ptcl case arguments before ac cb pur and his neglect of case law and arguments before dc court
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8/4/2019 Ptcl Case Arguments Before Ac Cb Pur and His Neglect of Case Law and Arguments Before Dc Court
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ptcl-case-arguments-before-ac-cb-pur-and-his-neglect-of-case-law-and-arguments 1/37
@C VDE AMURV ML KQQ@QQVKCV AMGG@QQ@MCER KV
AD@ANNKBKHK_UR
_VAH ;4/2??<-?9
_EV@V@MCERQ \Q REQ_MCFECVQ
GUC@RKJU & FE\KRKJU @NRKG _KQDK
YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ MC BEDKHL ML REQ_MCFECV:-
Vde kbmve akse wks l`hef by pet`t`mcers mc 21-?<-2??< by k bkhf pet`t`mc
stkt`ci lmhhmw`ci pm`cts.
;. Vdey ahk`g tm be irkcfsmcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk &
Qmctkggk w/m Ad`annkikcikppk.
2. Vdey ahk`g tm behmci tm sadefuhe akste.
1. Vdey ahk`g tm dkve imt tde hkcf irkctef v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 fktef
;9-?1-;04;.
6. Vdey ahk`g tde hkcf 1-?? kares ekad `c survey cugber ;?/6< kcf
;?/69 `c Bkhkj`ikpkfe irkgk.
5. Vdey ahk`g tdkt mce Guc`ykppk, Ckcjkppk, Qd`vkppk smcs ml
Ad`annkikcikppk dkve smhf tde kbmve hkcf w`tdmut tde`r ncmwhefie.
<. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdere `s 2? yekr cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf kcf w`td`c tdkt
per`mf skhe dks beec gkfe v`mhkt`ci skhe amcf`t`mc.
9. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdrmuid Rei`ster cm. 49?/0<-09 fktef 2<-?<-;00<
klter v`mhkt`ci irkct amcf`t`mc dkve smhf irkctef hkcf.
4. Vde fmaugects kccexef `c suppmrt ml tde pet`t`mc kre tde lmhhmw`ci
k. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1; ndktdk cugber 45 kcf GR Cm.
21/0<-09. Fktef 22-?<-2??<.
b. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1? ndktdk cugber 2? kcf GR Cm.
0/2??6-?5. Fktef 22-?<-2??<.
a. Akste aert`l`akte fktef ;<-?<-2??< i`vec tm Fevkrkjk s/m Ckcjkppk
lmr tkn`ci hmkc.
f. Akste Aert`l`akte fktef ;5-?<-2??< i`vec tm Guc`rkju s/m
Guc`ykppk.
e. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk
fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 5?, v`fe
HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;429/;04?-4;
extect 1 kares ?2 iuctks `cahuf`ci ?-?2 iuctks ml put ndkrkb. ;5
yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc amcf`t`mc
8/4/2019 Ptcl Case Arguments Before Ac Cb Pur and His Neglect of Case Law and Arguments Before Dc Court
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l. RVA lmr tde yekr ;005-0< lmr Qurvey cugber ;?/6< fktef 22-?9-
;00<.
i. GR 1;/0;-02 fktef 21-?2-;005 lmr survey cugber ;?/6<.
d. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml Qmctkggk w/m
Ad`annkikcikppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman
cugber 69, v`fe HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm.
;42</;04?-4; extect 1 kares ?? iuctks, ;5 yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc
amcf`t`mc.
`. Ampy ml I-Vree (\kgsdkvrunsdk) ml mce Ad`annkikcikppk ks
stktef by Guc`ykppk fktef ?<-;?-2??5
Vde respmcfect dks tknec tde lmhhmw`ci stkcf `c d`s stktegect.
;. Vde pet`t`mcers ahk`gs kre tmtkhhy fec`ef.
2. Vde pet`t`mcers kre fec`ef tm be irkcf ad`hfrec ml mr̀ i`ckh irkctees.
1. Vde vkgsdkvrunsdk kcf tde akste aert`l`akte kre ahk`gef ks lkhse
lkbr`aktef amcamatef kcf arektef lmr tde purpmse ml l`h`ci lkhsepet`t`mc.
6. Qkhe Vrkcskat`mc relerref tm `c ahk`gef tm ks —`t fmes cmt v`mhktef kcy
irkct amcf`t`mc‐.
5. Hkcf mr`i`ckhhy irkctef tm mce Qr` Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk
geksur`ci 1 kares ks per mrfer fktef 20-;?-;099 v`fe cm. 2190/96-
95.
<. Vde skhe tmmn phkae klter per`mf ml ;5 yekrs lrmg tde irkct t`ge.
F@Q_UVEF LKAVQ:-
;. _et`t`mcers rehkt`mcsd`p w`td irkctee‐s kre f`sputef.
2. Irkctee‐s akste `s cmt kaaeptef ks lrmg fepressef ahkss. _VAH
prmv`s`mcs decae cmt kttrkatef.
1. Irkct amcf`t`mc v`mhkt`mc f`sputef.
_M@CVQ LMR FEVERG@CKV@MC:-
;. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr sadefuhef akste mr sadefuhef tr`be persmc.
2. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr upset pr`ae mr lree irkct.
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1. Fmes tde hkcf irkct amctk`c 2? yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf ks ahk`gef.
6. Fmes tde fmaugects reh`ef by pet`t`mcer kre iecu`ce kcf reh`kbhe.
5. Fmes tde pet`t`mc `s gk`ctk`ckbhe `c tde presect lmrg.
<. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer kpprmkadef amurt `c t`ge lmr reh`el.
9. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer dks kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs.
CMVKBHE FELEAVQ KCF LKAVQ FELEKV@CI _EV@V@MCERQ AHK@GQ KCF
K__H@AKBHE HKY VM QUAD _M@CVQ @C VDE KBM\E AKQE:-
;. Cm p`eae ml fmaugect `s phkaef by pet`t`mcers tm sdmw tdkt mr`i`ckh
irkctee behmief tm QA mr QV. @c tde akse ml Kbfuh Dkq Qdkgsduff`c
Qkdeb v. Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer, Uttkrk Nkcckfk F`str`at, Nkrwkr kcf
Mrs., belmr Dmc‐bhe D`id Amurt ml Nkrcktknk Repmrtef `c 2??2(5) Nkr.
H.J. ;?0 dehf tdkt ‘Vm `cvmne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde _VAH Kat `t gust be
sdmwc tdkt tde hkcf wks irkctef tm k persmc behmci`ci tm Qadefuhef
Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mchy mc tdkt amuct kcf cmt mtderw`se. Vd`s `sgmre sm, s`cae h`ne tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Hkcf Relmrgs Kat kcy persmc
behmci`ci tm e`tder Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mr evec d`ider
ahkss akc ahk`g irkct ml maaupkcay r`idt kcf, `l de sdmws amgph`kcae
w`td tde ceaesskry amcf`t`mcs, de `s ect`thef lmr suad amclergect ml
maaupkcay r`idts mr irkct ml tde hkcf. Kt tdkt stkie, `t `s cmt ceaesskry
tdkt de sdmuhf behmci tm k pkrt`auhkr akste mr amgguc`ty.‗
2. Vde pet`t`mcer dks prmfuaef k amcamatef fmaugect ml mce
Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk ahk`g`ci `t ks Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m
Qktykppk. @t sdmws pet`t`mcers kre ucsure kbmut tde`r ahk`gef
kcaestmrs rekh`ty. @t sdmws tdey kre `icmrkct ml tde`r ahk`gef
kcaestmr. Ydetder Ikcikppk mr Ad`annkikcikppk `s tde amctrkry
td`cis wd`ad `s cmt exphk`cef by pet`t`mcers. Vdey spekn mce td`ci
`c pet`t`mc, tdey prmfuae fmaugects wd`ad spekn mtder td`cis.
_hekf`cis kcf prmml wmct tkhhy `c tde`r akse. Vde bks`a ruhe ml hkw ml
phekf`cis `s, tdkt k pkrty akc mchy suaaeef kaamrf`ci tm wdkt de dks
khheief kcf prmvef, mtderw`se, mc tde pr`ca`phe ml 'seaucfug khheiktk
kt et prmbktk' k pkrty `s cmt khhmwef tm suaaeef, wdere de dks cmt set
up tde akse wd`ad de wkcts tm substkct`kte. Vd`s ruhe tdkt phekf`cis
kcf prmml gust amrrespmcf, rests upmc tde pr`ca`phe tdkt cm pkrty
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sdmuhf be prejuf`aef by be`ci tknec by surpr`se by vkry`ci tde akse
ks mr`i`ckhhy set up. Cm kgmuct ml ev`fecae akc be hmmnef `ctm upmc k
phek wd`ad wks cever put lmrwkrf. Vde true sampe ml td`s ruhe `s tdkt
ev`fecae het `c mc `ssues mc wd`ad tde pkrt`es katukhhy wect tm tr`kh
sdmuhf cmt be gkfe tde lmucfkt`mc lmr fea`s`mc ml kcmtder kcf
f`llerect `ssue, wd`ad wks cmt presect tm tde g`cfs ml tde pkrt`es kcf
mc wd`ad tdey dkf cm mppmrtuc`ty ml kffua`ci ev`fecae. @c A.C.
Ckiecfrk Q`cid vs Vde Qpea`kh Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer Kcf Mrs.
(@HR 2??2 NKR 295?) Vde Dmcbhe D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk Dehf tdkt :
‘Vde fea`s`mc ml tde Revecue Amurts dks tm be ceaesskr`hy bksef mc
tde ucf`sputef lkats.‗
1. Qurvey cugber ;?/6< `s k irkctef hkcf kcf tde irkct `s gkfe mc
20-;?-;099 v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 kcf tde pmssess`mc `s i`vec mc
;9-?1-;04;, tde skhe `s gkfe by de`rs ml irkctee mc 24-?<-;00<
tdkt `s klter ;5 yekrs 1 gmctds ;; fkys. Vde skhe `s k rei`steref
skhe. Evec `l kcy mce dks beec elleatef by suad skhe `t sdmuhf dkvebeec quest`mcef w`td`c 1 yekrs ks per Krt`ahe ;19 ml H`g`tkt`mc kat.
@c Nkghesd Bkbu & Mrs vs Hkjpkt Rk` Qdkrgk & Mrs 2??4 (<) QAR
<51 @t `s wehh setthef tdkt Qeat`mc 1(;) ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat aksts k
futy upmc tde amurt tm f`sg`ss k su`t mr kc kppekh mr kc kpph`akt`mc, `l
gkfe klter tde presar`bef per`mf, khtdmuid, h`g`tkt`mc `s cmt set up ks
k felecae. Kpex Amurt `c tde akse ml Nerkhk Qtkte Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf,
Vr`vkcfrug v. V._. Nucdkh`uggk K@R ;009 QA 242. Vde Kpex Amurt
dks hk`f fmwc tde hkw tdkt tde t`ge h`g`t ml tdree yekrs presar`bef
ucfer Krt`ahe ;19 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es tm kcy kpph`akt`mc l`hef
ucfer kcy Kat. Jkckrfdkckg _rkskf vs Rkgfks 2??9 (2 ) QAR ;5;
_mssess`mc ml tde su`t hkcf by tde kppehhkct khsm stkcfs kfg`ttef.
Rei`strkt`mc ml k fmaugect ks wehh ks pmssess`mc wmuhf amcst`tute
cmt`ae, ks `s ev`fect lrmg Qeat`mc 1 ml tde Vrkcsler ml _rmperty Kat,
;442, wd`ad `s `c tde lmhhmw`ci tergs : "...."k persmc `s sk`f tm dkve
cmt`ae" ml k lkat wdec de katukhhy ncmws tdkt lkat, mr wdec, but lmr
w`hluh kbstect`mc lrmg kc ecqu`ry mr sekrad wd`ad de muidt tm dkve
gkfe, mr irmss ceih`iecae, de wmuhf dkve ncmwc `t………… Exphkck`mc
@. Ydere kcy trkcskat`mc rehkt`ci tm `ggmvkbhe prmperty `s requ`ref
by hkw tm be kcf dks beec elleatef by k rei`steref `cstrugect, kcy
persmc kaqu`r`ci suad prmperty mr kcy pkrt ml, mr sdkre mr `cterest `c,
8/4/2019 Ptcl Case Arguments Before Ac Cb Pur and His Neglect of Case Law and Arguments Before Dc Court
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suad prmperty sdkhh be feegef tm dkve cmt`ae ml suad `cstrugect ks
lrmg tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc………. @c tde fea`s`mc `c Qgt F`hbmm vs.
