psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and...

26
Ps ychopharmacology in bipolar Ps ychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and cardiopulmonary comorbidities disorder and cardiopulmonary comorbidities Yousef Semnani Psychiatrist, Associate Professor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Sciences

Upload: others

Post on 24-Jul-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Psychopharmacology in bipolar Psychopharmacology in bipolar y p gy pdisorder and cardiopulmonary comorbidities

y p gy pdisorder and cardiopulmonary comorbiditiesYousef SemnaniPsychiatrist, Associate Professor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSciences

Page 2: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Why is it important?Why is it important?

• Individuals with bipolar disorder experience twiceIndividuals with bipolar disorder experience twicethe cardiovascular mortality 

• The metabolic syndrome is more common in those with bipolar disorder, with a prevalence ratio of 1.6, p pand includes many traditional cardiovascular risk factors, which may explain much of the elevated risk.

Page 3: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Psychopharmacology in bipolar di d d di bidiPsychopharmacology in bipolar di d d di bididisorder and cardiac comorbiditydisorder and cardiac comorbidity

Page 4: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Which aspects?

• Some bipolar medications exacerbate cardiac problems.p

• Some cardiac medications aggravate bipolar disorder.Some cardiac medications aggravate bipolar disorder.

• Psychotropics and cardiac medications interactionsPsychotropics and cardiac medications interactions

• ECT and cardiac considerations• ECT and cardiac considerations

Page 5: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Lithium 

• Lithium may cause flattening or inversion of T waves that is generally inconsequential and reversible on discontinuation of lithium

• Sinus node dysfunction and first‐degree AV block occur infrequently but are the most common cardiac problems secondary to lithium pharmacotherapysecondary to lithium pharmacotherapy

• Symptoms: Dyspnea paroxysmal tachycardia dizziness• Symptoms: Dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, dizziness, and fainting, as well as abnormalities in resting pulse.

Page 6: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Lithium • special care should be taken with elderly patients and 

those with preexisting atrial conduction disturbances

• In moderate to severe congestive heart failure, diminished renal blood flow may produce prerenala otemia se ondar to de reased ardia o tp t Thisazotemia secondary to decreased cardiac output. This situation may cause lithium toxicity 

• No data suggest that lithium should be stopped after a myocardial infarction It seems most prudent to wait to prescribe medications until a post‐MI patient has been stabilized

Page 7: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Lithium & DiureticsLithium & Diuretics• treatment with a low‐sodium diet, thiazide diuretics, or 

angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors mayangiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may elevate the serum lithium level.

• Fewer problems with xanthine derivatives, aldosteroneantagonists, loop diuretics??, potassium‐sparing diuretics

• Osmotic diuretics increase lithium clearance, the change being proportional to the increased rate of urine flow.

Page 8: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Lithium and antihypertensive

• Calcium channel Blockers– Verapamil and diltiazem associated with idiopathic 

d l l l d l hneurotoxicity, despite normal or inconsistently altered lithium levels

– Lithium clearance is reduced by about 30% by nifedipine

• An interaction of Losartan with lithium has occurred by reduced aldosterone secretion, an effect which is greater with ACE inhibitors than with angiotensin II receptor antagoniststhan with angiotensin II receptor antagonists.

• reports of neurotoxic symptoms when methyldopa was combined• reports of neurotoxic symptoms when methyldopa was combined with lithium, both with and without an increase in serum lithium concentration

Page 9: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Antiarrhythmic drugs

• Increased risk of arrhythmias with hypokalemia orIncreased risk of arrhythmias with hypokalemia or digitalis toxicity, even at therapeutic serum lithium levels

• β‐Blockers with lithium: synergistic bradycardiaβ y g y

Page 10: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Carbamazepine• A tricyclic structure similar to that of the TCAs and has 

quinidine‐like effects on the heart

• Repeat the ECG after reaching therapeutic serum carbamazepine levels

• Carbamazepine may diminish the effectiveness of antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, and warfariny , yp ,

• Neurotoxic effects may be more likely when it is combined with ACE inhibitors or calcium channelcombined with ACE inhibitors or calcium channel blockers

Page 11: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Other mood stabilizersOther mood stabilizers 

• Valproic acid does not have adverse cardiac effectsValproic acid does not have adverse cardiac effects

• Lamotrigine topiramate zonisamide andLamotrigine , topiramate ,zonisamide , and gabapentin are not cardiotoxic

Page 12: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Antipsychotics • The principal cardiovascular effects of antipsychotic agents 

are orthostatic hypotension and QT interval prolongation• The characteristic tachyarrhythmia is torsade de pointes aThe characteristic tachyarrhythmia is torsade de pointes, a 

polymorphic tachycardia• Risk factors for torsade: 

– QT interval prolongation of more than 500 msec, – family history of sudden death, – female sexfemale sex, – hypokalemia, – hypomagnesemia, – low ejection fraction

Page 13: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

• Olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine have notOlanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine have not been associated with QT prolongation or sudden death

