve for a solution of 1 M NaOH. Heyrovsk correctly interpreted the current increase between -1.9 and -2.0 V as being due to deposition of Na+ ions, forming an amalgam. Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha87 3.1 M u Gii thiu phng php cc ph dng c in (DC Polarography): o dng in nh mt hm ca th, I = f(E), biu din s ph thuc ny trn th: ng cc ph Cc ph :a b Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha88 Phng php cc ph Cc ph c trng bng dng gii hn Th bn sng c trng cho cht in hot Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha89 Phng php cc ph Nu quan st dng mt th c nh th dng s gim theo thi gian 1 2 3 t1t2 t3 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha90 in cc git thy ngn Phn ln cc php o cc ph c thc hin vi c Hg Hg c cho vo mt mao qun, vn tc nh git ph thuc vo chiu cao, kch thc ca ct Mi ln git ri xung h li tr v trng thi ban u Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha91 in cc git thy ngn Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha92 in cc git thy ngn u im: C vi giy li c mt in cc mi khi phc cc iu kin ban u Ngn khng cho tp cht bm trn b mt in cc Cc sn phm kim loi hu ht tan c trong Hg Nhc im: Hg d b oxy ha nn khng quan st c sng cc ph dng hn so vi qu trnh oxy ha Hg (~ 0V) DME rt kh thit k Vic nh lin tc Hg tn km Hg rt c Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha93 3.2 Phng php c in v nhng hn ch PP phn tch nh lng da theo phng trnh ilkovic: (id)max = 706nD1/2m2/3t1/6C (id)avg = 607nD1/2m2/3t1/6C i max i avg Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha94 Cc yu t nh hng n dng khuch tn Theo pt trn chng ta c th xc nh nng C nu nh o c gi tr Id Thc t khng th xc nh c nng < 10-6M Nguyn nhn: dng t in c hnh thnh do lp kpIt in ~ E in cc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha95 Cc yu t nh hng n dng khuch tn Ccccivhintng rng ca 1: do chuyn ng ca b mt git Hg khi ln 2:doHgtchkhimao qun ri xung Hnch:thmchthot ng b mt 1 2 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha96 Cc yu t nh hng n dng khuch tn Hin tng rng ca Lin quan n vic to git Hg, xc nh chu k git ri ikt E Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha97 Cc yu t nh hng n dng khuch tn nh hng ca oxy ha tan O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 2 H2OE~- 0,9 V O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e H2O2E~-0,1 V Sc N2 hoc Ar t 5 20 pht Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha98 3.2 Phng php c in v nhng hn ch Cc con ng tng nhy ca phng php Lm giu cht phn tch trn b mt in cc bng phnngkhhocoxyha,sauhatansn phm kt ta v ghi tn hiu ha tan (phng php Von ampe ha tan) Lmtngnngchtinhottronglpphn ng bng cc phn ng xc tc (phng php cc ph dng xc tc Tn dng nhng thnh tu ca k thut in t loi tr dng t in Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha99 3.3 Cc con ng trit tiu dng t in B tr tuyn tnh dng t in Chn thi gian ghi: IF ~ t1/6 ; It ~ t-1/3 Cui mi chu k: IF max, It min Ghidnginphntrongthigianngnngay trc khi git ri Phng php ny c th t nhy 10-6M chn lc khng thay i Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha100 Phng php cc ph dng xoay chiu chnh lu pha (pp xoay chiu chn pha) t thm vo in p xoay chiu Khi dng t in lch vi dng Faraday 900 Chnthigian,chnphachghicdng Faraday Phngphpnychnhxcviqutrnhthun nghch ( nhy ~ 10-7M) Phng php cc ph sng vung: Thm mt in p dng xoay chiu sng vung gc 3.3 Cc con ng trit tiu dng t in Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha101 3.4 Phng php cc ph xung Phng php cc ph xung bin i u (Normal Pulse Polarography) Ei Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha102 Normal Pulse Polarography in cc git thy ngn c phn cc bng mt in p mt chiu chn trc v gi khng i trong qu trnh o in cc c b xung bng mt xung vung gc trong khong thi gian ngn trc khi git ri, sau xung b ngt Bin xung tng dn Ghi cng dng: 2 cch 17s trc khi ngt xung Ghi 2 ln: 17s trc khi t xung, 17s trc khi ngt xung Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha103 Phng php cc ph xung vi phn (DPP) drop timevoltage steppulseamplitudetimeUUIin p c phn cc bng mt in p mt chiu bin thin tuyn tnh in cc c p thm mt xung vung gc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha104 Chn thi gian ghi Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha105 So snh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha106 So snh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha107 (a) Differential pulse polarogram: 0.36 ppm tetracycline- HCI in 0.1 acetate buffer, pH 4, PAR Model 174 polarographic analyzer, dropping mercury electrode, 50-mV pulse amplitude, 1-s drop.