Qgt Fdkcrkj` K@R 2??? QA 1;6< , tde Kpex Amurt dks dehf tdkt
‘wdecever k fmaugect `s rei`steref, tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc kats ks
tde fkte ml feegef ncmwhefie. @c mtder akses, wdec k lkat amuhf be
f`samveref by fue f`h`iecae, tdec feegef ncmwhefie amuhf be
kttr`butef tm tde phk`ct`ll beakuse k pkrty akccmt be khhmwef tm extecf
per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc by gerehy ahk`g`ci tdkt de dkf cm ncmwhefie.‗
6. Dmwever pet`t`mcers dkve cmt phkaef k p`eae ml pkper sdmw`ci tdey
kre tde fesaecfkcts ml mr`i`ckh irkctees. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML
B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks
mbservef mc I-VREE ks lmhhmws ‘Vde pr`ca`phes imverc`ci suad akses
kre: (`) Iecekhmi`es kfg`ttef mr prmvef tm be mhf kcf reh`ef mc `c
prev`mus akses kre fmubthess rehevkct kcf `c smge akses gky evec be
amcahus`ve ml tde lkats prmvef, but tdere kre severkh amcs`ferkt`mcs
wd`ad gust be nept `c g`cf v`z.: (k) Qmurae ml tde iecekhmiy kcf `tsfepecfkb`h`ty. (b) Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml tde iecekhmiy ucfer tde Ev`fecae
Kat. (a) K prmper use `c fea`s`mcs mr jufigects mc wd`ad reh`kcae `s
phkaef. (f) Kie ml iecekhmi`es. (e) H`t`ikt`mcs wdere suad iecekhmi`es
dkve beec kaaeptef mr rejeatef. (2) Mc tde quest`mc ml
kfg`ss`b`h`ty tde lmhhmw`ci tests gust be kfmptef: (k) Vde
iecekhmi`es ml tde lkg`h`es amcaercef gust lkhh w`td`c tde lmur-
amrcers ml s. 12(5) mr s. ;1 ml tde Ev`fecae Kat. (b) Vdey gust cmt be
d`t by tde fmatr`ce ml pmst h`teg gmtkg. (a) Vde iecekhmi`es mr tde
ahk`gs akccmt be prmvef by rea`tkhs, fepms`t`mcs mr lkats ckrrktef `c
tde jufigect wd`ad dkve beec dehf by k hmci amurse ml fea`s`mcs tm be
`ckfg`ss`bhe. (f) Ydere iecekhmiy `s prmvef by mrkh ev`fecae, tde
sk`f ev`fecae gust ahekrhy sdmw spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie
f`sahms`ci tde exkat smurae, t`ge kcf tde a`raugstkcaes ucfer wd`ad
tde ncmwhefie `s kaqu`ref, kcf td`s gust be ahekrhy kcf amcahus`vehy
prmvef.‗
5. Hkter arektef fmaugects tm su`t tde`r lkhse ahk`gs fmes cmt f`sahmse
kcytd`ci kbmut tde mr`i`ckh irkctee. Ce`tder tde akste aert`l`akte
ml pet`t`mcer f`sahmses tdkt tde akste ml irkctee `s skge ks tdkt ml
pet`t`mcer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID
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& MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘Kfg`ss`b`h t̀y ml k
fmaugect `s mce td`ci kcf `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue, qu`te kcmtder: k
fmaugect gky be kfg`ss`bhe kcf yet gky cmt akrry kcy amcv`at`mc
kcf we`idt mr `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue gky be c`h. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt
stktegects mr feahkrkt`mcs belmre persmcs ml amgpetect ncmwhefie
gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg kre reae`vkbhe tm prmve kca`ect r`idts ml k
pubh`a mr iecerkh ckture. Vde kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml suad feahkrkt`mcs `s,
dmwever, amcs`ferkbhy weknecef `l `t pertk`cs cmt tm pubh`a r`idts but
tm purehy pr`vkte r`idts. @t `s equkhhy wehh setthef tdkt feahkrkt`mcs mr
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wmuhf cmt be kfg`ss`bhe beakuse
`c akses mr prmaeef`cis tknec mr feahkrkt`mcs gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg,
tde ehegect ml b`ks kcf amcamat`mc `s eh`g`cktef. Belmre, dmwever, tde
stktegects ml tde ckture gect`mcef kbmve akc be kfg`ss`bhe ks be`ci
kcte h`teg gmtkg tdey gust cmt mchy be belmre tde katukh ex`stecae ml
kcy amctrmversy, but sdmuhf be gkfe evec belmre tde amggecaegect
ml heikh prmaeef`cis. Vd`s pms`t`mc dmwever akccmt dmhf immf ml
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wd`ad wmuhf be ahekrhy`ckfg`ss`bhe `c ev`fecae. Vde reksmc lmr td`s ruhe seegs tm be tdkt
klter k f`spute dks beiuc mr k heikh prmaeef`ci `s kbmut tm amggecae,
tde pmss`b`h`ty ml b`ks, amcamat`mc mr putt`ci up lkhse pheks akccmt be
ruhef mut.‗
<. Mchy tde mhfest uc-f`sputef fmaugects h`ne kcy feahkrkt`mc ml
irkctee kbmut d`s akste fur`ci d`s h`le t`ge akc be best p`eae ml
ev`fecae wd`ad f`sahmses tde akste ml mr`i`ckh irkctee. @c tde
kbsecae ml suad p`eae ml ev`fecae, `t akccmt be kssugef mr
presugef `c kcy gkccer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK
NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t `s mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘@c
amcs`fer`ci tde mrkh ev`fecae reikrf`ci k pef`iree k purehy
gktdegkt`akh kpprmkad akccmt be gkfe beakuse wdere k hmci h`ce ml
fesaect dks tm be prmvef sprekf`ci mver k aectury, `t `s' mbv`mus tdkt
tde w`tcesses wdm kre exkg`cef tm fepmse tm tde iecekhmiy wmuhf
dkve tm fepecf mc tde`r spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie wd`ad gky dkve
amge tm tdeg tdrmuid tde`r kcaestmrs but, kt tde skge t`ge, tdere `s
irekt r`sn kcf k ser`mus fkcier `cvmhvef `c rehy`ci smhehy mc tde
ev`fecae ml w`tcess i`vec lrmg pure gegmry beakuse tde w`tcess
wdm kre `cterestef cmrgkhhy dkve k tecfecay tm frkw gmre lrmg tde`r
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`gki`ckt`mc mr turc kcf tw`st tde lkats wd`ad tdey gky dkve dekrf
lrmg tde`r kcaestmrs `c mrfer tm dehp tde pkrt`es lmr wdmg tdey kre
fepms`ci. Vde amurt, gust tderelmre skleiukrf tdkt tde ev`fecae ml
suad w`tcess gky cmt be kaaeptef ks `t `s bksef purehy mc `gki`ckt`mc
mr kc `gki`ckry mr `hhusmry smurae ml `clmrgkt`mc rktder tdkc spea`kh
gekcs ml ncmwhefie ks requ`ref by hkw. Vde mrkh test`gmcy mr tde
w`tcess mc td`s gktter `s bmucf tm be dekrsky kcf tde`r ev`fecae `s
kfg`ss`bhe ks kc exaept`mc tm tde iecerkh ruhe wdere dekrsky ev`fecae
`s cmt kfg`ss`bhe. @c tde kpprea`kt`mc ml ev`fecae ml suad w`tcesses,
tde pr`ca`phes tm be bmrce `c g`cf kre: (;) Vde rehkt`mcsd`p mr tde
amcceat`mc dmwever ahmse `t gky be, wd`ad tde w`tcess bekrs tm tde
persmcs wdmse pef`iree `s smuidt tm be fepmsef by d`g. (2) Vde
ckture kcf adkrkater ml tde spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie tdrmuid
wd`ad tde w`tcess dks amge tm ncmw kbmut tde pef`iree. (1) Vde
`cterestef ckture ml tde w`tcess amcaercef. (6) Vde preakut`mc wd`ad
gust be tknec tm ruhe mut kcy lkhse stktegect gkfe by tde w`tcess
pmst h`teg gmtkg mr mce wd`ad `s fer`vef cmt by gekcs ml spea`khncmwhefie but purehy lrmg d`s `gki`ckt`mc, kcf (5) Vde ev`fecae ml
tde w`tcess gust be substkct`khhy amrrmbmrktef ks lkr ks t`ge kcf
gegmry kfg`t.‗
9. Gmremver pet`t`mcer lkhsehy ahk`gs tdkt tde cmc-kh`eckt`mc per`mf
`s 2? yekrs. Vd`s `s lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc kcf kbuse ml
prmaess ml amurt. Vde lrkuf upmc pkrty `s khsm lrkuf upmc amurt
wd`ad ceefs ser`mus amcfegckt`mc. @c Kruc`gk Bkrukd vs Uc`mc ml
@cf`k & Mrs 2??9 (<) saa ;2? ‘@t `s tr`te hkw tdkt sm ks tm eckbhe tde
amurt tm reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc suppress`mc
gust be ml gkter`kh lkat. Ydkt wmuhf be k gkter`kh lkat, suppress`mc
wdereml wmuhf f`sect`the tde kppehhkct tm mbtk`c k f`saret`mckry reh`el,
wmuhf fepecf upmc tde lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml ekad akse. Gkter`kh
lkat wmuhf gekc gkter`kh lmr tde purpmse ml feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s,
tde hmi`akh amrmhhkry wdereml wmuhf be tdkt wdetder tde skge wks
gkter`kh lmr irkct mr fec`kh ml tde reh`el. @l tde lkat suppressef `s cmt
gkter`kh lmr feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s betweec tde pkrt`es, tde amurt
gky cmt reluse tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc. @t `s khsm tr`te
tdkt k persmc `cvmn`ci tde f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc ml tde amurt
akccmt be khhmwef tm kpprmkad `t w`td k pk`r ml f`rty dkcfs.‗
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4. Khtdmuid bmtd survey cugbers (;?/6< & ;?/69) kre gect`mcef `c
tde kpph`akt`mc/_et`t`mc. Mchy tde skhe feef w`td Rei`strkt`mc cm.
49?/0<-09 `s be`ci adkhhecief by tde pet`t`mcer. Vde skhe feef
amvers mchy Qurvey cugber ;?/6< , hkter cugber ;?/p25 kcf
presect survey cugber ;54. Vde revecue reamrfs prmfuaef by
pet`t`mcer `s tdkt ml ;?/p1;(RVA), ;?/p1?(RVA), ;?/5?(IRKCV
AERV@L@AKVE), ;?/69(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE), wd`ad kre `rrehevkct
reamrfs, tde rest ml tde reamrfs fmes cmt prmve kcy kspeats. Vde
ahk`gs gkfe by pet`t`mcer d`gsehl ucfer irekt susp`a`mus gmfe
kcf decae h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef. @t `s n`cfhy brmuidt tm tde n`cf
kttect`mc ml Dmc‐bhe amurt tde mbservkt`mcs ml Quprege amurt `c VDE
QVKVE ML KCFDRK _RKFEQD & KCMVDER \. V.QURPKADKCFRK RKM,
^(2??5) < QAA ;60W, wdere`c tde Dmcmurkbhe Quprege Amurt dks
mbservef ks lmhhmws: " "Lrkuf" ks `s wehh ncmwc v`t`ktes every smhegc
kat. Lrkuf kcf just`ae cever fwehh tmietder. Lrkuf `s k amcfuat e`tder
by hetter mr wmrfs, wd`ad `cahufes tde mtder persmc mr kutdmr`ty tmtkne k fel`c`te feterg`ckt`ve stkcf ks k respmcse tm tde amcfuat ml tde
lmrger e`tder by wmrfs mr hetter. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt
g`srepresectkt`mc `tsehl kgmucts tm lrkuf. @cfeef, `ccmaect
g`srepresectkt`mc gky khsm i`ve reksmc tm ahk`g reh`el kik`cst lrkuf. K
lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc `s akhhef feae`t kcf amcs`sts `c hekf`ci k
gkc `ctm fkgkie by w`hhluhhy mr reanhesshy akus`ci d`g tm beh`eve kcf
kat mc lkhsedmmf. @t `s k lrkuf `c hkw `l k pkrty gknes represectkt`mcs,
wd`ad de ncmws tm be lkhse, kcf `cjury ecures tderelrmg khtdmuid tde
gmt`ve lrmg wd`ad tde represectkt`mcs prmaeefef gky cmt dkve beec
bkf. Kc kat ml lrkuf mc amurt `s khwkys v`ewef ser`mushy. K amhhus`mc mr
amcsp`rkay w`td k v`ew tm fepr`ve tde r`idts ml tde mtders `c rehkt`mc
tm k prmperty wmuhf recfer tde trkcskat`mc vm`f kb `c`t`m.
0. @t akc be seec tdkt lmr survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 k persmcs
by ckge mce Ckrkykckswkgy & Gkcjucktdk , ahk`g`ci tm be
irkcfsmcs ml mce Rkgkppk s/m Qktykppk kcf nkfkrkggk w/m
Rkgkppk a hk`gs tm dkve beec irkctee‐s ml tde skge hkcf v`fe _VAH
;9/?<-?9 belmre td`s Dmc‐bhe amurt . Vde vers`mcs ml bmtd tde
pet`t`mcs akc be amgpkref tdere `s cm f`llerecae `c kcy wmrfs
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exaept tdkt ml pkrt`es ckges kcf adkhhecief skhe feef cugber.
L`h`ci fkte `s skge. Vd`s sdmws smge amhhus`ve kttegpt by bmtd
tdese pkrt`es. @c tdese fkys `t `s mc `carekse ml tde dkb`ts ml severkh
`gpersmckt`ci/l`at`t`mus pemphe tm g`suse tde hkw kcf amurt
prmaess w`td lkhse kcf g`shekf`ci represectkt`mcs lmr tde`r
persmckh ik`cs tdrmuid bhkangk`h`ci tkat`as kcf setthegects.
