PSYCHOLOGY 2012: ADULT DEVELOPMENT & AGINGPSYCHOLOGY 2012: ADULT DEVELOPMENT & AGING

What is an adult?What is an adult?1.1. End of education? Now lifelong.End of education? Now lifelong.2.2. Paying your own way? (Working, Paying your own way? (Working,

financial independence): Many in their financial independence): Many in their 30s, exceptionally all their lives, don’t.30s, exceptionally all their lives, don’t.

3.3. Living apart from family? University, Living apart from family? University, social assistance, apt. paid by parents, social assistance, apt. paid by parents, student loan.student loan.

4.4. Marriage? Some just live together, others Marriage? Some just live together, others not interested.not interested.

5.5. Parenthood? Almost 20% now not Parenthood? Almost 20% now not interested.interested.

What is an adult (Cont’d)?What is an adult (Cont’d)?• ““Social Clock” no longer runs on time.Social Clock” no longer runs on time.• Impact of need for more education.Impact of need for more education.• Beginning of adulthood: Between 20-25 Beginning of adulthood: Between 20-25

to end of life: about 60 years.to end of life: about 60 years.• Young adulthood: 20-40. First and Young adulthood: 20-40. First and

second decade.second decade.• Middle adulthood: 40-65Middle adulthood: 40-65

What is an adult (Cont’d)?What is an adult (Cont’d)?• Old adulthood: 65-death.Old adulthood: 65-death.

• Young-old: 65-75Young-old: 65-75• Old-old: 75-85Old-old: 75-85• Very old: 85+Very old: 85+

• Young adults:Young adults:• establish identity: who am I? What do I want? establish identity: who am I? What do I want?

Evolving.Evolving.• choose field of work, acquire qualifications, start job.choose field of work, acquire qualifications, start job.• find spouse.find spouse.• become parents.become parents.• conflict between intimacy and independenceconflict between intimacy and independence

What is an adult (Cont’d)?What is an adult (Cont’d)?Middle adults:Middle adults:• settle in and advance in chosen field of worksettle in and advance in chosen field of work• take care of family needstake care of family needs• generativity (guiding next generation)generativity (guiding next generation)• take care of aging parentstake care of aging parents• achieve maximum potentialachieve maximum potential• grow financiallygrow financially• continue identity developmentcontinue identity development• prepare for retirement and old ageprepare for retirement and old ageOlder adults:Older adults:• adjust to retirementadjust to retirement• adjust to changing capabilitiesadjust to changing capabilities• choose appropriate housingchoose appropriate housing• prepare and adjust to spouse’s deathprepare and adjust to spouse’s death

• The terms The terms developmentdevelopment and and ageage have have undergone substantial change in the past undergone substantial change in the past two decades.two decades.

• Development: used to refer to changes Development: used to refer to changes of growth and increased complexity.of growth and increased complexity.

• Aging: meant loss, decay, trend toward Aging: meant loss, decay, trend toward simplicity.simplicity.

• Current view: growth and complexity Current view: growth and complexity continue into old age, while loss can continue into old age, while loss can begin at birth (at the cellular level at begin at birth (at the cellular level at least).least).

• Development now refers to any age-Development now refers to any age-related change in body or behaviour. related change in body or behaviour. Age-related is not the same as age Age-related is not the same as age caused.caused.

• Can principles of development explain Can principles of development explain the changes that occur throughout the the changes that occur throughout the lifespan?lifespan?

DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABLESDEVELOPMENTAL VARIABLES(text: forces)(text: forces)• BiologicalBiological

• Heredity, health (nutrition, pollution, etc.), anything Heredity, health (nutrition, pollution, etc.), anything physicalphysical

• PsychologicalPsychological• Cognitive, emotional, behavioural, personality Cognitive, emotional, behavioural, personality

(temperament) and variables derived from those.(temperament) and variables derived from those.• SocioculturalSociocultural

• Social and cultural environment, ethnicity, religious Social and cultural environment, ethnicity, religious beliefs and practicesbeliefs and practices

• Life-cycleLife-cycle• Interaction of all the above with each life stage of Interaction of all the above with each life stage of

each individualeach individual

AGE CAN BE:AGE CAN BE:• Chronological (time since birth)Chronological (time since birth)• Biological (physical wear and tear)Biological (physical wear and tear)• Social (benchmark roles)Social (benchmark roles)• Psychological (emotional maturity, Psychological (emotional maturity,

identity development, memory status, identity development, memory status, etc.)etc.)