(b) DC polarogram: 180 ppm tetracycline HCI in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 4, similar conditions.Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha108 Differential pulse polarogram The example above shows the simultaneous determination of Zn , Cd, Pb and Cu using standard addition Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha109 So snh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha110 nh hng ca in tr h o loi tr nh hng ca dn in thng s dng h o 3 in cc Khng dng nn in li c nng qu cao Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha111 nhy v chn lc ca cc ph xung nhy c n.10-8M phn gii cao, c th xc nh c nhiu cht trong dd m khng cn tch C th phn tch cc cht hu c: vitamin, cc thuc khng sinh, cc cht c C th kt hp s dd DPP vi Von-ampe ha tan cho nhy cao Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha112 Chng 4: Cc phng phpphn tch in ha ha tan 4.1 M u 4.2 Nguyn tc ca phn tch in ha ha tan 4.3 Phng php Von-ampe ha tan Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha113 4.1 M u Cc pp DPP, SWP loi tr c phn no dng t in, tuy nhin nhy mi ch t ti 10-7M in phn l phng php lm giu, c th tp trung mt lng ln cht in hot trn b mt in cc Kt hp s in phn v cc phng php o hin i l nguyn tc ca pp in ha ha tan Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha114 4.2 Nguyn tc ca pp in ha ha tan Qui trnh: gm 2 giai on: in phn vi in cc git thy ngn Ha tan kt ta v ghi ng ha tan bng mt trong cc phng php: von-ampe, in th - thi gian, dng thi gian a Ep IckC PbPb2+Pb2+ Hg Hg2+ Pb2+ Pb(Hg) Ic Ia E: (+ )(-) b Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha115 4.2.1 Cc lm vic Trong bnh in phn: Cc lm vic: xy ra phn ng Cc so snh: calomen hoc bc clorua, cc c th khng i trong qu trnh o Cc ph tr: Pt Cc lm vic: Kh nng xy ra phn ng oxy ha kh ca cht in hot Khong th ca in cc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha116 Khong th tn ti ca mt s loi in cc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha117 4.2.1 Cc lm vic Cc git thy ngn : C kch thc khng i, lp li cao (kh nng lm mi) Nu in cc t cht lng tt th vic phn tch thun li do: khong th cho php rt rng, xc nh c mt s ln kim loi Mt s loi in cc ch to t Hg: in cc git ri DME in cc git treo HMDE in cc mng Hg - MFE Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha118 4.2.1 Cc lm vic Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha119 4.2.1 Cc lm vic in cc mng thy ngn: Thm vo dung dch phn tch mt lng nh Hg2+, khi in phn Hg2+ Hg to thnh mng mng. Kim loi khi in phn s to thnh hn hng vi lp thy ngn ny in cc rn: in cc rn a quay in cc rn n nh Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha120 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha121 4.2.1 Cc lm vic in cc rn a quay: The Levich equation iL = (0.620) n F A D2/3 w1/2 v1/6 C Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha122 4.2.2 Cc loi phn ng dng kt ta lm giu Phn ng kh kim loi sau to hn hng vi Hg: Qu trnh ny qu trnh catot, cn qu trnh ngc li - qu trnh ha tan l qu trnh anot Kh cc kim loi trn b mt in cc rn tr: Phn ng lm giu di dng mt hp cht kh tan: Xc nh anion An-: ) (Hg Me ne MepEn ++Me ne MepEn ++++ + ++ A M nM Ane nM nMnpuhh nEcpTrng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha123 4.2.2 Cc loi phn ng dng kt ta lm giu Xc nh cation Mn+: ng dng hin tng hp ph in ha: thm vo dd mt cht c kh nng b hp ph ln b mt in cc, sau to phc vi cht cn xc nh: Qt ha tan: +++ ++ + ++ + + ++ H m n MeR RH m n Meme Me Mepuhh m nm nEn p) ( ) () () (hpn puhh nhphphpRMe Me RR R) (+ + + hppuhhhpnR Me ne RMe + ++) (Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha124 4.2.3 Cc pp theo di qu trnh ha tan PP von-ampe: ng biu din xut hin pic ha tan ca cht cn xc nh. Chiu cao ca pic trong cc iu kin thch hp t l thun vi nng cht PP in th - thi gian, dng - thi gian(T87-Gt) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha125 4.3 Phng php von-ampe ha tan 4.3.1 Nguyn tc: Thit b: My cc ph t ghi Bnh in phn gm 3 in cc Bnh kh tr Qt in phn: Th c gi khng i Dung dch c khuy trong sut qu trnh in phn Thi gian in phn ty thuc vo nng cht phn tch v kch thc git thy