Just`ae QreefdkrRkm ml Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt `c _ecck`kd Kcf Mrs. vs
Vd`ppkggk K@R 2??6 Nkct 666 dks dehf tdkt ‘Ydec tde fmaugects ml
t`the reh`ef mc by tde phk`ct`ll fmes cmt amrrespmcf w`td tde su`t
sadefuhe prmperty kcf `c tde kbsecae ml ceaesskry phekf`ci kcf prmml,
tde kppehhkte Amurt wks wrmci `c feahkr`ci tde t`the ml tde phk`ct`ll.
Gky be tdkt tde felecfkct dks cmt prmvef t`the ml d`s vecfmr, but,
cmcetdehess tde felecfkct `s dehf tm be `c pmssess`mc ml tde su`t
prmperty, wdec tde phk`ct`ll dks lk`hef tm prmve t`the, de wmuhf cmt be
ect`thef tm reh`el ml pmssess`mc `rrespeat`ve ml tde vkh`f t`the ml tde
felecfkct. @c tdkt v`ew ml tde gktter> tde kpprea`kt`mc ml lkats kcf
ev`fecae kcf tde `clerecae frkwc `s perverse kcf amctrkry tm hkw kcfev`fecae mc reamrf.‗
;?. Vde pet`t`mc `s cmt l`hef ks per tde Ruhe kpph`akbhe. Fesp`te
respmcfects mbjeat`mcs kcf fesp`te represectkt`mc by hekrcef
kfvmakte mc bedkhl ml pet`t`mcers s`fe, pet`t`mcers lk`hef tm amgphy
tde ruhe ml hkw. Mc td`s amuct pet`t`mc `s h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef.
Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_VAH) Ruhes ;090
were tm be lmhhmwef belmre `ssu`ci cmt`ae tm kh`ecee. But `c td`s akse
suad ruhe dks cmt beec lmhhmwef. Vde cmc lmhhmw`ci ml suad ruhes
`tsehl sdmws pet`t`mcers dkve cmt kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs
kcf tdey dkve exera`sef lrkuf mc tde kutdmr`ty by l`h`ci kc `camgphete
pet`t`mc wd`ad `s v`mhkt`ve ml ruhes. HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Vde
Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef 25-?<-;041 v`fe A`rauhkr
Cugber RF 1; HI_ 41 Y`td k Qubjeat ml @gphegectkt`mc ml D`id
Amurt Mrfer fktef ;?-;-;041. @c Y._.Cms. ;?<96, ;?9;?, ;6?2<,
;<610. ;4462, 22149, 21?26 ML ;04?, 125?, ;95<9 kcf ;95<4 ml
;04; ;<<<1 kcf ;9;?; tm ;9;?1 ml ;042 ‑ Quiiest`mcs gkfe by tde
F`v`s`mc Becad, reikrf`ci tde sgmmtd kcf prmper `gphegectkt`mc ml
tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef
Vr`bes (_VAH) Kat, ;094 ‑@t dks beec brmuidt tm tde cmt`ae ml
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Imvercgect tdkt k hkrie cugber ml kh`ecess tdkt dkf reae`vef sdmw
akuse cmt`aes lrmg tde Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcers ml tde kreks mr tde
mrfers gkfe by tdeg, adkhhecief tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Nkrcktknk
Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes Kat, ;094, tde sdmw akuse
cmt`aes mr tde mrfers tdere tm gkfe kik`cst tdeg. Vde pet`t`mcers
kik`cst wdmg l`ckh mrfers dkve beec gkfe by tde respeat`ve Kss`stkct
Amgg`ss`mcers dkve adkhhecief tde Kat kcf tde mrfers gkfe kik`cst
tdeg. @t `s khsm pm`ctef mut tdkt `c gmst ml tde akses tde sdmw akuse
cmt`aes `ssuef tm tde kh`ecees tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers fm cmt set
mut kcy ml tde fetk`hs requ`ref by tde Ruhes. Belmre `ssu`ci tde sdmw
akuse cmt`aes tm tde kh`ecees, `t `s prmper lmr tde Kss`stkct
Amgg`ss`mcers tm amhheat khh suad `clmrgkt`mc ks tdey akc kcf ahekrhy
set mut khh tde irmucfs mc wd`ad tde kh`eckt`mc `s prmpmsef tm be
kccuhef, sm tdkt tde kh`ecee akc skt`slkatmr`hy stkte d`s akse khsm belmre
tde kutdmr`ty. Vde sdmw akuse cmt`ae gust be k sehl-amctk`cef mce,
i`v`ci irmucfs lmr prmaeef`cis kik`cst tde kh`ecee tde ckture ml
v`mhkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml Hkw kcf tde purpmse lmr wd`ad tdecmt`ae `s `ssuef kcf tm sdmw akuse wdy tde skhe trkcskat`mc sdmuhf cmt
be dehf vm`f. Vde cmt`ae sdmuhf khsm amctk`c pkttkfkr, tde amcf`t`mcs
kttkadef tm `t kcf tde v`mhkt`mcs ml tde amcf`t`mcs `c td`s skhe, sdmuhf
be spea`l`akhhy gect`mcef sm tdkt k reksmckbhe mppmrtuc`ty wmuhf
dkve beec i`vec tm tde kh`ecee tm exphk`c d`s pms`t`mc d`s pms`t`mc `c
ahekr tergs………………..‗.
;;. Vde pet`t`mc `s kaamgpkc`ef by Termx amp`es ml severkh fmaugects.
Vdmse fmaugects cmt mchy reh`kbhe kcf pet`t`mcer gkfe cm ellmrt tm
suggmc mr`i`ckh fmaugects. Hkpse mc tde pkrt ml pet`t`mcer tm
lmhhmw tde hkw ml hkcf fmes cmt ect`the d`g lmr kcy reh`el. Vde Termx
ampy ml fmaugects subg`ttef by pet`t`mcers sdmw tdkt mce
Ikcik ppk‐s hkcf `c phmt cugber ;?/5? fmaugect `s prmfuaef tm
ahk`g hkcf `c phmt ;?/6<. Vde persmc Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk `s
f`llerect lrmg Ad`annkikcikppk s/m sktykppk. HKY
AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Imvercgect ml Nkrcktknk v`fe `ts a`rauhkr fktef 1;-
?5-;00? `c A`rauhkr cugber: RF 09 HI_ 0? dkve spea`l`akhhy f`reatef
cmt tm kaaept pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte
pkrt`es tm tkne `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm
skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Vde a`rauhkr skys h`ne
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td`s ‘@t dks amge tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect, tdkt tde l`ehf heveh
Mll`aers amg`ci ucfer tde amctrmh ml Revecue Fepkrtgect, h`ne
Qtkgps kcf Rei`strkt`mc Fepkrtgect, Qurvey Qetthegect kcf Hkcf
Reamrfs Fepkrtgect, Guzrk` kcf wknl Fepkrtgect kcf mtder
fepkrtgects kre kaaept`ci pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef
by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es kcf kre tkn`ci `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut
ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde
fmaugect. Qubsequect `cvest`ikt`mc dks revekhef tdkt gmst ml tde
fmaugects were bmius kcf arektef by tde pkrt`es. Vd`s prkat`ae `s
iecerkhhy cmt`aef `c rei`ster`ci tde Revecue Q`tes rmucf kbmut
Bkcikhmre A`ty. Vd`s dks tm be stmppef lmrtdw`td ks mtderw`se pkrt`es
wmuhf evkfe tde heikh prmv`s`mcs w`td `gpuc`ty kcf khsm gky resuht `c
dekvy hmss ml tde revecue tm Imvercgect. @t `s, tderelmre, `cstruatef
tdkt tde pdmtmstkt amp`es ml tde fmaugect `s cmt k heikh ev`fecae kcf
sdmuhf cmt be kaaeptef `c kcy prmaeef`cis uchess pkrt`es prmfuae
s`guhtkcemushy tde mr`i`ckh tdereml. Vde Mll`aer kaaept`ci tdese
fmaugects skt`sly d`gsehl klter ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckh ks tm tdekutdcect`a`ty kcf put k aert`l`akte tm tdkt elleat mc tde pdmtmstkt ampy
ml tde fmaugect. Vd`s prmaefure sdmuhf be lmhhmwef saruphmushy. Kcy
hkpse `c lmhhmw`ci td`s prmaefure w`hh be v`ewef ser`mushy kcf gkne
mll`aer respmcs`bhe lmr tde g`sfeef.‗
;2. Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef ;<-?4-;005 `c A`rauhkr
Cm: RF 09 HI_ 46 skys tdkt ‘Vde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers kcf
Feputy Amgg`ss`mcers kre f`reatef tm lmhhmw tde i`vec `cstruat`mcs
sarupuhmushy wd`he fea`f`ci suad akses by qumt`ci Quprege amurt
fea`s`mc. Vde Quprege Amurt wd`he updmhf`ci tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Kat
dks gkfe lmhhmw`ci mbservkt`mcs, ckgehy:- "Vdmuid we dkve amge tm
tde amcahus`mc tdkt tde Kat `s vkh`f, yet, `c mur mp`c`mc, we dkve tm
gkne aertk`c kspeats ahekr. Irkctef hkcfs wd`ad dkf beec trkcslerref
klter tde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml prmd`b`t`mc fm cmt amge w`td`c tde
purv`ew ml tde Kat, kcf akccmt be prmaeefef kik`cst ucfer tde
prmv`s`mcs ml td`s Kat. Vde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat gkne td`s pms`t`mc
ahekr, ks Qs. 6 kcf 5 beamge kpph`akbhe mchy wdec irkctef hkcfs kre
trkcslerref `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc rehkt`ci tm prmd`b`t`mc mc
trkcsler ml suad irkctef hkcfs. Irkctef hkcfs trkcslerref belmre tde
amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf cmt `c amctrkvect`mc ml prmd`b`t`mc mc
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trkcsler kre ahekrhy beymcf tde sampe kcf purv`ew ml tde presect Kat.
Khsm `c akse wdere irkctef hkcfs dkf beec trkcslerref belmre tde
amggecaegect ml tde Kat `c v`mhkt`mc tde amcf`t`mc reikrf`ci
prmd`b`t`mc mc suad trkcsler kcf tde trkcsleree wdm dkf `c`t`khhy
kaqu`ref mchy k vm`fkbhe t`the `c suad irkctef hkcfs dkf perleatef d`s
t`the `c tde irkctef hkcfs by presar`pt`mc by hmci kcf amct`cumus
ecjmygect tdereml `c kaamrfkcae w`td hkw belmre tde amggecaegect
ml tde Kat, suad irkctef hkcfs wmuhf khsm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew
ml tde presect Kat, ks tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees tm tde irkctef hkcfs
dks beec perleatef belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat. Q`cae kt tde
fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees dkf
aeksef tm be vm`fkbhe by reksmc ml kaqu`s`t`mc ml presar`pt`ve r`idts
mc kaamuct ml hmci kcf amct`cuef user lmr tde requ`s`te per`mf, tde
t`the ml suad trkcslerees amuhf cmt be recferef vm`f by v`rtue ml tde
prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat w`tdmut v`mhkt`ci tde amcst`tut`mckh iukrkctee.
Ye gust, tderelmre, rekf fmwc tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat by dmhf`ci
tdkt tde Kat w`hh kpphy tm trkcslers ml irkctef hkcfs gkfe `c brekad mltde amcf`t`mc `gpms`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml irkctef hkcfs mchy
`c tdmse akses wdere tde t`the kaqu`ref by tde trkcsleree wks st`hh
vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf dkf cmt hmst
`ts feleks`bhe adkrkater kt tde fkte wdec tde Kat akge `ctm lmrae.
Vrkcslerees ml irkctef hkcfs kcf cmt dkv`ci k perleatef kcf cmt k
vm`fkbhe t`the kt tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat gust be dehf tm be
muts`fe tde pkhe ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat. Q.6 ml tde Kat gust be sm
amcstruef ks cmt tm dkve tde elleat ml recfer`ci vm`f tde t`the ml kcy
trkcsleree wd`ad wks cmt vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect
ml tde Kat".
;1. _EV@V@MCER DKQ CMV LMHHMYEF VDE LMHHMY@CI RUHE : Ucfer
tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_rmd`b`t`mc ml
Vrkcsler ml Aertk`c Hkcfs) Ruhes, ;090. Ruhe 1(;) tm (1) skys
1. Resugpt`mc kcf rest`tut`mc ml irkctef hkcfs:-
(;) Every kpph`akt`mc by kcy `cterestef persmc ucfer seat`mc 5 sdkhh be `c
lmrg-@.
(2) Mc reae`pt ml kc kpph`akt`mc mr `clmrgkt`mc ucfer sub-seat`mc (;) ml
seat`mc 5, tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky f`reat tde kpph`akct mr `clmrgkct,
ks tde akse gky be, tm lurc`sd suad lurtder pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc ks gky
be requ`ref kcf l`x k fkte lmr lurc`sd`ci tde skge.
