psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1Slides & Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines, Ph.D.Northampton Community College
Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 6eRonald Comer
1
Models of AbnormalityModels of AbnormalityChapter 2 Handouts
![Page 2: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
22
Models of AbnormalityModels of Abnormality
In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as models or paradigms◦Each spells out ___________________,
___________________, and sets guidelines for investigation
◦Models influence what investigators observe, ________________________, the information they seek, and how they interpret this information
![Page 3: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
33
Models of AbnormalityModels of AbnormalityUntil recently, clinical scientists of a
given place and time tended to agree on a single model of abnormality – a model greatly influenced by _______________
Today, several models are used to explain and treat abnormal functioning◦Each model focuses mainly on one aspect
of human functioning and none can explain all aspects of abnormality
![Page 4: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
44
The Biological ModelThe Biological Model
Adopts a ___________ perspectiveMain focus is that abnormal
behavior is an illness brought about by ______________________________◦Typically focused on the
_______________
![Page 5: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
55
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Brain anatomy
◦The brain is composed of ~100 billion nerve cells (called _________ ) and thousands of billions of support cells (called _________ )
◦Within the brain, large groups of neurons form distinct areas called brain _________
![Page 6: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
66
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Brain anatomy and abnormal
behavior◦Clinical researchers have discovered
connections between certain psychological disorders and problems in specific brain areas Example: Huntington’s disease and basal
ganglia (forebrain)
![Page 7: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
77
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Brain chemistry
◦Information is communicated throughout the brain in the form of _______________ that travel from one neuron to one or more others
◦An impulse first is received at a neuron’s ____________, travels down the ____________, and is transmitted through the nerve ____________ to the dendrites of other neurons
![Page 8: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
99
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Brain chemistry
◦Neurons do not actually touch each other; they are separated by a space (the ____________), across which a message moves
◦When an electrical impulse reaches a nerve ending, the ending is stimulated to release a chemical called a ____________________ (NT), that travels across the synaptic space to _____________ on the dendrites of neighboring neurons Some NTs tell receiving neurons to “fire;”
other NTs tell receiving neurons to stop firing
![Page 10: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1010
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Brain chemistry and abnormal
behavior◦Researchers have identified dozens
of NTs and have learned that each neuron uses only certain kinds Examples: serotonin, dopamine, GABA
◦Studies indicate that abnormal activity by certain NTs can lead to specific mental disorders Examples: depression (serotonin and
norepinephrine) and anxiety (GABA)
![Page 11: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1111
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?
Brain chemistry and abnormal behavior◦Additionally, researchers have learned
that mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity in the endocrine system
◦Endocrine glands release hormones which propel body organs into action. Abnormal secretions have been linked to
psychological disorders
Example: Cortisol release is related to anxiety and mood disorders
![Page 12: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1212
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Sources of biological abnormalities
– ___________ ◦Each cell in the human body has 23
pairs of chromosomes, each with numerous genes that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits
◦Studies suggest that inheritance plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders
◦Researchers hope eventually to be able to prevent or change genes that help cause medical or psychological disorders
![Page 13: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1313
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?
