psychology 415; social basis of health behavior social / cognitive & affective models 1 schema:...

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Social / Cognitive & affective models 1

Schema: Basic models Jean Piaget

Schema (“scheme”): The representation in the mind of a coherent set of perceptions, ideas, and actions.

Basic homeostatic device

adapt to new information and

ensure stability over time and context

The development of knowledge structures:

AssimilationAssimilationIncorporate new experience

into existing cognitive structures

•Stereotypes•“Action schema”•“Response generalization”

AssimilationAssimilationIncorporate new experience

into existing cognitive structures

•Stereotypes•“Action schema”•“Response generalization”

AccommodationAccommodationModify cognitive structure to

include new categories

•Attitude change•Verbal / experiential learning

AccommodationAccommodationModify cognitive structure to

include new categories

•Attitude change•Verbal / experiential learning

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Markus

“Self-schema” Consistent cognitive structure (“self-attitude”, beliefs about

self & others

Primed by affective or contextual cues

Core mechanism for

Filtering & interpreting social information about self & others

Maintaining organized self-perception

Lowers threshold for recognition & recall

Lowers Rx time, errors

Central to recognition & response to health threat

Unrealistic / unique optimism and pct. Vulnerability

“Schema change” maintenance

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Fingerhut’s model

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Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame

Behavioral intentions


Behavioral standards


Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior


Actual behaviorActual

behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback

Behavioral “Comparator”


Self schema“Self-discrepancies”

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Ideal

Higgen’s self-discrepancy model

Actual

OughtAttributes that directly describe the self

• Ongoing behavior / behavioral dispositions

• Attitudes & beliefs

• Affective states

Attributes that represent your...• Hopes

• Aspirations

• Wishes

Attributes that key others (reference group) believes you should posses.

• Sense of duty

• Obligations

• Responsibilities

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Ideal


Actual

Ought

Standpoints:

“internal”

Own Other Own OtherOwn Other

v. “external”

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Ideal


Actual

OughtOwn Other Own OtherOwn Other

Basic “self-schema” or self-concept• Simple self-perception

• Perception of other’s view of self

“Self-guides”: Internal & external standards• Normative reference group: Norms x values term

Motivations:

Intrinsic versus extrinsic

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“Self-schemea” the basic cybernetic frame











“Actual” self•Self-perceived

•Via perceptions of others

“Ideal” self

“Ought” self•Intrinsic goals / aspirations

•Extrinsic values / demands

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Self-discrepancies











Perceived self-discrepancy•Real discrepancy between standards & outcomes

•Chronic availability of standards & behavioral outcomes

•Priming of ideal / ought standards

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Ideal

Self-discrepancies, 2

Actual

Ought

Depression, disappointment

Own Other Own OtherOwn Other

Dejection, loss of esteem

Fear, perceived threat

Guilt, self-recrimination

Anxiety, fear, social anxiety

Depression, sadness, self-disappointment

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The feared self

Discrepancies and goals:

Actual ought:

behavior shaped toward an outcome by avoidance of negative consequences

Guilt, extrinsic motivation

Initiation of + behavior likely short term

Actual Ideal:

Behavior shaped by approach of personal goals

“Personal striving”, intrinsic motivation

Initiation maintenance

The feared self:

Behavior shaped only by avoidance; no outcome structure

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Multiple motives for behavior

Feared self: Diffuse avoidance motives

Ideal / ought self: structures behavior toward approach goal

Combination of avoidant (feared self-based) and approach (ideal / ought –based) motives sum to create behavioral disposition.

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Approach – Avoidance conflicts

Kurt Lewin, Dollard & Miller: Approach or avoidance of a goal (or state..) have drive states or

strengths

The strength of a drive increases as the animal gets closer to the goal

Avoidance gradients (“BAS”) are steeper than approach (“BIS”) gradients

Negative information is more salient

Pain / avoidance / fear is a stronger motivator than positive affect

As long as one drive predominates action follows.

People can have >1 gradient

If no drive is predominant state of equilibrium

Resolving equilibrium requires a shift in goals or self-awareness

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Approach gradient

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

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str

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thSingle motive toward a goal: •no conflict •reliable behavioral outcome

Single motive toward a goal: •no conflict •reliable behavioral outcome

Reward sensitivity (BAS)

Varies by goal (“schema”) within person

Varies between people (individual difference / “personality” variable)

Varies by goal (“schema”) within person

Varies between people (individual difference / “personality” variable)

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Avoidance gradient

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

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str

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th

Also single motive

Also single motive

Punishment sensitivity (BIS)

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Two Approach Goals

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

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thTwo conflicting goals, but gradients differ enough that conflict is resolved,

no equilibrium state

Two conflicting goals, but gradients differ enough that conflict is resolved,

no equilibrium state

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Two Behavioral Goals:Approach – Approach Conflict

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

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thApproach gradients

cross as the subject gets closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium requires shift in goal

strengths.

Approach gradients cross as the subject gets

closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium requires shift in goal

strengths.

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Approach motives positive conceptualizations, reward sensitivity more salient to distant &

abstract goals.

Approach motives positive conceptualizations, reward sensitivity more salient to distant &

abstract goals.