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(1) Klter reae`pt ml tde pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc `l kcy, akhhef lmr ucfer
sub:- ruhe (2), tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer sdkhh, by k cmt`ae `c lmrg @@,
requ`re tde persmc mr persmcs `c pmssess`mc ml tde irkctef hkcf tm l`he
mbjeat`mcs, tm tde ahk`g w`td fmaugectkry ev`fecae, `l kcy, w`td`c suad
reksmckbhe t`ge, ks tde kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky td`cn l`t `c tde
a`raugstkcaes ml tde akse.
LMRG @
^Qee ruhe 1 (2)W
K__H@AKV@MC
;. Ckge ml tde kpph`akct (irkctee) w`td luhh kffress.
2. Ckture ml tde hkcf. `.e., ikrfec mr wet mr fry w`td kssessgect. Extect
1. Fetk`hs ml tde hkcf. \`hhkie/ Qurvey Vkhun Cugbers Kares Iuctks
6. Ckge (s) ml tde puradkser mr exadkcier mr gmrtikier mr heksee eta. ks tde
akse gky be, (w`td luhh kffress).
5. Ckture ml kaqu`r`ci tde Hkcf by tde irkctee (`.e. E`tder irkctef ucfer
Fdkr- nkst ruhes mr mtder spea`kh Ruhes w`td Mrfer Cm. kcf Fkte ml skcat`mc)
<. Vmtkh kgmuct lmr wd`ad tde Irkctef hkcf dks beec F`spmsef kcf
pkrt`auhkrs ml tde rei`steref fmaugect, ̀ l kcy.
9. Br`el reksmcs lmr tde f`spmskh.
4. Kcy mtder rehevect `clmrgkt`mc `c suppmrt ml tde ahk`g.
;6. L`h`ci pet`t`mc w`td lkbr`aktef fmaugects `s amcfegcef by D`id
amurt ml Nkrcktknk `c ser`mus wmrfs. @c Ayr`h F'Qmuzk vs _mcnrk
Guierk Kcf Mtders ;004 (;) NkrHJ <50, Just`ae D C V`hdkr` ‘Vd`s wr`t
pet`t`mc dks imt cm ger`ts kcf `t, `c gy mp`c`mc sdmuhf be f`sg`ssef
w`td k cmte ml akut`mc tm tde gegbers ml tde Bkr kcf tde Amucseh ml
tde pet`t`mcer ks wehh, tdkt `c luture, tde Amucsehs sdmuhf be very
akut`mus `c frklt`ci, l`h`ci tde pet`t`mcs, kll`fkv`t eta. kcf see tdkt tde
pkrt`es fm cmt l`he wr`t pet`t`mcs eta. w`td purief kcf lmrief
fmaugects, mtderw`se, tdey gky dkve tm lkae tde ser`mus
amcsequecaes. @cstekf, td`s pet`t`mc kppekrs tm be kc kttegpt ml tde
pet`t`mcer tm prmaure smge mrfer lrmg tde Amurt mc tde bks`s ml kc
kireegect wd`ad pr`gk lka`e kppekrs tm be kc kcte-fktef fmaugect
prepkref klter tdkt fkte kcf `t pr`gk lka`e sdmws tdkt k lkhse
fmaugect dks beec l`hef w`td lkhse khheikt`mcs, beakuse `l pet`t`mcer
wmuhf dkve beec `c pmssess`mc, peckhty wmuhf dkve beec rekh`sef
lrmg d`g, tde khheikt`mcs `c tde pet`t`mc tdkt tde pet`t`mcer dkf beec
`c pmssess`mc kcf tde fkte ml irkct khsm kppekrs tm be lkhse. L`h`ci k
lkhse kll`fkv`t kcf l`h`ci lmrief fmaugect, ks per hkw hk`f fmwc by tde
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Quprege Amurt `s cmtd`ci but kc kat `hheikh, `cterler`ci w`td tde
prmper kfg`c`strkt`mc ml just`ae kcf `t pr`gk lka`e gknes mut k akse
lmr amctegpt.‗
Yderelmre tde Dmc‐bhe amurt gky be pheksef tm f`sg`ss tde pet`t`mc mlpet`t`mcer ks cmt gk`ctk`ckbhe `c v`ew ml heikh pm`cts ks eh`a`tef kbmve.
Fkte
_hkae: Ad`annkbkhhkpur Kfvmakte lmr Respmcfect
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@C VDE AMURV ML FE_UVP AMGG@QQ@MCER KV
AD@ANNKBKHK_UR
_VAH (K) /2?;;-;2
K__EHHKCV \Q REQ_MCFECVQ
@NRKG _KQDK GUC@RKJU & FE\KRKJU
YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ MC BEDKHL ML K__EHHKCV:-
Vd`s akse `s kc kppekh mver tde mrfers ml _VAH ;4/2??<-?9 fktef 1;-?;-2?;;
mc tde l`he ml Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer Ad`annkbkhkpur. Vde _VAH ;4/2??<-?9
akse wks l`hef by respmcfects mc 21-?<-2??< by k bkhf pet`t`mc stkt`ci
lmhhmw`ci pm`cts.
0. Vdey ahk`g tm be irkcfsmcs ml Ad`annkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk &
Qmctkggk w/m Ad`annkikcikppk.
;?. Vdey ahk`g tm behmci tm sadefuhe akste.
;;. Vdey ahk`g tm dkve imt tde hkcf irkctef v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 fktef
;9-?1-;04;.
;2. Vdey ahk`g tde hkcf 1-?? kares ekad `c survey cugber ;?/6< kcf
;?/69 `c Bkhkj`ikpkfe irkgk.
;1. Vdey ahk`g tdkt mce Guc`ykppk, Ckcjkppk, Qd`vkppk smcs ml
Ad`annkikcikppk dkve smhf tde kbmve hkcf w`tdmut tde`r ncmwhefie.
;6. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdere `s 2? yekr cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf kcf w`td`c tdkt
per`mf skhe dks beec gkfe v`mhkt`ci skhe amcf`t`mc.
;5. Vdey ahk`g tdkt tdrmuid Rei`ster cm. 49?/0<-09 fktef 2<-?<-;00<
klter v`mhkt`ci irkct amcf`t`mc dkve smhf irkctef hkcf.
;<. Vde fmaugects kccexef `c suppmrt ml tde pet`t`mc kre tde lmhhmw`ci
j. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1; ndktdk cugber 45 kcf GR Cm.
21/0<-09. Fktef 22-?<-2??<.
n. RVA ml survey cugber ;?/p1? ndktdk cugber 2? kcf GR Cm.
0/2??6-?5. Fktef 22-?<-2??<.
h. Akste aert`l`akte fktef ;<-?<-2??< i`vec tm Fevkrkjk s/m Ckcjkppk
lmr tkn`ci hmkc.
g. Akste Aert`l`akte fktef ;5-?<-2??< i`vec tm Guc`rkju s/m
Guc`ykppk.
c. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk
fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman cugber 5?, v`fe
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HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm. ;429/;04?-4;
extect 1 kares ?2 iuctks `cahuf`ci ?-?2 iuctks ml put ndkrkb. ;5
yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc amcf`t`mc
m. RVA lmr tde yekr ;005-0< lmr Qurvey cugber ;?/6< fktef 22-?9-
;00<.
p. GR 1;/0;-02 fktef 21-?2-;005 lmr survey cugber ;?/6<.
q. Irkct Aert`l`akte ampy `c tde ckge ml Qmctkggk w/m
Ad`annkikcikppk fktef ;9-?1-;04; , Qurvey cugber: ;?, Bhman
cugber 69, v`fe HCF Cm. 2190/96-95 fktef 20-;?-;099, FR cm.
;42</;04?-4; extect 1 kares ?? iuctks, ;5 yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc
amcf`t`mc.
r. Ampy ml I-Vree (\kgsdkvrunsdk) ml mce Ad`annkikcikppk ks
stktef by Guc`ykppk fktef ?<-;?-2??5
Vde respmcfect `c tdkt akse kcf kppehhkct dere`c dks tknec tde lmhhmw`ci
stkcf `c d`s stktegect.
9. Vde pet`t`mcers ahk`gs kre tmtkhhy fec`ef.
4. Vde pet`t`mcers kre fec`ef tm be irkcf ad`hfrec ml mr̀ i`ckh irkctees.
0. Vde vkgsdkvrunsdk kcf tde akste aert`l`akte kre ahk`gef ks lkhse
lkbr`aktef amcamatef kcf arektef lmr tde purpmse ml l`h`ci lkhse
pet`t`mc.
;?. Qkhe Vrkcskat`mc relerref tm `c ahk`gef tm ks —`t fmes cmt v`mhktef kcy
irkct amcf`t`mc‐.
;;. Hkcf mr`i`ckhhy irkctef tm mce Qr` Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m Qktykppk
geksur`ci 1 kares ks per mrfer fktef 20-;?-;099 v`fe cm. 2190/96-
95.
;2. Vde skhe tmmn phkae klter per`mf ml ;5 yekrs lrmg tde irkct t`ge.
F@Q_UVEF LKAVQ:-
6. _et`t`mcers rehkt`mcsd`p w`td irkctee‐s kre f`sputef.
5. Irkctee‐s akste `s cmt kaaeptef ks lrmg fepressef ahkss. _VAH
prmv`s`mcs decae cmt kttrkatef.
<. Irkct amcf`t`mc v`mhkt`mc f`sputef.
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_M@CVQ LMR FEVERG@CKV@MC:-
4. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr sadefuhef akste mr sadefuhef tr`be persmc.
0. Fmes tde hkcf irkctef lmr upset pr`ae mr lree irkct.
;?. Fmes tde hkcf irkct amctk`c 2? yekrs cmc kh`eckt`mc per`mf ks ahk`gef.
;;. Fmes tde fmaugects reh`ef by pet`t`mcer kre iecu`ce kcf reh`kbhe.
;2. Fmes tde pet`t`mc `s gk`ctk`ckbhe `c tde presect lmrg.
;1. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer kpprmkadef amurt `c t`ge lmr reh`el.
;6. Fmes tde pet`t`mcer dks kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs.
@csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve lkats tm tde cmt`ae ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer,
de dks mverhmmnef tde kbmve amctect`mcs `c tde `gpucief mrfer.
VDE LMHHMY@CI HEIKH FELEAVQ KCF FRKYBKANQ YERE CMV VKNEC
@CVM AMCQ@FERKV@MC BP VDE KQQ@QVKCV AMGG@QQ@MCER YD@HE
_RMCMUCA@CI D@Q MRFER, @CQ_@VE ML BR@CI@CI GKVVERQ @CVM D@Q
AMCQ@FERKV@MC BP YKP ML YR@VVEC KRIUGECVQ:-
;5. Cm p`eae ml fmaugect `s phkaef by respmcfects belmre tde hmwer
amurt tm sdmw tdkt mr`i`ckh irkctee behmief tm QA mr QV. @c tde akse
ml Kbfuh Dkq Qdkgsduff`c Qkdeb v. Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer, Uttkrk
Nkcckfk F`str`at, Nkrwkr kcf Mrs., belmr Dmc‐bhe D`id Amurt ml
Nkrcktknk Repmrtef `c 2??2(5) Nkr. H.J. ;?0 dehf tdkt ‘Vm `cvmne tde
prmv`s`mcs ml tde _VAH Kat `t gust be sdmwc tdkt tde hkcf wks irkctef
tm k persmc behmci`ci tm Qadefuhef Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mchy mc
tdkt amuct kcf cmt mtderw`se. Vd`s `s gmre sm, s`cae h`ne tde prmv`s`mcs
ml tde Hkcf Relmrgs Kat kcy persmc behmci`ci tm e`tder Qadefuhef
Akste mr Qadefuhef Vr`be mr evec d`ider ahkss akc ahk`g irkct ml
maaupkcay r`idt kcf, `l de sdmws amgph`kcae w`td tde ceaesskry
amcf`t`mcs, de `s ect`thef lmr suad amclergect ml maaupkcay r`idts mr
irkct ml tde hkcf. Kt tdkt stkie, `t `s cmt ceaesskry tdkt de sdmuhf
behmci tm k pkrt`auhkr akste mr amgguc`ty.‗
;<. Vde pet`t`mcers `c hmwer amurt dks prmfuaef k amcamatef fmaugect
ml mce Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk ahk`g`ci `t ks Ad`nnkikcikppk s/m
Qktykppk. @t sdmws respmcfects kre ucsure kbmut tde`r ahk`gef
kcaestmrs rekh`ty. @t sdmws tdey kre `icmrkct ml tde`r ahk`gef
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kcaestmr. Ydetder Ikcikppk mr Ad`annkikcikppk `s tde amctrkry
td`cis wd`ad `s cmt exphk`cef by respmcfects `c hmwer amurt kcf
tde sk`f lkat khsm be`ci ceiheatef by tde hmwer amurt `c `ts mrfer.
Vdey spekn mce td`ci `c pet`t`mc, tdey prmfuae fmaugects wd`ad
spekn mtder td`cis. _hekf`cis kcf prmml wmct tkhhy `c tde`r akse.
