psyc 125 lecture 4 early childhood - napa valley college · • cognitive changes – piaget’s...
TRANSCRIPT
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PSYC 125 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2/19/2013 LECTURE 4: Early Childhood:
(~2 – ~6 )
Physical and Cognitive Development
Dr. Bart Moore [email protected]
Office hours Tuesdays 11:00-1:00
Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Education in early childhood – Styles and curricula
6/24/2013 Outline: Infancy • PHYSICAL development
• COGNITIVE development
• SOCIOEMOTIONAL development
– Emotional and personality development
– Attachment
Temperament
• Individual differences in behavior and emotions
• Easy child: Generally in a positive mood
• Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy
• Adapts easily to new experiences
• Difficult child: Reacts negatively and cries frequently
• Engages in irregular daily routines
• Slow to accept change
• Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level
• Somewhat negative
• Displays a low intensity of mood
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Emotional Development
– Crying
• Basic cry: Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of :
• A cry
• Briefer silence
• Shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry
• Brief rest before the next cry
• Anger cry: Variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
• Pain cry: Sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
Attachment and its Development
– John Bowlby - Four phases of attachment
• Attachment to human figures
• Focus on one figure
• Specific attachments develop
• Become aware of others’ feelings
Individual Differences in Attachment
• Strange situation: Observational measure of infant attachment
• Requires the infant to move through a series of:
– Introductions
– Separations
– Reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
Bowlby: 4 categories of babies
• Securely attached babies: Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
• Insecure avoidant babies: Avoid and resist the caregiver
• Insecure resistant babies: Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver
• Insecure disorganized babies: unpredictable
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Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Next time:
– Socioemotional development in early childhood
Body Growth and Change • Height and weight
– Average growth is 2.5 inches and 5 to 7 pounds per year during early childhood
– Growth patterns vary individually
• Two major contributors to differences:
• Ethnic origin
• Access to proper nutrition
– Growth hormone (hGH) deficiency: Produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow
Body Growth and Change
• The brain
– Brain growth slows during early childhood
• Brain reaches 95% of adult volume by 6 YoA
• Changes in child’s brain structure
– Rapid, distinct spurts of growth especially in the frontal lobes
– Myelination: (“my-linn-A-shun”) Nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cell
Changes in the brain: increase in neural myelination
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Motor Development
• Gross motor skills – Balancing, Running, skipping
• Fine motor skills – Still clumsy at 3 years
– Improved fine motor coordination at 4 - 5 years
• Writing, drawing, etc
Sleep
• Sharp reduction sleep:
– 11-13 hours /night
• Down from 16-18
– Many fewer interruptions than infants
• Sleep problems:
• narcolepsy, insomnia, and nightmares
Nutrition and Exercise
• Body mass index (BMI):
– BMI takes into account height and weight
– 12% of U.S. children (2-5 YoA) are obese (2008-2009)
– Obesity linked to:
• Type II diabetes mellitus (acquired diabetes)
• Cardiovascular problems
• Eating behavior and diet are largely influenced by caregivers’ behavior
Nutrition and Exercise
• Malnutrition in young children
– 11 million U.S. preschool children are experiencing malnutrition
– ‘Junk foods’ are inexpensive but unbalanced
– Balanced meals with fresh ingredients tend to be more expensive and difficult to use
– Biggest problem is iron deficiency anemia
• Not enough green vegetables & quality meat
• Leads to chronic fatigue
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Illness and Death
• Leading causes of death in U.S. children are:
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease
• Environmental tobacco smoke >
• Asthma
• Sleep disorders
Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Next time:
– Socioemotional development in early childhood
Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Next time:
– Socioemotional development in early childhood
Piaget’s theory of development Stage 2
• Sensorimotor stage (infancy)
• ‘Preoperational’ stage
– Piaget’s second stage
– Ages ~2 to ~7 years
– Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings
• Form stable concepts and begin to reason
• Cognition is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
– Preoperational Substages:
• Symbolic function substage
• Intuitive thought substage
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Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
• Symbolic function substage: Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
– Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s
– Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
• Intuitive thought substage: Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions
– Centration: Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Piaget’s theory of development Stage 2
• Video : Piaget stage 2 Egocentrism
Egocentrisim: The Three Mountains Task
Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s
In the Three Mountains Task, ‘preoperational’ children believe that you will always see what they can see
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
• Symbolic function substage: Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
– Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish one’s own perspective from someone else’s
– Animism: Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
• Intuitive thought substage: Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions (Usually “why” questions)
– Centration: Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
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Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
VIDEO: PIAGET STAGE 2 CENTRATION
Piaget’s Conservation Task
A child that fails the conservation task (a preoperational child) believes that the taller glass has more.
Lev Vygotsky’s Theory
• Children think, learn, and understand primarily through social interaction
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD): Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with scaffolding
– Scaffolding - guidance or support
1896-1934 Russian
Lev Vygotsky’s Theory
• VIDEO: PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
1896-1934 Russian
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Vygotsky’s Theory
• Language and thought
– Children use speech to communicate socially and to help them solve tasks
– Private speech - Use of language for self-regulation
– Inner speech becomes their thoughts
– More private speech = more social competence
Vygotsky’s Theory
• Teaching strategies - Vygotsky’s theory can be applied to education
– Assess child’s ZPD
• Teach at their level
– Use more-skilled peers as teachers
– Place instruction in a meaningful context
Vygotsky versus Piaget Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of cognition: information processing – Language development
• Education in early childhood – Styles and curricula
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Information Processing • Memory gets much better during early childhood
– Assessing short-term memory - Memory-span task • How many digits can you remember for 30
seconds with no practice or rehearsal
Information Processing
• How accurate are young children’s long-term memories?
– There are age differences in children’s susceptibility to suggestion (false memories)
– Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children’s reports about highly salient events
Information Processing: Meta-cognition
• Theory of mind: Awareness of one’s own mental process and the mental processes of others
– (Mental Privacy)
• Age 18m – 3Y
• Children become aware that they have perceptions, desires, & emotions
• 3 to 5y-
• Others can have ‘false beliefs’
• 7+ years
• Understand the beliefs and thoughts of others
Theory of mind video 1 & 2
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Developmental Changes in False-Belief Performance
Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Education in early childhood – Styles and curricula
Language Development
• Children in early childhood improve:
– Semantics: meaning
• Phonology: how words sound
• Morphology: how words are formed
– Syntax: order
• Proper arrangement of words
Understanding Phonology and Morphology
• During early childhood, children:
– Become sensitive to the sounds of spoken words
– Produce all the sounds of their language
– Demonstrate a knowledge of morphology rules
• Use plurals, tense, possessives, and verb forms of words
• Foot :: foots vs feet
• Go :: goed vs went
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Changes in Syntax
• During early childhood, children
– Learn and apply rules of syntax
– Proper order of words
• “Daddy where did go?” vs.
• “Where did daddy go?”
Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive development • Physical changes
– Body growth – motor development – sleep – nutrition & exercise – illness and death
• Cognitive changes – Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – Vygotsky’s theory – Modern accounts of child cognition – Language development
• Next time:
– Socioemotional development in early childhood