Approach – Avoidance Conflict

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

ve

str

eng

th

Resolving equilibrium: “Not think” response: cognitive

escape, drug use… Change salience of + or –

information Value – attitude congruence:

frame concrete behavior in terms of higher-order goal

“assimilate” behavior into self-schema

Resolving equilibrium: “Not think” response: cognitive

escape, drug use… Change salience of + or –

information Value – attitude congruence:

frame concrete behavior in terms of higher-order goal

“assimilate” behavior into self-schema

Avoidance concern over negative consequences punishment sensitivity salient to proximal & concrete goals.

Avoidance concern over negative consequences punishment sensitivity salient to proximal & concrete goals.

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Multiple “self-schema” and approach – avoidance goals

Near Far

Distance from goal

Dri

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thMultiple approach & avoidant sub-goals

Multiple approach & avoidant sub-goalsLead to overall goal pursuit / avoidance

Lead to overall goal pursuit / avoidance

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Leventhal’s “Common Sense” model:

Normative or individual cognitive schema“Disturbance” term in cybernetic modelResponse to “hot” cognition: affective reactivityCausal attributions, outcome & efficacy expectancies, information seekingCapacity for approach (instrumental) or avoidant (affective) coping responses

Approach / avoidant “goals” vis-à-vis “behavioral comparator”.

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Health threats and self-regulation











Cognitive & affective representation of health threat


Disturbance, threat info.


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Health beliefs in a cybernetic frame















Problem recognition: is there a problem?“Cues to action”: availability of health information

Sensitivity to physical or ψ status (e.g., “ψ mindedness”)

Social norms visibility of impairment or change

Problem recognition: is there a problem?“Cues to action”: availability of health information

Sensitivity to physical or ψ status (e.g., “ψ mindedness”)

Social norms visibility of impairment or change

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Problem Definition: What is it?Simple knowledge & beliefs

• Negative v. positive definitions• Health v. Illness• Physical v. behavioral

Causal attributions (internal / stable v. external / unstable)

Problem Definition: What is it?Simple knowledge & beliefs

• Negative v. positive definitions• Health v. Illness• Physical v. behavioral

Causal attributions (internal / stable v. external / unstable)





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Problem solving strategiesSimple health care availability

Anticipated stigma

Instrumental v. affective coping responses

• Outcome & self-efficacy expectancies active coping

• Expectancies of affect regulation avoidant coping

Problem solving strategiesSimple health care availability

Anticipated stigma

Instrumental v. affective coping responses

• Outcome & self-efficacy expectancies active coping

• Expectancies of affect regulation avoidant coping

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Health beliefs: Protection Motivation















Protection motivation modelProtection motivation model

Threat appraisal

• HBM constructs: vulnerability & severity of threat

• “Approach” motivations: intrinsic & extrinsic rewards

Threat appraisal

• HBM constructs: vulnerability & severity of threat

• “Approach” motivations: intrinsic & extrinsic rewards

Coping appraisal

• Performance & response efficacy

• “Avoidant” motivations: response cost

Coping appraisal

• Performance & response efficacy

• “Avoidant” motivations: response cost

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Protection motivation Core construct:

Interaction of Efficacy expectancies x perceived threat.

Sturges et al., 1996: Adolescent’s intention to smoke, by:

Experimental threat condition

Baseline “active” coping skills.

High threat + low coping “boomerang” effect

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Protection motivation: Wu et al., 1

Integrative heuristic model: key variables

Personal & cultural sources of information

Complex threat appraisals

Coping resources Motivational “readiness”

• Rewards / facilitators

• Costs

Begin self-regulating the threat

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Core elements of Health Belief Model:

Health information

Perceived severity

Personal vulnerability

Cues to action?

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Theory of reasoned action:

Norms

Beliefs & attitudes

Self-efficacy

Behavioral intention as core outcome

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Illness representations & self-regulation

Identity of the disease

Cause

Timeline

Consequences

Controllability

Internal v. external attributionInternal v. external attributionChronicity: •eventual coping demands•“burnout”

Chronicity: •eventual coping demands•“burnout”

• Perceived severity• Perceived

vulnerability

• Perceived severity• Perceived

vulnerabilityExpectancies:• Outcome• Self-efficacy

Expectancies:• Outcome• Self-efficacy

Cognitive representation

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Core dimension:

Active / instrumental

Affective Avoidant

•Denial, distancing

•Self-blame, fatalism

•Alcohol / drugs, etc.

Avoidant

•Denial, distancing

•Self-blame, fatalism

•Alcohol / drugs, etc.

“Problem solving”•Skills & knowledge•Social support•self-efficacy•Other resources

“Problem solving”•Skills & knowledge•Social support•self-efficacy•Other resources

Identity

Cause

Timeline

Consequences

Controllability


Coping resources

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Coping resources

Identity

Cause

Timeline

Consequences

Controllability

Affective

state

Instrumental

vs.

Affective

Positive & negative affect

Quality of life

“Future orientation”

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Benyamini: 3-level self-regulation model data

psychology 415; social basis of health behavior social / cognitive & affective models 1 schema:...

Documents

self selfguides

ideal self

external slide

extrinsic slide

fingerhuts model slide

new experience

new information

new categories attitude