Vde bks`a ruhe ml hkw ml phekf`cis `s, tdkt k pkrty akc mchy suaaeef
kaamrf`ci tm wdkt de dks khheief kcf prmvef, mtderw`se, mc tde
pr`ca`phe ml 'seaucfug khheiktk kt et prmbktk' k pkrty `s cmt khhmwef tm
suaaeef, wdere de dks cmt set up tde akse wd`ad de wkcts tm
substkct`kte. Vd`s ruhe tdkt phekf`cis kcf prmml gust amrrespmcf,
rests upmc tde pr`ca`phe tdkt cm pkrty sdmuhf be prejuf`aef by be`ci
tknec by surpr`se by vkry`ci tde akse ks mr`i`ckhhy set up. Cm kgmuct
ml ev`fecae akc be hmmnef `ctm upmc k phek wd`ad wks cever put
lmrwkrf. Vde true sampe ml td`s ruhe `s tdkt ev`fecae het `c mc `ssues mc
wd`ad tde pkrt`es katukhhy wect tm tr`kh sdmuhf cmt be gkfe tde
lmucfkt`mc lmr fea`s`mc ml kcmtder kcf f`llerect `ssue, wd`ad wks cmt
presect tm tde g`cfs ml tde pkrt`es kcf mc wd`ad tdey dkf cmmppmrtuc`ty ml kffua`ci ev`fecae. @c A.C. Ckiecfrk Q`cid vs Vde
Qpea`kh Feputy Amgg`ss`mcer Kcf Mrs. (@HR 2??2 NKR 295?) Vde
Dmcbhe D`id amurt ml Nkrcktknk Dehf tdkt : ‘Vde fea`s`mc ml tde
Revecue Amurts dks tm be ceaesskr`hy bksef mc tde ucf`sputef lkats.‗
@csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml
Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc
tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by D`id
Amurts kcf Quprege amurt. @c kff`t`mc `kg br`ci`ci tm ymur n`cf
kttect`mc tde pr`ca`phe ml hkw ks eh`a`tef ̀ c I. Jkikf`sd Kcf Kcr. vs B.Q.
Ikcesdk Rkm @HR ;004 NKR ;?<9 ‘Vde vkr`kt`mc betweec tde
phekf`cis kcf prmml kssuges `gpmrtkcae `c kpprea`kt`ci tde
bmckl`fes ml tde pkrt`es…….‗
;9. Qurvey cugber ;?/6< `s k irkctef hkcf kcf tde irkct `s gkfe mc
20-;?-;099 v`fe HCF 2190/96-95 kcf tde pmssess`mc `s i`vec mc
;9-?1-;04;, tde skhe `s gkfe by de`rs ml irkctee mc 24-?<-;00<
tdkt `s klter ;5 yekrs 1 gmctds ;; fkys. Vde skhe `s k rei`steref
skhe. Evec `l kcy mce dks beec elleatef by suad skhe `t sdmuhf dkve
beec quest`mcef w`td`c 1 yekrs ks per Krt`ahe ;19 ml H`g`tkt`mc kat.
@c Nkghesd Bkbu & Mrs vs Hkjpkt Rk` Qdkrgk & Mrs 2??4 (<) QAR
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<51 @t `s wehh setthef tdkt Qeat`mc 1(;) ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat aksts k
futy upmc tde amurt tm f`sg`ss k su`t mr kc kppekh mr kc kpph`akt`mc, `l
gkfe klter tde presar`bef per`mf, khtdmuid, h`g`tkt`mc `s cmt set up ks
k felecae. Kpex Amurt `c tde akse ml Nerkhk Qtkte Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf,
Vr`vkcfrug v. V._. Nucdkh`uggk K@R ;009 QA 242. Vde Kpex Amurt
dks hk`f fmwc tde hkw tdkt tde t`ge h`g`t ml tdree yekrs presar`bef
ucfer Krt`ahe ;19 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es tm kcy kpph`akt`mc l`hef
ucfer kcy Kat. Jkckrfdkckg _rkskf vs Rkgfks 2??9 (2 ) QAR ;5;
_mssess`mc ml tde su`t hkcf by tde kppehhkct khsm stkcfs kfg`ttef.
Rei`strkt`mc ml k fmaugect ks wehh ks pmssess`mc wmuhf amcst`tute
cmt`ae, ks `s ev`fect lrmg Qeat`mc 1 ml tde Vrkcsler ml _rmperty Kat,
;442, wd`ad `s `c tde lmhhmw`ci tergs : "...."k persmc `s sk`f tm dkve
cmt`ae" ml k lkat wdec de katukhhy ncmws tdkt lkat, mr wdec, but lmr
w`hluh kbstect`mc lrmg kc ecqu`ry mr sekrad wd`ad de muidt tm dkve
gkfe, mr irmss ceih`iecae, de wmuhf dkve ncmwc `t………… Exphkck`mc
@. Ydere kcy trkcskat`mc rehkt`ci tm `ggmvkbhe prmperty `s requ`ref
by hkw tm be kcf dks beec elleatef by k rei`steref `cstrugect, kcypersmc kaqu`r`ci suad prmperty mr kcy pkrt ml, mr sdkre mr `cterest `c,
suad prmperty sdkhh be feegef tm dkve cmt`ae ml suad `cstrugect ks
lrmg tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc………. @c tde fea`s`mc `c Qgt F`hbmm vs.
Qgt Fdkcrkj` K@R 2??? QA 1;6< , tde Kpex Amurt dks dehf tdkt
‘wdecever k fmaugect `s rei`steref, tde fkte ml rei`strkt`mc kats ks
tde fkte ml feegef ncmwhefie. @c mtder akses, wdec k lkat amuhf be
f`samveref by fue f`h`iecae, tdec feegef ncmwhefie amuhf be
kttr`butef tm tde phk`ct`ll beakuse k pkrty akccmt be khhmwef tm extecf
per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc by gerehy ahk`g`ci tdkt de dkf cm ncmwhefie.‗
@csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml
Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc
tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by
Quprege amurt.
;4. Dmwever tde respmcfects dkve cmt phkaef k p`eae ml pkper
sdmw`ci tdey kre tde fesaecfkcts ml mr`i`ckh irkctees. @C k akse ml
QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA
<46 `t wks mbservef mc I-VREE ks lmhhmws ‘Vde pr`ca`phes imverc`ci
suad akses kre: (`) Iecekhmi`es kfg`ttef mr prmvef tm be mhf kcf reh`ef
mc `c prev`mus akses kre fmubthess rehevkct kcf `c smge akses gky
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evec be amcahus`ve ml tde lkats prmvef, but tdere kre severkh
amcs`ferkt`mcs wd`ad gust be nept `c g`cf v`z.: (k) Qmurae ml tde
iecekhmiy kcf `ts fepecfkb`h`ty. (b) Kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml tde iecekhmiy
ucfer tde Ev`fecae Kat. (a) K prmper use `c fea`s`mcs mr jufigects mc
wd`ad reh`kcae `s phkaef. (f) Kie ml iecekhmi`es. (e) H`t`ikt`mcs wdere
suad iecekhmi`es dkve beec kaaeptef mr rejeatef. (2) Mc tde
quest`mc ml kfg`ss`b`h`ty tde lmhhmw`ci tests gust be kfmptef: (k)
Vde iecekhmi`es ml tde lkg`h`es amcaercef gust lkhh w`td`c tde lmur-
amrcers ml s. 12(5) mr s. ;1 ml tde Ev`fecae Kat. (b) Vdey gust cmt be
d`t by tde fmatr`ce ml pmst h`teg gmtkg. (a) Vde iecekhmi`es mr tde
ahk`gs akccmt be prmvef by rea`tkhs, fepms`t`mcs mr lkats ckrrktef `c
tde jufigect wd`ad dkve beec dehf by k hmci amurse ml fea`s`mcs tm be
`ckfg`ss`bhe. (f) Ydere iecekhmiy `s prmvef by mrkh ev`fecae, tde
sk`f ev`fecae gust ahekrhy sdmw spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie
f`sahms`ci tde exkat smurae, t`ge kcf tde a`raugstkcaes ucfer wd`ad
tde ncmwhefie `s kaqu`ref, kcf td`s gust be ahekrhy kcf amcahus`vehy
prmvef.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefieml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc
tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by
Quprege amurt.
;0. Hkter arektef fmaugects tm su`t tde`r lkhse ahk`gs fmes cmt f`sahmse
kcytd`ci kbmut tde mr`i`ckh irkctee. Ce`tder tde akste aert`l`akte
ml respmcfect f`sahmses tdkt tde akste ml irkctee `s skge ks tdkt ml
pet`t`mcer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK NR@QDCK Q@CID
& MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t wks mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘Kfg`ss`b`h t̀y ml k
fmaugect `s mce td`ci kcf `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue, qu`te kcmtder: k
fmaugect gky be kfg`ss`bhe kcf yet gky cmt akrry kcy amcv`at`mc
kcf we`idt mr `ts prmbkt`ve vkhue gky be c`h. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt
stktegects mr feahkrkt`mcs belmre persmcs ml amgpetect ncmwhefie
gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg kre reae`vkbhe tm prmve kca`ect r`idts ml k
pubh`a mr iecerkh ckture. Vde kfg`ss`b`h`ty ml suad feahkrkt`mcs `s,
dmwever, amcs`ferkbhy weknecef `l `t pertk`cs cmt tm pubh`a r`idts but
tm purehy pr`vkte r`idts. @t `s equkhhy wehh setthef tdkt feahkrkt`mcs mr
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wmuhf cmt be kfg`ss`bhe beakuse
`c akses mr prmaeef`cis tknec mr feahkrkt`mcs gkfe kcte h`teg gmtkg,
tde ehegect ml b`ks kcf amcamat`mc `s eh`g`cktef. Belmre, dmwever, tde
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stktegects ml tde ckture gect`mcef kbmve akc be kfg`ss`bhe ks be`ci
kcte h`teg gmtkg tdey gust cmt mchy be belmre tde katukh ex`stecae ml
kcy amctrmversy, but sdmuhf be gkfe evec belmre tde amggecaegect
ml heikh prmaeef`cis. Vd`s pms`t`mc dmwever akccmt dmhf immf ml
stktegects gkfe pmst h`teg gmtkg wd`ad wmuhf be ahekrhy
`ckfg`ss`bhe `c ev`fecae. Vde reksmc lmr td`s ruhe seegs tm be tdkt
klter k f`spute dks beiuc mr k heikh prmaeef`ci `s kbmut tm amggecae,
tde pmss`b`h`ty ml b`ks, amcamat`mc mr putt`ci up lkhse pheks akccmt be
ruhef mut.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie
ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc
tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by kcf
Quprege amurt.
2?. Mchy tde mhfest uc-f`sputef fmaugects h`ne kcy feahkrkt`mc ml
irkctee kbmut d`s akste fur`ci d`s h`le t`ge akc be best p`eae ml
ev`fecae wd`ad f`sahmses tde akste ml mr`i`ckh irkctee. @c tde
kbsecae ml suad p`eae ml ev`fecae, `t akccmt be kssugef mr presugef `c kcy gkccer. @C k akse ml QVKVE ML B@DKR \s. RKFDK
NR@QDCK Q@CID & MRQ. K@R ;041 QA <46 `t `s mbservef ks lmhhmws: ‘@c
amcs`fer`ci tde mrkh ev`fecae reikrf`ci k pef`iree k purehy
gktdegkt`akh kpprmkad akccmt be gkfe beakuse wdere k hmci h`ce ml
fesaect dks tm be prmvef sprekf`ci mver k aectury, `t `s' mbv`mus tdkt
tde w`tcesses wdm kre exkg`cef tm fepmse tm tde iecekhmiy wmuhf
dkve tm fepecf mc tde`r spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie wd`ad gky dkve
amge tm tdeg tdrmuid tde`r kcaestmrs but, kt tde skge t`ge, tdere `s
irekt r`sn kcf k ser`mus fkcier `cvmhvef `c rehy`ci smhehy mc tde
ev`fecae ml w`tcess i`vec lrmg pure gegmry beakuse tde w`tcess
wdm kre `cterestef cmrgkhhy dkve k tecfecay tm frkw gmre lrmg tde`r
`gki`ckt`mc mr turc kcf tw`st tde lkats wd`ad tdey gky dkve dekrf
lrmg tde`r kcaestmrs `c mrfer tm dehp tde pkrt`es lmr wdmg tdey kre
fepms`ci. Vde amurt, gust tderelmre skleiukrf tdkt tde ev`fecae ml
suad w`tcess gky cmt be kaaeptef ks `t `s bksef purehy mc `gki`ckt`mc
mr kc `gki`ckry mr `hhusmry smurae ml `clmrgkt`mc rktder tdkc spea`kh
gekcs ml ncmwhefie ks requ`ref by hkw. Vde mrkh test`gmcy mr tde
w`tcess mc td`s gktter `s bmucf tm be dekrsky kcf tde`r ev`fecae `s
kfg`ss`bhe ks kc exaept`mc tm tde iecerkh ruhe wdere dekrsky ev`fecae
`s cmt kfg`ss`bhe. @c tde kpprea`kt`mc ml ev`fecae ml suad w`tcesses,
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tde pr`ca`phes tm be bmrce `c g`cf kre: (;) Vde rehkt`mcsd`p mr tde
amcceat`mc dmwever ahmse `t gky be, wd`ad tde w`tcess bekrs tm tde
persmcs wdmse pef`iree `s smuidt tm be fepmsef by d`g. (2) Vde
ckture kcf adkrkater ml tde spea`kh gekcs ml ncmwhefie tdrmuid
wd`ad tde w`tcess dks amge tm ncmw kbmut tde pef`iree. (1) Vde
`cterestef ckture ml tde w`tcess amcaercef. (6) Vde preakut`mc wd`ad
gust be tknec tm ruhe mut kcy lkhse stktegect gkfe by tde w`tcess
pmst h`teg gmtkg mr mce wd`ad `s fer`vef cmt by gekcs ml spea`kh
ncmwhefie but purehy lrmg d`s `gki`ckt`mc, kcf (5) Vde ev`fecae ml
tde w`tcess gust be substkct`khhy amrrmbmrktef ks lkr ks t`ge kcf
gegmry kfg`t.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde
ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm
amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f
fmwc by Quprege amurt.