Sources of biological abnormalities – evolution ◦ Genes that contribute to mental disorders
typically are viewed as unfortunate occurrences (e.g., mutations)
◦ Evolutionary theorists argue that they are, instead, the result of normal evolutionary principles: Genes responsible for human reactions survived
because they helped individuals thrive and adapt (e.g., fear) In modern times, however, the very genes that allowed for
survival and reproduction might now leave individuals particularly prone to fear reactions, and anxiety and other disorders
◦ This perspective is controversial and has been rejected by many theorists; it requires leaps of faith that many scientists find unacceptable
![Page 14: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1414
How Do Biological Theorists How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?Explain Abnormal Behavior?Sources of biological
abnormalities – viral infections◦Another possible source of abnormal
brain structure or biochemical dysfunction is viral infection Example: schizophrenia and prenatal
viral exposure
◦Interest in viral explanations of psychological disorders has been growing in the past decade Example: anxiety and mood disorders
![Page 15: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1515
Biological TreatmentsBiological Treatments
Biological practitioners attempt to pinpoint the physical _________ of dysfunction to determine the course of treatment
Three types of biological treatment:◦Drug therapy
◦Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
◦Psychosurgery
![Page 16: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1616
Biological TreatmentsBiological TreatmentsDrug therapy:
◦1950s = Discovery of psychotropic medications Greatly changed outlook for a number of
mental disorders
◦Four major drug groups: Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics; tranquilizers)
Antidepressant drugs
Antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers)
Antipsychotic drugs
![Page 17: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1717
Biological TreatmentsBiological Treatments
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):◦This treatment is used on tens of
thousands of depressed persons annually Used primarily for depression when drugs
and other therapies have failed
![Page 18: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1818
Biological TreatmentsBiological Treatments
Psychosurgery (or neurosurgery):
◦Historical roots in ______________
◦1930s = first lobotomy
◦Much more precise than in the past
◦Considered experimental and used only in extreme cases
![Page 19: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1919
Assessing the Biological Assessing the Biological ModelModelStrengths:
◦ Enjoys considerable respect in the field
◦ Constantly produces valuable new information
◦ ________________
Weaknesses:◦ Can limit, rather
than enhance, our understanding
________________
◦ Treatments produce significant _________
19
![Page 20: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2020
The Psychodynamic ModelThe Psychodynamic ModelOldest and most famous psychological
modelBased on belief that a person’s behavior
(whether normal or abnormal) is determined largely by underlying _______________ psychological forces _________________________◦ Abnormal symptoms are the result of
conflict among these forces
Father of psychodynamic theory and psychoanalytic therapy: ◦ __________________ (1856–1939)
![Page 21: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2121
How Did Freud Explain How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Normal and Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Shaped by three ______________
forces:1. Id – guided by the ______________ Principle
Instinctual needs, drives, and impulses
Sexual; fueled by libido (sexual energy)
2. Ego – guided by the ______________ Principle
Seeks gratification, but guides us to know when we can and cannot express our wishes
Ego defense mechanisms protect us from anxiety
![Page 22: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2323
How Did Freud Explain How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Normal and Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Caused by three UNCONSCIOUS forces:
◦ Superego – guided by the ____________ Principle
◦ Conscience; unconsciously adopted from our parents
These three parts of the personality are often in some degree of conflict◦ A healthy personality is one in which
compromise exists among the three forces
◦ If the id, ego, and superego are in excessive conflict, the person’s behavior may show signs of dysfunction
![Page 24: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2424
How Did Freud Explain How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Normal and Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Developmental stages◦Freud proposed that at each stage of
development, new events require adjustment of the id, ego, and superego If successful → personal growth
If unsuccessful → fixation at an early developmental stage, leading to psychological abnormality Because parents are the key figures in early life,
they are often seen as the cause of improper development
![Page 25: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2525
How Did Freud Explain How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Normal and Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Developmental stages
◦Oral (0 to 18 months of age)
◦Anal (18 months to 3 years of age)
◦Phallic (3 to 5 years of age)
◦Latency (5 to 12 years of age)
◦Genital (12 years of age to adulthood)
![Page 26: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2626
How Do Other Psychodynamic How Do Other Psychodynamic Explanations Differ from Explanations Differ from Freud’s?Freud’s?Although new theories depart from Freud’s
ideas in important ways, each holds on to the belief that human functioning is shaped by dynamic (interacting) psychological forces:◦ Ego theorists
Emphasize the role of the ego; consider it independent
◦ Self theorists Emphasize the unified personality
◦ Object-relations theorists Emphasize the human need for relationships with
others; importance of the relationship between children and their caregivers
![Page 27: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2727
Psychodynamic TherapiesPsychodynamic Therapies
Range from Freudian psychoanalysis to modern therapies
