psychoanalytic theoryA.K.A. psychodynamic theory

Sigmund Freud

• based on case studies & self-analysis

• childhood & unconscious sexual & aggressive drives

psychoanalytic theory

psychoanalytic theory

Id

- sexual & aggressive drives

- pleasure principle

- irrational & impatient

psychoanalytic theory

Ego

- uses reasoning & planning

- fulfills Id in socially-appropriate ways

- reality principle

psychoanalytic theory

SuperEgo

- internalizes external demands

- moral conscience (right vs. wrong)

- punishes you with guilt, anxiety, etc.

defense mechanisms

If the ego cannot balance Id & SuperEgo, anxiety results.

Reduce anxiety with self-deceptions.

defense mechanisms

Repression

Denial

Rationalization

Displacement

Regression

Projection

Reaction formation

Sublimation

p. 465

psychosexual stages of development

ORAL

ANAL

PHALLIC

LATENCY

GENITAL

0 – 1 yr

1 – 3 yr

3 – 6 yr

conflicts of overstimulation or over restriction of erogenous zones = fixation

castration anxiety

penis envy

Oedipus/Elektra complex

6 - puberty

puberty displacement of impulses

repression of impulses

psychoanalysis

DREAMS: manifest content

latent content

free associationTHERAPY:

reveals the unconscious conflicts

psychoanalysis

Id influences your behavior in everyday life:

accidents

memory lapses

“Freudian slips”

random behavior

humor

defense mechanisms

behaviorism

• personality & behavior is learned from reinforcements & punishments

• The environment influences you. You do not influence the environment.

• behavior is measurable

• experiments on animals

humanistic perspective

• rejected both Freud & behaviorism

• people are good

• free will

• self-concept

Carl Rogers

Basic human motivation:

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

To grow emotionally, intellectually, in skills, work, as family member, or relationships.

Carl Rogers

SELF CONCEPT

REAL SELF IDEAL SELF

your perception of who you truly are

your perception of who you should be

orwant to be

(shaped by those whose opinions you

value)

Carl Rogers

SELF CONCEPT

REAL SELF IDEAL SELF

your perception of who you truly are

your perception of who you should be

orwant to be

=

you feel competent & emotionally healthy(you are capable of self-actualization)

Carl Rogers

SELF CONCEPT

REAL SELF IDEAL SELF

your perception of who you truly are

your perception of who you should be

orwant to be

≠

psychological problems(you are not capable of self-actualization)

Carl Rogers

SELF CONCEPT

REAL SELF IDEAL SELF

your perception of who you truly are

your perception of who you should be

orwant to be

type of positive regard

agreement?

Carl Rogers

Child has a SELF-CONCEPT that needs:

POSITIVE REGARD

CONDITIONAL UNCONDITIONAL

Parents should disapprove of child’s behavior, not the child.

social cognitive view

• actively process info from social experiences (influences though, feeling, & behavior)

• high vs low degree of self-efficacy

• internal vs external locus of control

• self-concept varies for difference situations

tendency to accept vague descriptions (of our

personality)

barnum effect

Your personality is composed of various traits.

traits

TRAIT THEORYdescribes & measures specific traits of personality

TRAITstable & enduring tendency in behavior

e.g. shyness

NEUROTICISM

EXTRAVERSION

OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

AGREEABLENESS

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

LOW HIGH

calm, not reactive, stable guilt, anxiety, depression

quiet, solitary, self-focused outgoing, sociable,

sensation-seeking

traditional, routine, low risk creative, new ideas & people

antagonistic, suspicious trusting, softhearted, complies

lazy, aimless, quitter self-disciplined, dutiful, achiever

5 Factor Model

traits you are born with

temperament

behavioral genetics

What is contribution of genes vs environment to behavior?

(ranges from personality to mental illness)

behavioral genetics

Family studies

Adoption Studies

Twin Studies

amt of trait ~ relatedness?

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ)DIZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ)

MZ > DZ ?

nature vs nurture

Monozygotic twins more similar in extraversion & neuroticism than dizygotic twins.

Low correlations between adopted children & their adoptive parents.

What does this suggest?

nature vs nurture

unshared

environment

shared