• Development: age-related changesDevelopment: age-related changes• Primary Aging: normal aging (wrinkles, Primary Aging: normal aging (wrinkles,

gray hair, slower CNS)gray hair, slower CNS)• Secondary Aging: changes due to Secondary Aging: changes due to

lifestyle, disease, etc. (overweight, lifestyle, disease, etc. (overweight, smoking, no exercise)smoking, no exercise)

• Many aging problems due to secondary Many aging problems due to secondary aging not inherent to aging per se.aging not inherent to aging per se.

1900 2000OLD OLD

YOUNG CHILDREN YOUNG CHILDREN

CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCYCHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY1 AD – 351 AD – 351900 – 46-481900 – 46-482005 – 78-82.72005 – 78-82.7

Of the 10 Canadian provinces, NL has the lowest Of the 10 Canadian provinces, NL has the lowest life expectancylife expectancy*Also important: How many years after 50 have *Also important: How many years after 50 have good quality of life?good quality of life?Two countries with the same life expectancy couldTwo countries with the same life expectancy couldhave different figures e.g. have different figures e.g. UK (women): life expectancy: 82.7~ healthyUK (women): life expectancy: 82.7~ healthy years after 50: 20.8years after 50: 20.8France (women): life expectancy: 85.4 ~ healthy France (women): life expectancy: 85.4 ~ healthy years after 50: 19.7years after 50: 19.7

CHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCYCHANGES IN LIFE EXPECTANCY• Reasons for increase:Reasons for increase:

• sanitationsanitation• nutritionnutrition• medical advancesmedical advances

• Consequences:Consequences:• demographicsdemographics• marriage/divorcemarriage/divorce• career/retirement/second careercareer/retirement/second career• lifestyle of the oldlifestyle of the old

• Scientific interest in aging:Scientific interest in aging:• geriatricsgeriatrics• gerontologygerontology• thanatologythanatology

CHANGES RELATED TO INCREASED CHANGES RELATED TO INCREASED LIFESPAN:LIFESPAN:

• Technological advancesTechnological advances

• Need for more educationNeed for more education

• Prolonged childhood/adolescenceProlonged childhood/adolescence

• Fertility controlFertility control

• Later parenting, fewer childrenLater parenting, fewer children

• Attitudinal changesAttitudinal changes

• Health CareHealth Care

APPENDIXAPPENDIXThere used to be four common life phases: childhood, adolescence, adulthood There used to be four common life phases: childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. Now, there are at least six: childhood, adolescence, odyssey, and old age. Now, there are at least six: childhood, adolescence, odyssey, adulthood, active retirement and old age. Of the new ones, the least adulthood, active retirement and old age. Of the new ones, the least understood is odyssey, the decade of wandering that frequently occurs understood is odyssey, the decade of wandering that frequently occurs between adolescence and adulthood.between adolescence and adulthood.

During this decade, 20-somethings go to school and take breaks from school. During this decade, 20-somethings go to school and take breaks from school. They live with friends and they live at home. They fall in and out of love. They They live with friends and they live at home. They fall in and out of love. They try one career and then try another. try one career and then try another.

Their parents grow increasingly anxious. These parents understand that there’s Their parents grow increasingly anxious. These parents understand that there’s bound to be a transition phase between student life and adult life. But when bound to be a transition phase between student life and adult life. But when they look at their own grown children, they see the transition stretching five they look at their own grown children, they see the transition stretching five years, seven and beyond. The parents don’t even detect a clear sense of years, seven and beyond. The parents don’t even detect a clear sense of direction in their children’s lives. They look at them and see the things that are direction in their children’s lives. They look at them and see the things that are being delayed.being delayed.

They see that people in this age bracket are delaying marriage. They’re They see that people in this age bracket are delaying marriage. They’re delaying having children. They’re delaying permanent employment. People who delaying having children. They’re delaying permanent employment. People who were born before 1964 tend to define adulthood by certain accomplishments — were born before 1964 tend to define adulthood by certain accomplishments — moving away from home, becoming financially independent, getting married moving away from home, becoming financially independent, getting married and starting a family.and starting a family.