All seek to uncover past trauma and inner conflicts
Therapist acts as a “______________”
![Page 28: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2828
Psychodynamic TherapiesPsychodynamic Therapies
Utilize various techniques:◦Free association
◦Therapist interpretation Resistance Transference Dream interpretation
◦Catharsis
◦Working through
![Page 29: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2929
Psychodynamic TherapiesPsychodynamic Therapies
Contemporary trends:◦Short-term psychodynamic therapies
◦Relational psychoanalytic therapy
![Page 30: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3030
Assessing the Assessing the Psychodynamic ModelPsychodynamic ModelStrengths:
◦ First to recognize importance of psychological theories and treatment
◦ Saw psychological conflict as important source of psychological health and abnormality
◦ First to demonstrate the potential of psychological treatment - monumental impact on the field
Weaknesses:◦ Unsupported ideas;
________________ Non-observable Inaccessible to human
subject (unconscious)
◦ Rely on __________
30
![Page 31: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3131
The Behavioral ModelThe Behavioral Model
Like psychodynamic theorists, behavioral theorists believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life
Concentrates wholly on behaviors and environmental factors
Bases explanations and treatments on __________________________
![Page 32: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
3232
The Behavioral ModelThe Behavioral ModelThe model began in laboratories
where conditioning studies were conducted◦Several forms of conditioning:
Operant conditioning
Modeling
Classical conditioning
◦Each may produce __________________ behavior
![Page 33: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3333
How Do Behaviorists How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Operant conditioning
◦Humans and animals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of receiving rewards whenever they do so
![Page 34: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
3434
How Do Behaviorists How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Modeling
◦Individuals learn responses by _________ _________________________ behavior
![Page 35: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3535
How Do Behaviorists How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Classical conditioning
◦Learning by __________________ When two events repeatedly occur close
together in time, they become fused in a person’s mind; before long, the person responds in the same way to both events
◦Father of classical conditioning: ______________ (1849–1936) Classic study using dogs and meat powder
◦Explains many familiar behaviors (both normal and abnormal)
![Page 36: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
3636
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
UR
Salivate
UR
Salivate
US
Meat
Tone
CS
Tone
CR
Salivate
US
Meat+
![Page 37: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
3737
Behavioral TherapiesBehavioral Therapies
Aim to identify the behaviors that are causing problems and replace them with more appropriate ones ◦May use classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, or modeling
Therapist is “__________” rather than healer
![Page 38: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3838
Behavioral TherapiesBehavioral Therapies
Classical conditioning treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to particular stimuli◦Example: _______________________ for
phobia Step-by-step procedure
Learn relaxation skills
Construct a fear hierarchy
Confront feared situations
![Page 39: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3939
Assessing the Behavioral Assessing the Behavioral ModelModelStrengths:
◦ Powerful force in the field
◦ Can be tested in the laboratory
◦ ________________ ________________
Weaknesses:◦ ______________
◦ Behavior therapy is limited
◦ Downplays role of ________________
New focus on self-efficacy, social cognition, and cognitive-behavioral theories
39
![Page 40: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
4141
The Cognitive ModelThe Cognitive Model
Seeks to understand human thought in order to understand human behavior
Argues that clinicians must ask question about assumptions, attitudes, and thoughts of a client
![Page 42: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4242
How Do Cognitive Theorists How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain Abnormal Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?______________ are the cause of
abnormal ______________ ◦Several kinds of faulty thinking:
Faulty assumptions and attitudes
Illogical thinking processes Example: ___________________
![Page 43: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4343
Cognitive TherapiesCognitive TherapiesPeople can develop a new way of
thinking to overcome their problemsMain model: Beck’s Cognitive
Therapy◦The goal of therapy is to help clients
______________ and ______________ their thinking Therapists also guide clients to challenge
their dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and apply new ways of thinking in their daily lives
Widely used in treating depression
![Page 44: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4444
Assessing the Cognitive Assessing the Cognitive ModelModelStrengths:
◦ Very broad appeal◦ ________________◦ Focuses on a
uniquely human process
◦ Theories lend themselves to research
◦ Therapies effective in treating several disorders
Weaknesses:◦ _____________________
___________________________
◦ Limited effectiveness
◦ ________________
![Page 45: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
4545
The Humanistic-Existential The Humanistic-Existential ModelModelCombination model
◦The humanist view Emphasis on people as friendly,
cooperative, and constructive; focus on drive to self-actualization
◦The existentialist view Emphasis on self-determination, choice,
and individual responsibility; focus on authenticity
![Page 46: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4646
Rogers’s Humanistic Theory Rogers’s Humanistic Theory and Therapyand TherapyBelieves in the basic human
need for _________________◦If received, leads to unconditional
self-regard
◦If not, leads to “conditions of worth” Incapable of self-actualization because of
distortion – do not know what they really need, etc.
