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EMOTION
CHAPTER 11.4
1 LEARNING GOALS Discuss the Function of Emotions Differentiate Attitudes, Mood, and Emotion Examine the evidence for and against basic emotions
• Discuss the cross-cultural research concerning facial expressions and emotion
• Explain the facial-feedback hypothesis
Differentiate among the various theories on how emotions occur
• Explain the components of each theory
• Critique each theory
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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WHY HAVE EMOTIONS?
Would we be better off if we just relied on our reasoning capabilities?
WHY HAVE EMOTIONS?
Communication Survival value Enhancing memory
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion
WHAT IS EMOTION? Emotion is a type of affect Affect includes:
Attitudes Evaluation of something’s “goodness” or “badness”
Mood General Long-lasting Not regarding a specific stimulus
Emotion Short-lived In response to a particular stimulus
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OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation Emotion and the Brain Gender, Culture, and Emotion
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Families of emotions:
Amusement Anger
Contempt Contentment
Disgust Embarrassment
Excitement Fear Guilt
Pride in achievement Relief
Sadness/distress Satisfaction
Sensory pleasure Shame
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HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Emotion:
• Physiology • Behavior • Cognition • Expression • Subjective experience
According to the basic emotions view, each of these characteristics of each basic emotion is universal and unlearned
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS Emotion:
• Physiology • Behavior • Cognition • Expression* • Subjective experience
According to the basic emotions view, each of these characteristics of each basic emotion is universal and unlearned
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HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS
Paul Ekman and colleagues
Happy face: 95-100% of Americans, Brazilians, Chileans, Argentineans and Japanese agree
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? BASIC EMOTIONS
Paul Ekman and colleagues http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YgOZ3AYRds
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FACIAL-FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS
� Laird/Ekman: Facial contortions (expressions) yield emotions that fit
� Expression can
influence emotional experience
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? Intuitive (?) view:
Stimulus Emotion
Physiological and
behavioral changes
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HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR?
James-Lange theory • emotional feelings result • AFTER aware of a physiological
response to an emotion-provoking stimulus
Proposed simultaneously by William James and Carl Lange in 1884
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES: SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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JAMES-LANGE THEORY
Stimulus Emotion Physiologic
al and behavioral changes
CANNON-BARD THEORY
Cannon Bard theory • emotion-provoking stimulus is
transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex
• which is responsible for conscious experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, which causes physiological arousal
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CANNON-BARD THEORY
Stimulus
Emotion
Physiological and
behavioral changes
HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR? Critiques of theories so far:
• Commonalities in brain activations for different emotions
• Similar physiological and cognitive characteristics
• Shortness of breath • Racing heart • Thoughts are consumed by a stimulus
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HOW DOES EMOTION OCCUR?
• Similar physiological and cognitive characteristics
• Shortness of breath • Racing heart • Thoughts are consumed by a stimulus
Context and cognition matter!
SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
suggests that two things must happen for a person to feel an emotion
• There must be physiological arousal • There must be a cognitive interpretation of the
arousal, so the person can label it as a specific emotion
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TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION: SCHACTER & SINGER
Physiological arousal • Sweaty palms • Increased heart rate • rapid breathing
Cognitive Label • Attribute source of arousal to
a cause
To have an emotion, both factors are required
SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
Physiological arousal • Sweaty palms • Increased heart rate • rapid breathing
Cognitive Label • Attribute source of arousal to
a cause
To have an emotion, both factors are required Bears are
dangerous!
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SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) • Bridge induces feelings of
physiological arousal • Attractive female experimenter approached males either on or off the bridge to complete a survey • How many males from each group later called the experimenter to ask her for a date? Men approached ON the bridge were more likely
to call the experimenter back.
SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY High Bridge study (Dutton & Aron) Men on the bridge attributed their physiological arousal (being “lovestruck”) to the female experimenter, rather than the height of the bridge
• Demonstrates that cognitive interpretation coupled with physiological response leads to emotional response
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LAZARUS THEORY
Lazarus theory • cognitive appraisal is the first step
in an emotional response • all other aspects of an emotion,
including physiological arousal, depend on it
LAZARUS THEORY
Stimulus
Emotion
Physiological and
behavioral changes
Cognitive Appraisal
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LAZARUS THEORY
You think the bear could be
dangerous and
possibly attack you.
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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EMOTION REGULATION Can we change our emotional responses? Emotion regulation refers to the processes by which we change the emotions we have and when we have them (Gross, 1998)
At least two forms:
• Reappraisal • Suppression
EMOTION REGULATION: REAPPRAISAL Changing the way that you think about an emotional stimulus Changing your reaction toward an emotional stimulus
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REAPPRAISAL
You think the bear could be dangerou
s and possibly attack you.
You think that the bear is
far enough
away that it won’t get to you.
Appraisal Re-appraisal
REAPPRAISAL Leads to a reduction in physiological responses and subjective emotional experience
• Ex: reduced heart rate Chronic use of reappraisal is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being
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SUPPRESSION Changing the behavioral outcome of an emotional response
• Ex: • Hiding facial expression
SUPPRESSION
You think the bear could be dangerou
s and possibly attack you.
Appraisal Suppression
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SUPPRESSION Unlike reappraisal, suppression does not lead to a reduction in either physiology or subjective emotional experience Chronic use of suppression is associated with lower levels of subjective well-being
OUTLINE Functions of emotion Defining emotion How does emotion occur?
• Basic emotions • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer theory • Lazarus theory
Emotion regulation
Emotion and the Brain
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
amygdala
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Amygdala:
• Responds to emotional information • Most often associated with fear • More recently, evidence points to the amygdala’s
role in responding to any emotionally arousing information
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
The amygdala is stimulated when fearful eyes are flashed too briefly for conscious recognition A fast route to emotional recognition?
Whalen et al., 2004
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Prefrontal Cortex
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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN Prefrontal Cortex:
• Important for appraisals and regulation of emotional information
• Shares reciprocal connections with the amygdala • Can dampen the response of the amygdala (for
example, when overcoming a fear response)