In 1960, roughly 70 percent of 30-year-olds had achieved these things. By 2000, In 1960, roughly 70 percent of 30-year-olds had achieved these things. By 2000, fewer than 40 percent of 30-year-olds had done the same.fewer than 40 percent of 30-year-olds had done the same.

Yet with a little imagination it’s possible even for baby boomers to understand what Yet with a little imagination it’s possible even for baby boomers to understand what it’s like to be in the middle of the odyssey years. It’s possible to see that this period it’s like to be in the middle of the odyssey years. It’s possible to see that this period of improvisation is a sensible response to modern conditions.of improvisation is a sensible response to modern conditions.

Young people grow up in tightly structured childhoods, Wuthnow observes, but Young people grow up in tightly structured childhoods, Wuthnow observes, but then graduate into a world characterized by uncertainty, diversity, searching and then graduate into a world characterized by uncertainty, diversity, searching and tinkering. Old success recipes don’t apply, new norms have not been established tinkering. Old success recipes don’t apply, new norms have not been established and everything seems to give way to a less permanent version of itself.and everything seems to give way to a less permanent version of itself.

Dating gives way to Facebook and hooking up. Marriage gives way to cohabitation. Dating gives way to Facebook and hooking up. Marriage gives way to cohabitation. Church attendance gives way to spiritual longing. Newspaper reading gives way to Church attendance gives way to spiritual longing. Newspaper reading gives way to blogging. (In 1970, 49 percent of adults in their 20s read a daily paper; now it’s at blogging. (In 1970, 49 percent of adults in their 20s read a daily paper; now it’s at 21 percent.)21 percent.)

The job market is fluid. Graduating seniors don’t find corporations offering them The job market is fluid. Graduating seniors don’t find corporations offering them jobs that will guide them all the way to retirement. Instead they find a vast menu of jobs that will guide them all the way to retirement. Instead they find a vast menu of information economy options, few of which they have heard of or prepared for. information economy options, few of which they have heard of or prepared for.

  

Social life is fluid. There’s been a shift in the balance of power between the Social life is fluid. There’s been a shift in the balance of power between the genders. Thirty-six percent of female workers in their 20s now have a college genders. Thirty-six percent of female workers in their 20s now have a college degree, compared with 23 percent of male workers. Male wages have stagnated degree, compared with 23 percent of male workers. Male wages have stagnated over the past decades, while female wages have risen.over the past decades, while female wages have risen.

This has fundamentally scrambled the courtship rituals and decreased the This has fundamentally scrambled the courtship rituals and decreased the pressure to get married. Educated women can get many of the things they want pressure to get married. Educated women can get many of the things they want (income, status, identity) without marriage, while they find it harder (or, if they’re (income, status, identity) without marriage, while they find it harder (or, if they’re working-class, next to impossible) to find a suitably accomplished mate.working-class, next to impossible) to find a suitably accomplished mate.

The odyssey years are not about slacking off. There are intense competitive The odyssey years are not about slacking off. There are intense competitive pressures as a result of the vast numbers of people chasing relatively few pressures as a result of the vast numbers of people chasing relatively few opportunities. Moreover, surveys show that people living through these years opportunities. Moreover, surveys show that people living through these years have highly traditional aspirations (they rate parenthood more highly than their have highly traditional aspirations (they rate parenthood more highly than their own parents did) even as they lead improvising lives.own parents did) even as they lead improvising lives.

Rather, what we’re seeing is the creation of a new life phase, just as adolescence Rather, what we’re seeing is the creation of a new life phase, just as adolescence came into being a century ago. came into being a century ago.

But there is every reason to think this phase will grow more pronounced in the But there is every reason to think this phase will grow more pronounced in the coming years. European nations are traveling this route ahead of us. They delay coming years. European nations are traveling this route ahead of us. They delay marriage even longer than we do and spend even more years shifting between marriage even longer than we do and spend even more years shifting between the job market and higher education.the job market and higher education.

And as the new generational structure solidifies, social and economic And as the new generational structure solidifies, social and economic entrepreneurs will create new rites and institutions. Someday people will look entrepreneurs will create new rites and institutions. Someday people will look back and wonder at the vast social changes wrought by the emerging social back and wonder at the vast social changes wrought by the emerging social group that saw their situations first captured by “Friends” and later by “Knocked group that saw their situations first captured by “Friends” and later by “Knocked Up.” Up.”