psychopathy & facial emotion detection timothy c. bates [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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PCL: The “gold standard”
• Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)• Hare, 1995
• Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R)• Hare, 1991.• see Hare, 1991, 1996; Hart, Har ,&Harpur, 1992).
• Uses clinical ratings based from a 2 hour semistructured interview combined with a review of file information.
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PCL 2-factor structure
• Factor I• Grandiosity• Absence of guilt• Callousness
• Cleckley (1941/1982)
• Factor II• chronic antisocial and criminal lifestyle
• more akin to DSM ASPD
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Self reports
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Psychopathic Deviate scale
• Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989),
• California Psychological Inventory Socialization scale
• (Gough, 1969)
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II Antisocial• (Millon, 1987)
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Problems with self report
• Moderate Factor II correlations (.3-.4)• Close to zero with Factor I
• Harpur, Hare, & Hakstian, 1989; Hart, Forth, & Hare, 1991.
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Other problems
• A core element of psychopathy is impression management • Not apologizing, maximizing their own
reputation, silencing dissent and dissimulating
• Hare et al., 1989
• Why would they, then self-report psychopathic behavior?
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PPI (Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996)
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Eight Subscales
• Machiavellian Egocentricity (30 items) Narcissistic and ruthless attitudes in interpersonal functioning.• “I always look out for my own interests before
worrying about those of the other guy” • Social Potency(24 items) Perceived ability
to influence and manipulate others.• “Even when others are upset with me, I can
usually win them over with my charm”
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PPI
• Coldheartedness (21items) Callousness, guiltlessness, and an absence of sentimentality.• “I have had ‘crushes’ on people that were so
intense that they were painful” [false]• Carefree Nonplanfulness (20 items)
Indifference in planning one’s actions.• “I often make the same errors in judgment
over and over again”
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PPI• Fearlessness (19 items) Absence of
anticipatory anxiety concerning harm and the willingness to participate in risky activities.
• “Making a parachute jump would really frighten me” [false])
• Blame Externalization, (18 items) Blame others for one’s problems and to rationalize one’s own misbehavior.
• “I usually feel that people give me the credit I deserve” [false])
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PPI
• Impulsive Nonconformity, (17 items) Reckless lack of concern regarding social mores.
• “I sometimes question authority figures ‘just for the hell of it’” [true])
• Stress Immunity, (11 items): Absence of marked reactions to anxiety-provoking events.
• “I can remain calm in situations that would make many other people panic”
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PPI Validity Scales• Deviant Responding (10 items). Malingering,
careless responding, comprehension• “During the day, I generally see the world in color rather
than in black-and-white”• Unlikely Virtues (14 items). Socially desirable
impression management. • “I have always been completely fair to others”
• derived from Tellegen’s (1978) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and measure
• Variable Response Inconsistency• Sum of the absolute differences between 40 item pairs
with high intercorrelations.
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Validity
• Most self-report indexes of psychopathy fail to correlate with PCL or other diagnostic ratings
• PPI correlates with questionnaire, interview, and rating measures of Primary Psychopathy
• (Lilienfeld, 1990; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996).
• PPI & PCL-R factor 1 correlate > .45• (Poythress, Edens, & Lilienfeld, 1998; Lilienfeld et al., 1998)
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Predicts
• Violence and recidivism • Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1996
• Poor passive-avoidance learning • withholding responses that lead to
punishment• Belmore & Quinsey, 1994; Newman & Kosson, 1986.
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Lykken (1957)• Suggested that
• Psychopaths are deficient in fear• Everything else follows from that
• Predicts some unlikely things• Heroic people are psychopaths
• Ignores some likely things• You have not only to not fear punishment, but to desire the
activity - are we all simply restrained from evil by fear?• Reciprocity may exist
• I must not only not fear you, I must not empathize with your pain
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Effortful Control• Raine
• Reduced prefrontal cortex in murderers• Damasio
• Infant Head injury can create sociopathy• Jensen-Campbell (2002)
• A & C related to reduced Stroop and Wisconsin • Bates (submitted)
• A & C related to frontal damage scales• Attentional network performance
• Lynam: Delinquency & IQ/Executive fn
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Social information Processing
• Raine: reduced PFC volume in murderers
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Psychopathy & the Face
• We display emotions on our faces• Psychopaths have severe emotional
disturbances• Perhaps face processing will reflect
individual differences in psychopathic information processing?
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While there appears to be a “face” area in the fusiform gyrus
Haxby,2002
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Faces evoke a diverse range of systems
Haxby,2002
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Morphs
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Fear is the key?
a) A great book by Alistair MacLean
b) A good movie by Michael Tuchner
c) A thing in which Psychopaths are deficient
d) All of the above
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Psychopathy & FFM
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Is psychopathy a normal trait? NEO weightings
Coefficient Std. Coeff. F-to-Remove
Intercept 296.472 296.472 137.343
A1Trust -.697 -.190 8.180
A5Modesty -.772 -.199 9.578
A6Tendermindedness -.662 -.150 5.094
C5Self-Discipline -1.460 -.400 45.098
E5Excitement Seeking 1.480 .325 30.112
N1Anxiety -1.918 -.435 36.317
N2Angry Hostility 1.446 .371 26.321
O2Aesthetics .703 .133 4.818
O4Actions .659 .161 7.093
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NEO-PI R Regression graph
100
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100 150 200 250 300 350 400Fitted PPI
Dependent vs. FittedStep: 11
But no sig relationships to personality appear