Psychology 100:12Psychology 100:12

Chapter 13 Chapter 13

Self & Social Cognition IISelf & Social Cognition II

OutlineConformity, Obedience &

helpingSocial influences on

behaviour Killing, hurting and (not)

helping others

Study Question:• Compare and contrast social facilitation with social loafing. Why does the presence of others sometimes improve performance and other times impair it?

Quiz 2 Question A B C D Answer

1 0 65 1 0 B2 2 0 49 15 C3 0 45 2 19 B4 18 2 40 6 C5 1 12 3 50 D6 64 0 0 2 A7 22 8 35 1 C8 6 28 28 4 B9 51 1 5 9 A10 0 66 0 0 B11 2 0 62 2 C12 1 4 4 57 D13 56 3 5 2 A

Social Psychology

Quiz 2 Question A B C D Answer

14 55 4 1 5 A15 2 62 1 1 B16 6 17 43 0 C17 56 3 7 0 A18 60 0 5 1 A19 2 63 0 1 B20 0 1 3 61 D21 2 47 6 10 B22 10 0 54 2 C23 5 11 49 1 C24 17 27 14 8 B25 3 43 18 2 B

Social Psychology

Social Psychology

• Social Influences on behaviour– Latanés social impact theory

>Source: Person exerting the social force. >Target: Person receiving the social force. >Three Propositions.

Impact is a product of the strength, immediacy, and number of sources.

Impact of each additional source decreases as the number increases

Impact is inversely related to the number of targets

Social Psychology • Social Influences on behaviour

– Example: Stage fright>Strength, immediacy, and number of sources

Stage fright increases with status and size of audience.

>Impact of each additional source decreases as the number increases

Slope of the anxiety function diminishes as audience gets larger

>Impact is inversely related to the number of targets

Anxiety decreases with increasing number of actors.

Social Psychology • Social Influences on behaviour

– Other’s requests >Social impact theory predicts that we will comply

When requester has higher status (strength) When the requester is in front of you

(immediacy) There are more than one requester (number)

• Conformity

– Asch’s experiment>Results over 76 % make at least one error

Busking and float money; Canned laughter

A B C

Social Psychology

Social Psychology • Obedience & authority

– Person perception and authority>Wilson’s (1968) study.

Participants judged the height of a visiting speaker

Introduced as Average height judgment

>Student 68.75 >Demonstrator 70.5 >Lecturer 71.0 >Sr. Lecturer 71.5 >Professor 72.5

• Blind obedience– Obedience ---> social order, law.– Blind Obedience ---> Ethnic cleansing.

• Milgram’s experiment– Prediction: Less than 1% would go all the way.

> Results: 63 % (cf. Milgram’s 37)> Learner in same room, half a meter away: 40%> Force the hand onto the shock plate: 30%> Other teachers continue: 72%> Other teacher quits: 11%

Slight Moderate Strong Very Strong Intense Extremely Intense DANGER XXX

Shock Level

Social Psychology

Per

form

ance

ArousalLow High

High

Low

Easy task

ModerateTask

DifficultTask

Social Psychology • Social Facilitation, Inhibition, and Loafing

– Triplett (1897)>Social Facilitation: Enhanced performance due to the

presence of others.

>Social Inhibition: Impaired performance due to the presence of others.

– Zanjonc’s theory>Yerkes - Dodson Law

Home field disadvantage?

Social Psychology • Social Loafing

– Ringleman’s tug of war>Force = 8 X individuals + Social facilitation>Results: About 1/2 the force of the 8 individuals>Latané’s shouting experiment

Individual assessment --> Social facilitation No Individual assessment --> Social loafing Responsibility --> No loafing.

• Bystander Intervention– Good Samaritan Day (March 13)

> Kitty Genovese

– When do we help?>When we notice the situation (Latane & Darley)

Students fill out questionnaires (self vs group) Smoke starts to pour into the room Solitary students notice immediately Students in groups significantly slower to notice

Social Psychology

Social Psychology – When do we help?

>Assume Personal responsibility (Darly & Latané) Participants in separate rooms and are told they were

going to have a discussion over an intercom system. • Subjects think a confederate is having seizure• Believed they were alone, or that one or four

others had heard

– Number of others present Helping response0 90%

1 60%

2 25%

Social Psychology • Disposition vs. Situation (Darley & Batson)

– Theological seminary students > Asked to think about a Good Samaritan speech or

something else.> Told to go to another building to record the speech

“ It will be a few minutes before they are ready for you, but you might as well head over”

“They were expecting you a few minutes ago so you better hurry”

> Along the way-pass man sitting in doorway slumped over, head down, coughing and groaning.

Unhurried - 66% stopped to help Hurried - 10% stopped to help