2;. Gmremver pet`t`mcer ml hmwer amurt kcf presect respmcfects
lkhsehy ahk`gs tdkt tde cmc-kh`eckt`mc per`mf `s 2? yekrs. Vd`s `s lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc kcf kbuse ml prmaess ml amurt. Vde
lrkuf upmc pkrty `s khsm lrkuf upmc amurt wd`ad ceefs ser`mus
amcfegckt`mc. @c Kruc`gk Bkrukd vs Uc`mc ml @cf`k & Mrs 2??9 (<) saa
;2? ‘@t `s tr`te hkw tdkt sm ks tm eckbhe tde amurt tm reluse tm exera`se
`ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc suppress`mc gust be ml gkter`kh lkat.
Ydkt wmuhf be k gkter`kh lkat, suppress`mc wdereml wmuhf f`sect`the
tde kppehhkct tm mbtk`c k f`saret`mckry reh`el, wmuhf fepecf upmc tde
lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml ekad akse. Gkter`kh lkat wmuhf gekc
gkter`kh lmr tde purpmse ml feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s, tde hmi`akh
amrmhhkry wdereml wmuhf be tdkt wdetder tde skge wks gkter`kh lmr
irkct mr fec`kh ml tde reh`el. @l tde lkat suppressef `s cmt gkter`kh lmr
feterg`ckt`mc ml tde h`s betweec tde pkrt`es, tde amurt gky cmt reluse
tm exera`se `ts f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc. @t `s khsm tr`te tdkt k persmc
`cvmn`ci tde f`saret`mckry jur`sf`at`mc ml tde amurt akccmt be khhmwef
tm kpprmkad `t w`td k pk`r ml f`rty dkcfs.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde
kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks
cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh
f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
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22. Khtdmuid bmtd survey cugbers (;?/6< & ;?/69) kre gect`mcef `c
tde kpph`akt`mc/_et`t`mc ml hmwer amurt. Mchy tde skhe feef w`td
Rei`strkt`mc cm. 49?/0<-09 `s be`ci adkhhecief by tde pet`t`mcer ml
hmwer amurt. Vde skhe feef amvers mchy Qurvey cugber ;?/6< , hkter
cugber ;?/p25 kcf presect survey cugber ;54. Vde revecue
reamrfs prmfuaef by pet`t`mcer `c hmwer amurt `s tdkt ml
;?/p1;(RVA), ;?/p1?(RVA), ;?/5?(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE),
;?/69(IRKCV AERV@L@AKVE), wd`ad kre `rrehevkct reamrfs, tde rest
ml tde reamrfs fmes cmt prmve kcy kspeats. Vde ahk`gs gkfe by
pet`t`mcer d`gsehl ucfer irekt susp`a`mus gmfe kcf decae h`kbhe tm
be f`sg`ssef. @t `s n`cfhy brmuidt tm tde n`cf kttect`mc ml Dmc‐bhe
amurt tde mbservkt`mcs ml Quprege amurt `c VDE QVKVE ML KCFDRK
_RKFEQD & KCMVDER \. V.QURPKADKCFRK RKM, ^(2??5) < QAA ;60W,
wdere`c tde Dmcmurkbhe Quprege Amurt dks mbservef ks lmhhmws: "
"Lrkuf" ks `s wehh ncmwc v`t`ktes every smhegc kat. Lrkuf kcf just`ae
cever fwehh tmietder. Lrkuf `s k amcfuat e`tder by hetter mr wmrfs,
wd`ad `cahufes tde mtder persmc mr kutdmr`ty tm tkne k fel`c`tefeterg`ckt`ve stkcf ks k respmcse tm tde amcfuat ml tde lmrger e`tder
by wmrfs mr hetter. @t `s khsm wehh setthef tdkt g`srepresectkt`mc `tsehl
kgmucts tm lrkuf. @cfeef, `ccmaect g`srepresectkt`mc gky khsm i`ve
reksmc tm ahk`g reh`el kik`cst lrkuf. K lrkufuhect g`srepresectkt`mc `s
akhhef feae`t kcf amcs`sts `c hekf`ci k gkc `ctm fkgkie by w`hhluhhy mr
reanhesshy akus`ci d`g tm beh`eve kcf kat mc lkhsedmmf. @t `s k lrkuf `c
hkw `l k pkrty gknes represectkt`mcs, wd`ad de ncmws tm be lkhse, kcf
`cjury ecures tderelrmg khtdmuid tde gmt`ve lrmg wd`ad tde
represectkt`mcs prmaeefef gky cmt dkve beec bkf. Kc kat ml lrkuf mc
amurt `s khwkys v`ewef ser`mushy. K amhhus`mc mr amcsp`rkay w`td k
v`ew tm fepr`ve tde r`idts ml tde mtders `c rehkt`mc tm k prmperty wmuhf
recfer tde trkcskat`mc vm`f kb `c`t`m.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve
fea`s`mcs tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt
tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm
tde hkw hk`f fmwc by Quprege amurt.
21. @t akc be seec tdkt lmr survey cugber ;?/6< kcf ;?/69 k persmcs
by ckge mce Ckrkykckswkgy & Gkcjucktdk , ahk`g`ci tm be
irkcfsmcs ml mce Rkgkppk s/m Qktykppk kcf nkfkrkggk w/m
Rkgkppk ahk`gs tm dkve beec irkctee‐s ml tde skge hkcf v`fe _VAH
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;9/?<-?9 belmre hmwer Dmc‐bhe amurt. Vde vers`mcs ml bmtd tde
pet`t`mcs akc be amgpkref tdere `s cm f`llerecae `c kcy wmrfs
exaept tdkt ml pkrt`es ckges kcf adkhhecief skhe feef cugber.
L`h`ci fkte `s skge. Vd`s sdmws smge amhhus`ve kttegpt by bmtd
tdese pkrt`es. @c tdese fkys `t `s mc `carekse ml tde dkb`ts ml severkh
`gpersmckt`ci/l`at`t`mus pemphe tm g`suse tde hkw kcf amurt
prmaess w`td lkhse kcf g`shekf`ci represectkt`mcs lmr tde`r
persmckh ik`cs tdrmuid bhkangk`h`ci tkat`as kcf setthegects.
Just`ae QreefdkrRkm ml Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt `c _ecck`kd Kcf Mrs. vs
Vd`ppkggk K@R 2??6 Nkct 666 dks dehf tdkt ‘Ydec tde fmaugects
ml t`the reh`ef mc by tde phk`ct`ll fmes cmt amrrespmcf w`td tde su`t
sadefuhe prmperty kcf `c tde kbsecae ml ceaesskry phekf`ci kcf prmml,
tde kppehhkte Amurt wks wrmci `c feahkr`ci tde t`the ml tde phk`ct`ll.
Gky be tdkt tde felecfkct dks cmt prmvef t`the ml d`s vecfmr, but,
cmcetdehess tde felecfkct `s dehf tm be `c pmssess`mc ml tde su`t
prmperty, wdec tde phk`ct`ll dks lk`hef tm prmve t`the, de wmuhf cmt be
ect`thef tm reh`el ml pmssess`mc `rrespeat`ve ml tde vkh`f t`the ml tdefelecfkct. @c tdkt v`ew ml tde gktter> tde kpprea`kt`mc ml lkats kcf
ev`fecae kcf tde `clerecae frkwc `s perverse kcf amctrkry tm hkw kcf
ev`fecae mc reamrf.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde
ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm
amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f
fmwc by Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt.
26. Vde pet`t`mc `c hmwer amurt wks cmt l`hef ks per tde Ruhe
kpph`akbhe. Fesp`te td`s kppehhkcts mbjeat`mcs kcf fesp`te
represectkt`mc by hekrcef kfvmakte mc bedkhl ml pet`t`mcers s`fe `c
hmwer amurt, pet`t`mcers ml hmwer amurt lk`hef tm amgphy tde ruhe ml
hkw. Mc td`s amuct pet`t`mc `s h`kbhe tm be f`sg`ssef, but tdere `s cm
wd`sper ks tm td`s kspeat by hmwer amurt `c `ts mrfer. Nkrcktknk
Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_VAH) Ruhes ;090 were tm be
lmhhmwef belmre `ssu`ci cmt`ae tm kh`ecee. But `c td`s akse suad ruhe dks
cmt beec lmhhmwef. Vde cmc lmhhmw`ci ml suad ruhes `tsehl sdmws
pet`t`mcers dkve cmt kpprmkadef amurt w`td ahekc dkcfs kcf tdey dkve
exera`sef lrkuf mc tde kutdmr`ty by l`h`ci kc `camgphete pet`t`mc
wd`ad `s v`mhkt`ve ml ruhes. HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:- Vde Nkrcktknk
Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef 25-?<-;041 v`fe A`rauhkr Cugber RF 1;
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HI_ 41 Y`td k Qubjeat ml @gphegectkt`mc ml D`id Amurt Mrfer fktef
;?-;-;041. @c Y._.Cms. ;?<96, ;?9;?, ;6?2<, ;<610. ;4462, 22149,
21?26 ML ;04?, 125?, ;95<9 kcf ;95<4 ml ;04; ;<<<1 kcf ;9;?; tm
;9;?1 ml ;042 ‑ Quiiest`mcs gkfe by tde F`v`s`mc Becad, reikrf`ci
tde sgmmtd kcf prmper `gphegectkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde
Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_VAH) Kat, ;094 ‑
@t dks beec brmuidt tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect tdkt k hkrie cugber
ml kh`ecess tdkt dkf reae`vef sdmw akuse cmt`aes lrmg tde Kss`stkct
amgg`ss`mcers ml tde kreks mr tde mrfers gkfe by tdeg, adkhhecief
tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf Qadefuhef Vr`bes
Kat, ;094, tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes mr tde mrfers tdere tm gkfe kik`cst
tdeg. Vde pet`t`mcers kik`cst wdmg l`ckh mrfers dkve beec gkfe by
tde respeat`ve Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers dkve adkhhecief tde Kat kcf
tde mrfers gkfe kik`cst tdeg. @t `s khsm pm`ctef mut tdkt `c gmst ml tde
akses tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes `ssuef tm tde kh`ecees tde Kss`stkct
Amgg`ss`mcers fm cmt set mut kcy ml tde fetk`hs requ`ref by tde Ruhes.
Belmre `ssu`ci tde sdmw akuse cmt`aes tm tde kh`ecees, `t `s prmper lmrtde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers tm amhheat khh suad `clmrgkt`mc ks tdey
akc kcf ahekrhy set mut khh tde irmucfs mc wd`ad tde kh`eckt`mc `s
prmpmsef tm be kccuhef, sm tdkt tde kh`ecee akc skt`slkatmr`hy stkte d`s
akse khsm belmre tde kutdmr`ty. Vde sdmw akuse cmt`ae gust be k sehl-
amctk`cef mce, i`v`ci irmucfs lmr prmaeef`cis kik`cst tde kh`ecee tde
ckture ml v`mhkt`mc ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml Hkw kcf tde purpmse lmr wd`ad
tde cmt`ae `s `ssuef kcf tm sdmw akuse wdy tde skhe trkcskat`mc sdmuhf
cmt be dehf vm`f. Vde cmt`ae sdmuhf khsm amctk`c pkttkfkr, tde
amcf`t`mcs kttkadef tm `t kcf tde v`mhkt`mcs ml tde amcf`t`mcs `c td`s
skhe, sdmuhf be spea`l`akhhy gect`mcef sm tdkt k reksmckbhe
mppmrtuc`ty wmuhf dkve beec i`vec tm tde kh`ecee tm exphk`c d`s
pms`t`mc d`s pms`t`mc `c ahekr tergs………………..‗. @csp`te ml br`ci`ci
tde kbmve a`rauhkr tm tde ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de
dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh
f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by imvercgect a`rauhkr.