ngn Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha126 4.3.1 Nguyn tc: Sau khi in phn thng ngng khuy dung dch, c mt khong thi gian ngh lng kim loi phn b u trn in cc Qt ha tan: Phn cc ngc vi chiu in phn Trn ng von-ampe ha tan xut hin pic ca cht cn xc nh E ti nh pic (Ec) c trng cho cht cn xc nh Chiu cao pic t l thun vi nng cht cn phn tch Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha127 ng von-ampe ha tan ca mt s kim loi Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha128 PP Voltampe ha tan anot (ASV) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha129 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha130 Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha131 Differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammogram of 25 ppm zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper.Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha132 PP Voltampe ha tan catot (CSV) nh hng ca thi gian in phn ti chiu cao peak Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha133 V d Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha134 Voltampe ha tan hp ph Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha135 Mt s cht hp ph Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha136 PP Voltampe vng Nghin cu c ch ca phn ng in ha (tnh thun nghch, tnh cht in ha) a ra nhng thng tin mang tnh cht nh tnh v cht nghin cu PP ny c tin hnh u tin trong cc php nghin cu in ha Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha137 PP Voltampe vng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha138 PP Voltampe vng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha139 PP Voltampe vng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha140 4.4 nhy, tnh chn lc v mt s iu cn ch v k thut phn tch in ha ha tan nhy, chnh xc, lp li cao K thut phn tch n ginYu cu: dng c, ha cht s dng phi c tinh khit cao, mi trng lm vic sch s Tnh chn lc ca phng php: Tnh chn lc tt, c th xc nh ng thi 4 5 nguyn t trong 1 dung dch Tuy nhin vi cc kim loi c tnh in ha gn ging nhau (Cu2+, Ag+,Sb3+, Bi3+) cn kt hp vi pp ha hc (dng cht che, cht to phc chn lc) hn ch s nh hng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha141 Nhng iu cn ch (GT): My mc, thit b in cc Ha cht Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha142 4.5 Cc hng ch yu ca PTH ha tan Phn tch mi trng Phn tch lm sng Phn tch thc phm Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha143 Detection of cadmium (50 g/L) in NH4Ac (0.05 M) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Scan from -775 mV to -550 mV. Pre-concentration step of 30 s at - 1100 mV.Scan rate was 15 mV/s and height of modulation pulse 65 mV. Low frequency sound 40 Hz.Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha144 Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) scan from -1300 mV to -350 mV. Pre-concentration step of 120 s at - 1300 mV.Scan rate was 15 mV/s and height of modulation pulse 50 mV. Concentration of zinc, cadmium and lead was 50 ppb. Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha145 Simultaneous detection of nickel, cobalt, and zinc in seawater Differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) scan from -400 mV to -1150mV in seawater. HEPES buffer (0.01M, pH=7.3), oxine (0.00002M), and dimethyl glyoxime (0.0003M) added directly into seawater sample. Pre-concentration step 120 s at -800 mV.Scan rate was 15 mV/s and height of modulation pulse -50 mV.Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha146 Detection of zinc on silver with 4 % bismuth alloy electrode. Concentrations were 267, 534 and 800 mg l-1. All scan performed in DPASV mode in NH4Ac(0.05 M). Scan rate of 15 mV / s, pulse height 70 mV and a deposition time of two minutes. Current values corrected for offset. Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha147 Electrode system: Working electrodeDAMCounter electrode Platinum Reference electrodeAg/AgCl/KCl (sat') Electrolyte NH4Ac (0.05 M) Cadmium Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha148 Electrode system: Working electrodeDAMCounter electrode Platinum Reference electrodeAg/AgCl/KCl (sat') Elektrolyte NH4Ac (0.05 M) Zinc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha149 Electrode system: Working electrode Gold/BismuthCounter electrodeGlassy carbon Reference electrode Ag/AgCl/KCl (3M) Electrolyte10mM HNO3 + 10mM HCl Mercury Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha150 CopperElectrode system Working electrodeSilverCounter electrode Silver Reference electrodeAg/AgCl/KCl (sat') ElectrolyteNH4Ac Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha151 Thallium Electrode system: Working electrodeDAM Counter electrode Platinum Reference electrodeAg/AgCl/KCl (sat') Electrolyte NH4Ac (0.05M) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha152 Electrode system: Working electrode DAMCounter electrodePlatinum Reference electrode Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat') ElektrolyteHCl (0.01 M) Lead Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha153 Lead in nickel plating solution Electrode system: Working electrode Silver Counter electrode: Silver Reference electrode Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat') ElectrolyteNH4Ac (0.05 M) Lead in process water. 80130180230280330380-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0E(mV)I (nA)Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha154 Schrder/Mikkelsen 2002 Zinc in nickel plating solutionElectrode system: Working electrode DAM Counter electrodePlatinumReference electrode Ag/AgCl/KCl ElectrolyteNH4Ac (0.05 M) 7090110130150170190210-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha155 Schrder/Mikkelsen 2002 Nickel and cobalt in seawaterElectrode system: Working electrodeSilver-Bismuth Counter electrode Platinum Reference electrodeAg/AgCl/KCl ElectrolyteAmmonium buffer (pH9,6), nioxim 0.01 nM) Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha156 Detection of Fe(II) with DPASV in tri-sodium citrat-5,5-hydrat (0.02 M) solution. Freshly made Fe(II) solution added in sequences to solutions of 1,67 ppb, 3,34 ppb and 5 ppb, 15 ppb, 25 ppb, 50 ppb. Scan parameters as follows: pre-deposition at - 1500 mV in 180 s, equilibrate time 10 s, scan rate 15 mV/s, modulation pulse 50 mV. Sample (60 mL) purged with Nitrogen for 4 min.Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha157 Detection of iron in sea water (from Trondheim near Trondheim center). Sea water sample (100mL) was added tri-sodium citrat-5,5-hydrat (to a conc. of 0.02 M) and then scanned with DPASV. Scan parameters as follows: pre-deposition at - 1500 mV in 180 s, equilibrate time 10 s, scan rate 15 mV/s, modulation pulse 50 mV. Sample purged with Nitrogen for 4 min. Concentration of Fe detected by standard addition method; 274 ppt. Iron in sea water Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha158 Detection of zinc on silver with 4 % mercury alloy electrode. Concentration of zinc was 100, 200, 300 and 400g l-1. All scan performed in DPASV mode in NH4Ac(0.05 M). Scan rate of 15 mV / s, pulse height 70 mV and a deposition time of two minutes. 232833384348-1 200 -1 000 -800 -600 -400 -200Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha159 Chun in th Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha160 Chng V: K thut in ha trong HPLC v FIA 5.1 Nguyn tc 5.2 Cc loi detector in ha dng cho HPLC v FIA 5.3 ng dng ca detector in ha trong HPLC v FIA Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha161 5.1Nguyn tc i lng o c A (theo mt tnh cht in ha ca cht phn tch v nng C ca cht phn tch t l vi nhau: A=kC A c th l cng dng in, in th, in tr, dn, in lng K l hng s thc nghim iu kin ca detector in ha: Tnh chn lc i vi cht cn phn tch nhy cao vi cht cn phn tch nhng khng nhy vi cc cht khc Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha162 5.1Nguyn tc Bn v n nh theo thi gian, lp li ca php o tt Vng tuyn tnh ca php o khng qu hp t b tc ng bi mi trng xung quanh c trng ca cc detector: nhiu t nhin ca detector: phi nh, t dao ng Gii hn pht hin: cng nh cng tt rng pc: cng hp cng tt Tn hiu o: lp li cao Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha163 5.1Nguyn tc Cu to ca cc detector: 2 b phn chnh Flowcell (bung o) v h in cc H in t (h o) nhn, khuch i, ghi kt qu Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha164 5.2 Cc loi detector in ha dng cho HPLC v FIA 5.2.1 Detector o dng 5.2.2. Detector o th vi in cc chn lc ion 5.2.3. Detector o dn 5.2.4. Detector o in dung 5.2.5. Detector in lng Trng i hc Cng nghip TP HCM Trn Mai LinPhn tch in ha165 5.3. ng dng EC detector trong HPLC v FIA