![Page 47: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
4747
Rogers’s Humanistic Theory Rogers’s Humanistic Theory and Therapyand TherapyRogers’s “_________________”
therapy◦Therapist creates a supportive
climate Unconditional positive regard
Accurate empathy
Genuineness
◦Little research support
47
![Page 48: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
4848
Gestalt Theory and Gestalt Theory and TherapyTherapyHumanistic approach
◦ Developed by Fritz Perls
◦ Goal is to guide clients toward self-recognition through challenge and frustration
◦ Techniques:
Skillful frustration
Role playing
Rules, including “Here and Now” and “I” language
![Page 49: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
4949
Spiritual Views and Spiritual Views and InterventionsInterventionsThe historical alienation between
the clinical field and religion seems to be ending
Researchers have learned that spirituality can, in fact, be of psychological benefit to peopleMany therapists now make a point of
including spiritual issues when they treat religious clients
![Page 50: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
5050
Existential Theories and Existential Theories and TherapyTherapy
Believe that psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception; people hide from life’s responsibilities and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives
In therapy, people are encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their problems
◦Goals more important than technique
◦Great emphasis placed on client-therapist relationship
![Page 51: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
5151
Assessing the Humanistic-Assessing the Humanistic-Existential ModelExistential ModelStrengths:
◦ Taps into domains missing from other theories
◦ Emphasizes the individual
◦ ________________◦ Emphasizes
health
Weaknesses:◦ ________________ Difficult to research
◦ Not much influence◦ Weakened by
________________________________
Changing somewhat
![Page 52: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
5252
The Sociocultural ModelsThe Sociocultural ModelsArgue that abnormal behavior is best
understood in light of the social and cultural forces that influence an individual◦ Address norms and roles in society
Argue that we must examine a person’s social surroundings to understand his or her (abnormal) behavior
Include two major perspectives…
![Page 53: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
5353
How Do Family-Social How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Focus on:
◦Social labels and roles Diagnostic labels (example: Rosenhan
study)
◦Social networks and supports
![Page 54: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
5454
How Do Family-Social How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Focus on:
◦Family structure and communication Family systems theory argues that
abnormal functioning (especially in structure and communication) within a family leads to abnormal behavior (insane behavior becomes sane in an insane environment) Examples: enmeshed, disengaged structures
![Page 55: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
5555
Family-Social TreatmentsFamily-Social Treatments
This perspective has helped spur the growth of several treatment approaches, including:◦Group therapy
◦Family therapy
◦Couple therapy
◦Community treatment Includes prevention work
![Page 56: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
5656
How Do Multicultural How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Culture refers to the set of values,
attitudes, beliefs, history, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to the next
The multicultural perspective has emerged as a growing field of study
Multicultural psychologists seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought, as well as how people of different cultures, races, and genders differ psychologically
![Page 57: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
5757
How Do Multicultural How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?Functioning?Researchers have learned that
psychological abnormality is more common among poorer people than among wealthier people
They also have noticed that the prejudice and discrimination faced by many minority groups may contribute to certain forms of abnormal functioning
Multicultural researchers also study differences that occur across countries as well as within countries
![Page 58: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
5858
Multicultural TreatmentsMulticultural TreatmentsStudies have found that members of
ethnic and racial minority groups tend to show less improvement in clinical treatment than members of majority groups◦Two features of treatment can increase
a therapist’s effectiveness with minority clients: Greater sensitivity to cultural issues Inclusion of cultural models in treatment,
especially in therapies for children and adolescents
![Page 59: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
5959
Multicultural TreatmentsMulticultural Treatments
Given such findings, some clinicians have developed culture-sensitive and gender-sensitive therapies
![Page 60: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
6060
Assessing the Assessing the Sociocultural ModelsSociocultural ModelsStrengths:
◦ Added greatly to ________________________________ Increased
awareness of labeling and social roles
◦ Clinically successful when other treatments have failed
Weaknesses:◦ Research is difficult
to interpret Correlation ≠ causation
◦ Model unable to predict abnormality in ________________________________
![Page 61: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
6262
Integration of the ModelsIntegration of the ModelsEach perspective is valuable to
understanding abnormal behaviorDifferent perspectives are more
appropriate under differing conditionsAn integrative approach provides a
general framework for thinking about abnormal behavior, and also allows for specification of the factors that are especially pertinent to particular disorders
![Page 63: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
6363
Integration of the ModelsIntegration of the ModelsMany theorists, clinicians, and
practitioners adhere to a _________________ model:◦Abnormality results from the interaction
of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences
Also popular:◦______________________________
Diathesis = predisposition (bio, psycho, or social)
![Page 64: Psych 14 handout-ch02-dr. gabe](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051012/54640289af7959f6118b6844/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
6464
Integration of the ModelsIntegration of the Models
Integrative therapists are often called “_______________” – taking the strengths from each model and using them in combination