25. Vde pet`t`mc `c hmwer amurt wks kaamgpkc`ef by Termx amp`es ml
severkh fmaugects. Vdmse fmaugects cmt mchy reh`kbhe kcf
pet`t`mcer ml hmwer amurt gkfe cm ellmrt tm suggmc mr`i`ckh
fmaugects. Hkpse mc tde pkrt ml pet`t`mcer `c hmwer amurt tm lmhhmw
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tde hkw ml hkcf fmes cmt ect`the d`g lmr kcy reh`el. Vd`s bks`a hkw `s
mverhmmnef `c `gpucief mrfer. Vde Termx ampy ml fmaugects
subg`ttef by pet`t`mcers `c hmwer amurt sdmw tdkt mce Ikcikppk‐s
hkcf `c phmt cugber ;?/5? fmaugect `s prmfuaef tm ahk`g hkcf `c
phmt ;?/6<. Vde persmc Ikcikppk s/m Qktykppk `s f`llerect lrmg
Ad`annkikcikppk s/m sktykppk. HKY AHKR@L@AKV@MC:-
Imvercgect ml Nkrcktknk v`fe `ts a`rauhkr fktef 1;-?5-;00? `c A`rauhkr
cugber: RF 09 HI_ 0? dkve spea`l`akhhy f`reatef cmt tm kaaept
pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte pkrt`es tm
tkne `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks
tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Vde a`rauhkr skys h`ne td`s ‘@t dks
amge tm tde cmt`ae ml Imvercgect, tdkt tde l`ehf heveh Mll`aers amg`ci
ucfer tde amctrmh ml Revecue Fepkrtgect, h`ne Qtkgps kcf
Rei`strkt`mc Fepkrtgect, Qurvey Qetthegect kcf Hkcf Reamrfs
Fepkrtgect, Guzrk` kcf wknl Fepkrtgect kcf mtder fepkrtgects
kre kaaept`ci pdmtmstkt amp`es ml fmaugects presectef by tde pr`vkte
pkrt`es kcf kre tkn`ci `gpmrtkct fea`s`mcs, w`tdmut ver`ly`ci tdemr`i`ckhs tm skt`sly ks tm tde kutdect`a`ty ml tde fmaugect. Qubsequect
`cvest`ikt`mc dks revekhef tdkt gmst ml tde fmaugects were bmius
kcf arektef by tde pkrt`es. Vd`s prkat`ae `s iecerkhhy cmt`aef `c
rei`ster`ci tde Revecue Q`tes rmucf kbmut Bkcikhmre A`ty. Vd`s dks tm
be stmppef lmrtdw`td ks mtderw`se pkrt`es wmuhf evkfe tde heikh
prmv`s`mcs w`td `gpuc`ty kcf khsm gky resuht `c dekvy hmss ml tde
revecue tm Imvercgect. @t `s, tderelmre, `cstruatef tdkt tde pdmtmstkt
amp`es ml tde fmaugect `s cmt k heikh ev`fecae kcf sdmuhf cmt be
kaaeptef `c kcy prmaeef`cis uchess pkrt`es prmfuae s`guhtkcemushy
tde mr`i`ckh tdereml. Vde Mll`aer kaaept`ci tdese fmaugects skt`sly
d`gsehl klter ver`ly`ci tde mr`i`ckh ks tm tde kutdcect`a`ty kcf put k
aert`l`akte tm tdkt elleat mc tde pdmtmstkt ampy ml tde fmaugect. Vd`s
prmaefure sdmuhf be lmhhmwef saruphmushy. Kcy hkpse `c lmhhmw`ci td`s
prmaefure w`hh be v`ewef ser`mushy kcf gkne mll`aer respmcs`bhe lmr
tde g`sfeef.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve a`rauhkr tm tde
ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm
amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f
fmwc by imvercgect a`rauhkr.
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2<. Vde Nkrcktknk Imvercgect a`rauhkr fktef ;<-?4-;005 `c A`rauhkr
Cm: RF 09 HI_ 46 skys tdkt ‘Vde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcers kcf
Feputy Amgg`ss`mcers kre f`reatef tm lmhhmw tde i`vec `cstruat`mcs
sarupuhmushy wd`he fea`f`ci suad akses by qumt`ci Quprege amurt
fea`s`mc. Vde Quprege Amurt wd`he updmhf`ci tde vkh`f`ty ml tde Kat
dks gkfe lmhhmw`ci mbservkt`mcs, ckgehy:- "Vdmuid we dkve amge tm
tde amcahus`mc tdkt tde Kat `s vkh`f, yet, `c mur mp`c`mc, we dkve tm
gkne aertk`c kspeats ahekr. Irkctef hkcfs wd`ad dkf beec trkcslerref
klter tde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml prmd`b`t`mc fm cmt amge w`td`c tde
purv`ew ml tde Kat, kcf akccmt be prmaeefef kik`cst ucfer tde
prmv`s`mcs ml td`s Kat. Vde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat gkne td`s pms`t`mc
ahekr, ks Qs. 6 kcf 5 beamge kpph`akbhe mchy wdec irkctef hkcfs kre
trkcslerref `c brekad ml tde amcf`t`mc rehkt`ci tm prmd`b`t`mc mc
trkcsler ml suad irkctef hkcfs. Irkctef hkcfs trkcslerref belmre tde
amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf cmt `c amctrkvect`mc ml prmd`b`t`mc mc
trkcsler kre ahekrhy beymcf tde sampe kcf purv`ew ml tde presect Kat.
Khsm `c akse wdere irkctef hkcfs dkf beec trkcslerref belmre tdeamggecaegect ml tde Kat `c v`mhkt`mc tde amcf`t`mc reikrf`ci
prmd`b`t`mc mc suad trkcsler kcf tde trkcsleree wdm dkf `c`t`khhy
kaqu`ref mchy k vm`fkbhe t`the `c suad irkctef hkcfs dkf perleatef d`s
t`the `c tde irkctef hkcfs by presar`pt`mc by hmci kcf amct`cumus
ecjmygect tdereml `c kaamrfkcae w`td hkw belmre tde amggecaegect
ml tde Kat, suad irkctef hkcfs wmuhf khsm cmt amge w`td`c tde purv`ew
ml tde presect Kat, ks tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees tm tde irkctef hkcfs
dks beec perleatef belmre tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat. Q`cae kt tde
fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat tde t`the ml suad trkcslerees dkf
aeksef tm be vm`fkbhe by reksmc ml kaqu`s`t`mc ml presar`pt`ve r`idts
mc kaamuct ml hmci kcf amct`cuef user lmr tde requ`s`te per`mf, tde
t`the ml suad trkcslerees amuhf cmt be recferef vm`f by v`rtue ml tde
prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat w`tdmut v`mhkt`ci tde amcst`tut`mckh iukrkctee.
Ye gust, tderelmre, rekf fmwc tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat by dmhf`ci
tdkt tde Kat w`hh kpphy tm trkcslers ml irkctef hkcfs gkfe `c brekad ml
tde amcf`t`mc `gpms`ci prmd`b`t`mc mc trkcsler ml irkctef hkcfs mchy
`c tdmse akses wdere tde t`the kaqu`ref by tde trkcsleree wks st`hh
vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat kcf dkf cmt hmst
`ts feleks`bhe adkrkater kt tde fkte wdec tde Kat akge `ctm lmrae.
Vrkcslerees ml irkctef hkcfs kcf cmt dkv`ci k perleatef kcf cmt k
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vm`fkbhe t`the kt tde amggecaegect ml tde Kat gust be dehf tm be
muts`fe tde pkhe ml tde prmv`s`mcs ml tde Kat. Q.6 ml tde Kat gust be sm
amcstruef ks cmt tm dkve tde elleat ml recfer`ci vm`f tde t`the ml kcy
trkcsleree wd`ad wks cmt vm`fkbhe kt tde fkte ml tde amggecaegect
ml tde Kat". @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve a`rauhkr tm tde ncmwhefie
ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm amcs`ferkt`mc
tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`f fmwc by
imvercgect a`rauhkr.
29. _EV@V@MCER @C HMYER AMURV DKQ CMV LMHHMYEF VDE
LMHHMY@CI RUHE : Ucfer tde Nkrcktknk Qadefuhef Akstes kcf
Qadefuhef Vr`bes (_rmd`b`t`mc ml Vrkcsler ml Aertk`c Hkcfs) Ruhes,
;090. Ruhe 1(;) tm (1) skys
1. Resugpt`mc kcf rest`tut`mc ml irkctef hkcfs:-
(;) Every kpph`akt`mc by kcy `cterestef persmc ucfer seat`mc 5 sdkhh be `c
lmrg-@.
(2) Mc reae`pt ml kc kpph`akt`mc mr `clmrgkt`mc ucfer sub-seat`mc (;) ml
seat`mc 5, tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky f`reat tde kpph`akct mr `clmrgkct,
ks tde akse gky be, tm lurc`sd suad lurtder pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc ks gky
be requ`ref kcf l`x k fkte lmr lurc`sd`ci tde skge.
(1) Klter reae`pt ml tde pkrt`auhkrs mr `clmrgkt`mc `l kcy, akhhef lmr ucfer
sub:- ruhe (2), tde Kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer sdkhh, by k cmt`ae `c lmrg @@,
requ`re tde persmc mr persmcs `c pmssess`mc ml tde irkctef hkcf tm l`he
mbjeat`mcs, tm tde ahk`g w`td fmaugectkry ev`fecae, `l kcy, w`td`c suad
reksmckbhe t`ge, ks tde kss`stkct Amgg`ss`mcer gky td`cn l`t `c tde
a`raugstkcaes ml tde akse.
LMRG @
^Qee ruhe 1 (2)W
K__H@AKV@MC
;. Ckge ml tde kpph`akct (irkctee) w`td luhh kffress.
2. Ckture ml tde hkcf. `.e., ikrfec mr wet mr fry w`td kssessgect. Extect
1. Fetk`hs ml tde hkcf. \`hhkie/ Qurvey Vkhun Cugbers Kares Iuctks
6. Ckge (s) ml tde puradkser mr exadkcier mr gmrtikier mr heksee eta. ks tde
akse gky be, (w`td luhh kffress).
5. Ckture ml kaqu`r`ci tde Hkcf by tde irkctee (`.e. E`tder irkctef ucfer
Fdkr- nkst ruhes mr mtder spea`kh Ruhes w`td Mrfer Cm. kcf Fkte ml skcat`mc)
<. Vmtkh kgmuct lmr wd`ad tde Irkctef hkcf dks beec F`spmsef kcf
pkrt`auhkrs ml tde rei`steref fmaugect, ̀ l kcy.
9. Br`el reksmcs lmr tde f`spmskh.
4. Kcy mtder rehevect `clmrgkt`mc `c suppmrt ml tde ahk`g.
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24. L`h`ci pet`t`mc w`td lkbr`aktef fmaugects `s amcfegcef by D`id
amurt ml Nkrcktknk `c ser`mus wmrfs. @c Ayr`h F'Qmuzk vs _mcnrk
Guierk Kcf Mtders ;004 (;) NkrHJ <50, Just`ae D C V`hdkr` ‘Vd`s wr`t
pet`t`mc dks imt cm ger`ts kcf `t, `c gy mp`c`mc sdmuhf be f`sg`ssef
w`td k cmte ml akut`mc tm tde gegbers ml tde Bkr kcf tde Amucseh ml
tde pet`t`mcer ks wehh, tdkt `c luture, tde Amucsehs sdmuhf be very
akut`mus `c frklt`ci, l`h`ci tde pet`t`mcs, kll`fkv`t eta. kcf see tdkt tde
pkrt`es fm cmt l`he wr`t pet`t`mcs eta. w`td purief kcf lmrief
fmaugects, mtderw`se, tdey gky dkve tm lkae tde ser`mus
amcsequecaes. @cstekf, td`s pet`t`mc kppekrs tm be kc kttegpt ml tde
pet`t`mcer tm prmaure smge mrfer lrmg tde Amurt mc tde bks`s ml kc
kireegect wd`ad pr`gk lka`e kppekrs tm be kc kcte-fktef fmaugect
prepkref klter tdkt fkte kcf `t pr`gk lka`e sdmws tdkt k lkhse
fmaugect dks beec l`hef w`td lkhse khheikt`mcs, beakuse `l pet`t`mcer
wmuhf dkve beec `c pmssess`mc, peckhty wmuhf dkve beec rekh`sef
lrmg d`g, tde khheikt`mcs `c tde pet`t`mc tdkt tde pet`t`mcer dkf beec
`c pmssess`mc kcf tde fkte ml irkct khsm kppekrs tm be lkhse. L`h`ci k
lkhse kll`fkv`t kcf l`h`ci lmrief fmaugect, ks per hkw hk`f fmwc by tde
Quprege Amurt `s cmtd`ci but kc kat `hheikh, `cterler`ci w`td tde
prmper kfg`c`strkt`mc ml just`ae kcf `t pr`gk lka`e gknes mut k akse
lmr amctegpt.‗ @csp`te ml br`ci`ci tde kbmve fea`s`mcs tm tde
ncmwhefie ml Kss`stkct amgg`ss`mcer de dks cmt tknec `t `ctm
amcs`ferkt`mc tdereby amgg`ttef w`hhluh f`sreikrf tm tde hkw hk`ffmwc by Nkrcktknk D`id Amurt.