Page 14: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Cardiac medication and bipolar disorderCardiac medication and bipolar disorder

• ACE inhibitors make mood elevationACE inhibitors make mood elevation

• Amiodarone makes mood disorders secondary toAmiodarone makes  mood disorders secondary to thyroid effects

Page 15: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

ECT & cardiovascular problems

• changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately after the electrical stimulus and induced seizure

• increased risk with ECT– congestive heart failure, 

l l h t di– severe valvular heart disease,– clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias, – fragile vascular aneurysms

bl i h id f i di i h i– unstable angina or other evidence of active cardiac ischemia– uncontrolled hypertension, high‐grade atrioventricular block, 

symptomaticventricular arrhythmias and supraventricular arrhythmias with– ventricular arrhythmias, and supraventricular arrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rate

Page 16: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

ECT and cardiovascular problemsECT and cardiovascular problems• Unstable cardiovascular disease should be stabilized as much as 

possible prior to ECT.

• Cardiovascular medications should be continued prior to and during the ECT course, including administration of scheduled doses b t ECT t t t dbetween ECT on treatment days.

• Additional short‐acting cardiovascular medications, including anticholinergics sympatholytics nitrates and otheranticholinergics, sympatholytics, nitrates, and other antihypertensive agents, should be considered at the time of ECT. Care should be taken to avoid iatrogenic hypotensive effects. 

• Whenever possible, systemic lidocaine should be avoided until after the induced seizure

Page 17: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

P h h l i bi lP h h l i bi lPsychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and pulmonary comorbidityPsychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and pulmonary comorbidity

Yousef SemnaniPsychiatrist, Associate Professor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesSciences

Page 18: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Which aspect?Which aspect?• Bipolar medications aggravate pulmonary problems

• Pulmonary medications exacerbate bipolar disorder

• Psychotropics and pulmonary medications interactions

• ECT & pulmonary problems

Page 19: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Benzodiazepines• Increased PCO2 normally drives breathing. Many COPD 

patients are chronically hypercapnic and lose their sensitivity to increased PCO2 As a result their drive to breathe becomesto increased PCO2. As a result, their drive to breathe becomes more dependent on low oxygen saturation (hypoxia) than on PCO2. 

• Benzodiazepines can blunt the ventilatory response to hypoxia, thereby inducing more hypercapnia.

• Patients with moderate to severe COPD are particularly at risk for CO2 retention with long‐acting benzodiazepines such asfor CO2 retention with long acting benzodiazepines such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide , even at relatively low doses

Page 20: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines• For short‐term treatment of acute anxiety in the setting of COPD lorazepam is the benzodiazepine ofsetting of COPD, lorazepam is the benzodiazepine of Choice

• The anxiolytic effects of a neuroleptic may be helpful. None causes respiratory depressionNone causes respiratory depression.

Page 21: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

Antipsychotics 

• Typical neuroleptics such as haloperidol at high doses may cause laryngospasm, akathisia, and paradoxical intercostal muscle movements that, in turn, may cause restlessness and interfere with breathingbreathing.

• Tardive dyskinesia sometimes affects the diaphragm,Tardive dyskinesia sometimes affects the diaphragm, larynx and other muscles used in breathing, and in severe cases, this effect can result in respiratory i ffi iinsufficiency

Page 22: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

• Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow #5), a dye contained in several psychotropic drugs can provoke severeseveral psychotropic drugs, can provoke severe bronchospasm for up to several hours after ingestion.ingestion. 

• Susceptible individuals may have a history ofSusceptible individuals may have a history of sensitivity to aspirin and bronchospasm from foods colored yellow or orange, such as soft drinks or candy

Page 23: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

LithiumLithium 

• Renal lithium clearance is increased and serumRenal lithium clearance is increased and serum lithium concentrations are reduced by theophyllineand aminophylline

Page 24: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

• Valproic acid may increase prothrombin time and INRValproic acid may increase prothrombin time and INR in patients taking warfarin

Page 25: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

• The incidence of steroid psychosis is dose‐related, seen in less than 1% of patients taking 40 mg or less of prednisone per day versus 28% taking 80 mg daily

• Isoniazid– Schizophreniform psychosis, delirium, euphoria, agitation, paranoia, auditory and visual hallucinations  (Commonly given with vitamin B6 or nicotinamide to prevent)nicotinamide to prevent)

Page 26: Psyyp gychopharmacology in bipolar disorder and ...ravanpezeshkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/... · • changes in heart rate and blood pressure typically occur during and immediately

ECT & pulmonaryh h b l d• Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 

should receive pretreatment with any prescribed bronchodilators as well as preoxygenation at each ECT t t ttreatment

• Theophylline should be discontinued or levels should beTheophylline should be discontinued or levels should be kept as low as clinically feasible to minimize the risk of prolonged seizures

• Patients with asthma should have bronchodilators available for use both before and after each ECT treatmenttreatment