20. Vde kbmve stktef mbjeat`mcs kre khrekfy tknec by wky ml wr`ttec
kriugects belmre tde hmwer amurt. But hmwer amurt dks sdmwc utter
f`srespeat tmwkrfs tde hkw hk`f fmwc by amurts. @t kgmucts tm
amctegpt ml amurt khsm. Ucfer Krt`ahe ;6; ml tde Amcst`tut`mc ml @cf`k,
tde hkw feahkref by tde Dmc'bhe Quprege Amurt sdkhh be dkv`ci b`cf`ci
elleat mc khh Amurts w`td`c tde terr`tmry ml @cf`k. Lrmg k bkre rekf`ci ml
Krt`ahe ;6; ml tde Amcst`tut`mc, wdkt `s tm be cmtef `s tdkt tde hkw feahkref
by tde Dmc'bhe Quprege Amurt `s b`cf`ci mc khh tde Amurts w`td`c tde
terr`tmry ml @cf`k. Vde egpdks`s dks tm be hk`f fmwc mc tde wmrfs 'tde hkw
feahkref'. @t `s wehh setthef tdkt `t `s mchy 'tde hkw feahkref' kcf cmt tde
resuht, wd`ad `s dkv`ci b`cf`ci preaefect.
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1?. Kcmtder `gpmrtkct lkat wd`ad `s be`ci ceiheatef by hmwer amurt `s tde
wky td`s kppehhkct puradksef tde hkcf kcf tde t`ge ml `ts puradkse.
Vde kppehhkct wks k CR@ fur`ci tde per`mf belmre puradkse ml hkcfs.
Vde Imvercgects kt stkte kcf aectre `cv`tef CR@‐s tm `cvest tde`r
gmcey w`td`c @cf`k. Fue tm suad `cv t̀kt`mc td`s kppehhkct armss
adeanef tde reamrfs ml hkcfs kcf lmucf tdkt Imvercgect dks `ssuef
Lmrg-@ ks k hkcf irkct aert`l`akte wd`ad `s lmr iecerkh akteimry. Vde
represectkt`mc gkfe by imvercgect reikrf`ci `ts hkcf reamrfs `s
qu`te ahekr lmr hmci feakfe kcf tde amcf`t`mcs `gpmsef upmc suad
aert`l`akte `s khsm cmt dkve beec v`mhktef by td`s kppehhkct. Vde presect
akse `s khsm bksef upmc suad fmaugect. Vde Imvercgect kcf `ts
kutdmr`t`es kre estmppef tm rk`se amctrkry vers`mcs kt td`s stkie. Vm
substkct`kte tde pm`cts tde lmhhmw`ci fea`s`mc `s brmuidt tm tde n`cf
kttect`mc ml kppehhkte amurt. . Jmdc B. Jkges Kcf Mtders vs Bkcikhmre
Fevehmpgect Kutdmr`ty Kcf Kcmtder @HR 2??? NKR 6;16, 2??; (;)
NkrHJ 1<6 Becad: R Rkveecfrkc, \ Qkbdkd`t Ahk`gs bksef mc tde
fmatr`ce ml 'hei`t`gkte expeatkt`mc' khsm requ`re reh`kcae mc
represectkt`mcs kcf resuht`ci fetr`gect tm tde ahk`gkct, `c tde skge
wky ks ahk`gs bksef mc tde fmatr`ce ml prmg`ssmry estmppeh. Vde
fmatr`ce akc be `cvmnef `l tde fea`s`mc wd`ad `s adkhhecief `c tde Amurt
dks smge persmc kiir`evef, e`tder by khter`ci r`idts mr mbh`ikt`mcs ml
tdkt persmc, wd`ad kre eclmraekbhe by mr kik`cst d`g `c pr`vkte hkw mr
by fepr`v`ci d`g ml smge becel`t mr kfvkctkie, wd`ad e`tder (`) de dkf
`c tde pkst be`ci perg`ttef by tde fea`s`mc gkner tm ecjmy kcf wd`ad de
akc hei`t`gktehy expeat tm be perg`ttef tm amct`cue tm fm uct`h tdere dks
beec amgguc`aktef tm d`g smge rkt`mckh irmucfs lmr w`tdfrkw`ci `t mc
wd`ad de dks beec i`vec kc mppmrtuc`ty tm amggect> mr (``) de dks
reae`vef kssurkcae lrmg tde fea`s`mc gkner tdkt `t w`hh cmt be
w`tdfrkwc w`tdmut i`v`ci d`g l`rst kc mppmrtuc`ty ml kfvkca`ci
reksmcs lmr amctecf`ci tdkt `t sdmuhf cmt be w`tdfrkwc. Vde
Imvercgect kcf `ts fepkrtgects, `c kfg`c`ster`ci tde kllk`rs ml tde
amuctry kre expeatef tm dmcmur tde`r stktegects ml pmh`ay mr `ctect`mc
kcf trekt tde a`t`zecs w`td luhh persmckh amcs`ferkt`mc w`tdmut kcy `mtk
ml kbuse mr f`saret`mc. Vde pmh`ay stktegects akccmt be f`sreikrfef
uclk`rhy mr kpph`ef seheat`vehy. Uclk`rcess `c tde lmrg ml
ucreksmckbhecess `s kn`c tm v`mhkt`mc ml ckturkh just`ae. …………….. Hksthy,
`t `s khsm ceaesskry tm cmt`ae tde pms`t`mc ml k trespksser wdm `s `c
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pekaeluh, mpec, amct`cumus kcf uc`cterruptef pmssess`mc ml kcmtder's
prmperty, `c fec`kh ml tde t`the ml tde true mwcer, lmr k hmci per`mf.
Qeat`mc 29 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat, ;0<1 prmv`fes tdkt kt tde
feterg`ckt`mc ml tde per`mf h`g`tef ucfer tdkt Kat, tm kcy persmc lmr
`cst`tut`ci k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml kcy prmperty, d`s r`idt tm suad
prmperty sdkhh be ext`ciu`sdef. Krt`ahe <5 prmv`fes tde per`mf ml
h`g`tkt`mc lmr k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml `ggmvkbhe prmperty bksef mc t`the
ks twehve yekrs lrmg tde fkte wdec tde pmssess`mc ml tde felecfkct
beamges kfverse tm tde phk`ct`ll. Krt`ahe ;;2 prmv`fes tde per`mf ml
h`g`tkt`mc lmr suad k su`t, `l l`hef by mr mc bedkhl ml tde Aectrkh
Imvercgect, mr Qtkte Imvercgect `s td`rty yekrs `cstekf ml twehve yekrs.
Krt`ahe ;;2 w`hh cmt dmwever kpphy tm BFK ks `t `s ce`tder tde Qtkte cmr
Aectrkh Imvercgect. ……………………. @c Ck`r Qerv`ae Qma`ety's akse, suprk,
tde Quprege Amurt qumtef w`td kpprmvef tde lmhhmw`ci pksskie lrmg
_erry v Ah`ssmhf: "@t akccmt be f`sputef tdkt k persmc `c pmssess`mc ml
hkcf `c tde kssugef adkrkater ml mwcer kcf exera`s`ci pekaekbhy tde
mrf`ckry r`idts ml mwcersd`p dks k perleathy immf t`the kik`cst khh tdewmrhf but tde r`idtluh mwcer. Kcf `l tde r`idtluh mwcer fmes cmt amge
lmrwkrf kcf kssert d`s t`the by tde prmaess ml hkw w`td`c tde per`mf
presar`bef by tde prmv`s`mc ml tde stktute ml h`g`tkt`mc kpph`akbhe tm tde
akse, d`s r`idt `s lmrever ext`ciu`sdef kcf tde pmssessmry mwcer kaqu`res
kc kbsmhute t`the".
1;. Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer amurt.
Nkrewwk Kcf Mrs. vs Dussecskb Ndkcskdeb Ykjkctr` Kcf Mrs K@R 2??2
QA 5?6, ‘ …presugpt`mc ml amrreatcess ml kc ectry `c revecue reamrf
akccmt be rebuttef by k stktegect `c tde wr`ttec stktegect. Gere
stktegect ml lkat `c tde wr`ttec stktegect `s cmt k rebuttkh ml
presugpt`mc ml amrreatcess ml kc ectry `c tde revecue reamrf. Vde
respmcfect wks reamrfef ks k teckct `c tde revecue reamrf `c tde yekr
;091 kcf ucfer hkw tde presugpt`mc `s tdkt tde ectry `s amrreat. @t wks
lmr tde kppehhkct tm rebut tde presugpt`mc by hekf`ci ev`fecae. Vde
kppehhkct dks cmt hef kcy ev`fecae tm sdmw tdkt ectry `c tde revecue
reamrf `s @camrreat.‗
12. . Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer
amurt. Qtkte ml D`gkadkh _rkfesd v Ikcesd Ymmf _rmfuats, K@R
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;00< QA ;60 ks lmhhmws: ". . . . Khh tdkt we w`sd tm egpdks`se `s tdkt
kcytd`ci kcf everytd`ci fmce by tde prmg`see mc tde lk`td ml tde
represectkt`mc fmes cmt ceaesskr`hy kgmuct tm khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc sm ks
tm preahufe tde prmg`smr lrmg res`h`ci lrmg d`s represectkt`mc. @l equ`ty
fegkcfs tdkt tde prmg`smr `s khhmwef tm res`he kcf tde prmg`see `s
amgpecsktef kpprmpr`ktehy, tdkt muidt tm be fmce. @l, dmwever, equ`ty
fegkcfs, `c tde h`idt ml tde td`cis fmce by tde prmg`see mc tde lk`td ml
tde represectkt`mc, tdkt tde prmg`smr sdmuhf be preahufef lrmg res`h`ci
kcf tdkt de sdmuhf be dehf lkst tm d`s represectkt`mc, tdkt sdmuhf be
fmce. Vm repekt, `t `s k gktter ml dmhf`ci tde sakhes evec betweec tde
pkrt`es tm fm just`ae betweec tdeg. Vd`s `s tde equ`ty `gph`a`t `c tde
fmatr`ce. ... Vm w`t, tde ruhe ml prmg`ssmry estmppeh be`ci kc equ`tkbhe
fmatr`ce, dks tm be gmuhfef tm su`t tde pkrt`auhkr s`tukt`mc. @t `s cmt k
dkrf kcf lkst ruhe but kc ehkst`a mce, tde mbjeat`ve ml wd`ad `s tm fm
just`ae betweec tde pkrt`es kcf tm extecf kc equ`tkbhe trektgect tm
tdeg. @l `t `s gmre just lrmg tde pm`ct ml v`ew ml bmtd prmg`smr kcf
prmg`see tdkt tde hktter `s amgpecsktef kpprmpr`ktehy kcf khhmw tde prmg`smr tm im bkan mc d`s prmg`se, tdkt sdmuhf be fmce> but `l tde Amurt
`s ml tde mp`c`mc tdkt tde `cterests ml just`ae kcf equ`ty fegkcf tdkt tde
prmg`smr sdmuhf cmt be khhmwef tm res`he lrmg d`s represectkt`mc `c tde
lkats kcf a`raugstkcaes ml tdkt akse, `t w`hh fm sm. Vd`s, `c mur respeatluh
mp`c`mc, `s tde prmper wky ml ucferstkcf`ci tde wmrfs "prmg`see
khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc". Khter`ci d`s pms`t`mc sdmuhf gekc suad khterkt`mc
`c tde pms`t`mc ml tde prmg`see ks `t gknes `t kppekr tm tde Amurt tdkt
dmhf`ci tde prmg`smr tm d`s represectkt`mc `s ceaesskry tm fm just`ae
betweec tde pkrt`es...."
11. Vde lmhhmw`ci pm`ct ml hkw dks khsm cmt beec amcs`feref by hmwer amurt.
Bkcdktt` Am-Mperkt`ve Qp`cc`ci ... vs Nkrcktknk Eheatr`a`ty Bmkrf @HR ;00?
NKR 15;4 ‘@t `s rehevkct tm cmt`ae tdkt k ahk`g gky be bkrref by t`ge but
cevertdehess `t fmes cmt f`skppekr cmr `t `s ext`ciu`sdef. @c tde evect tde
ahk`g `s bkrref by t`ge, khh tdkt dkppecs `s tdkt suad k ahk`g akccmt be
eclmraef `c k Amurt ml Hkw by wky ml k su`t mr mtder prmaeef`ci tm wd`ad
tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat kpph`es. Vde exp`ry ml tde per`mf ml h`g`tkt`mc
presar`bef lmr k su`t tm reamver tde kgmuct fue, fmes cmt festrmy tde r`idt
tm tde kgmuct. @t mchy bkrs tde regefy. Qeat`mc 29 ml tde H`g`tkt`mc Kat,
;0<1 mchy prmv`fes tdkt kt tde feterg`ckt`mc ml tde presar`bef per`mf ml
8/4/2019 Ptcl Case Arguments Before Ac Cb Pur and His Neglect of Case Law and Arguments Before Dc Court
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ptcl-case-arguments-before-ac-cb-pur-and-his-neglect-of-case-law-and-arguments 37/37
h`g`tkt`mc h`g`tef tm kcy persmc lmr `cst`tut`ci k su`t lmr pmssess`mc ml kcy
prmperty, d`s r`idt tm suad prmperty sdkhh be ext`ciu`sdef.‗
Yderelmre tde Dmc‐bhe amurt gky be pheksef tm khhmw tde kppekh kcf
setks`fe hmwer amurt mrfer kcf f`sg`ss tde pet`t`mc ml pet`t`mcer ks cmt
gk`ctk`ckbhe `c v`ew ml heikh pm`cts ks eh`a`tef kbmve.
Fkte
_hkae: Ad`annkbkhhkpur Kfvmakte lmr Kppehhkct