Chapter 1Introduction to

Drugs and Society

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Figure 01.UN01: Examples of illicit drugs that can become costly once drug dependence occurs.

© Comstock Images/Getty Images

Figure 01.T01A: A Sampling of Slang Terms Relating to Drugs and Drug UseReproduced from Office of National Drug

Control Policy (ONDCP). Street Terms: Drugs and the Drug Trade. Washington, DC: ONDCP, 2010. Available http://www.expomed.com/content/drugterms.pdf.

Figure 01.T01B: A Sampling of Slang Terms Relating to Drugs and Drug Use

Figure 01.01: The average American is twenty-five times more likely to die from tobacco-related illnesses than to die from illicit drug-

related illnesses.Data from Mokdad, A. H., J. S. Marks, D.F. Stroup, and J. L. Gerberding. “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000.” Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 291 (10 March 2004):1238–1245; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tobacco-Related Mortality. Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2011. Available http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/

Figure 01.T02: Commonly Used Terms

Figure 01.UN02A: Packets of bath salts sold in head shops.Courtesy of DEA.

Figure 01.UN02B: Packets of bath salts sold in head shops.Courtesy of DEA.

Figure 01.UN03: K2 contains synthetic cannabinoids that affect the body in similar fashion as marijuana.

Courtesy of DEA.

Figure 01.HN01: Here and Now: Current Use of Spice/K2

Figure 01.UN05: Designer pills made from the illicit drug Ecstacy. Courtesy of DEA.

Figure 01.HN02A: Here and Now: Persistence of Illicit Drug Use in the United States, Rural–Urban Comparisons, and a New Drug Making-

the-SceneData from Aathun, S. “Synthetic Marijuana a Growing Trend Among Teens, Authorities Say.” CNN.com, accessed June 5, 2010. Available http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/23/synthetic.marijuana/index.html?iref=allsearch; Armas, G. C. "Rural Teen Drug Use Soars." The Associated Press (February 22, 2009). Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-153577.html; Associated Press. “Survey: Drug Use Pervading New Bedford Fleet.” Maine Sunday Telegram (21 July 1996).; Grant, K. M, S. A. Feresu, R. A. Bevins, D. J. Romberger, and K. J. Mueller. "Methamphetamine Use." In Rural America the Land and People, edited by G. A. Goreham, 1. Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, Inc., 2012. Available at: http://rural-online.org/rural-america/3459-methamphetamine-use-rural-america.html; Johnson, L.D., P.M. O’Malley, J.G. Bachman, and J.E. Schulenberg. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2008, Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2009.; Johnston, L.D., P.M. O'Malley, J.G. Bachman, and J.E. Schulenberg. Monitoring the Future. National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2011, Volume II, College Students and Adults 19-50. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 2012.; Mink, M.D., C. G. Moore, A. O. Johnson, J. C. Probst, and A. B. Martin. Violence and Rural Teens: Violence, Drug Use, and School-Based Prevention Services in Rural America. Rockville, MD: South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Office of Rural Health Policy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005; National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee. The NNICC Report, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, 1994:70; National Public Radio (NPR). “All Things Considered.” PM News (18 September 1996); Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Office of Applied Studies (OAS). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2009.; Toufonio, A., et al. “There Is No Safe Speed.” Time (8 January 1990).; WebMD, LLC, J. Warner, and CBS News. “U.S. Leads the World in Illegal Drug Use.” CBS News (1 July 2009):1. Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/01/health/webmd/main4222322.shtml; Wilkie, C. “Crack Cocaine Moves South.” Boston Globe (23 June 1996).; Services in Rural America. Rockville, MD: South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Office of Rural Health Policy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005.; National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee. The NNICC Report, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, 1994:70.; National Public Radio (NPR). “All Things Considered.” PM News (18 September 1996).; SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies (OAS). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 2009.; Toufonio, A., et al. “There Is No Safe Speed.” Time (8 January 1990); Warner, J. “U.S. Leads the World in Illegal Drug Use.” CBS News (1 July 2009):1. Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/01/health/webmd/main4222322.shtml. Accessed February 25, 2011.; Wilkie, C. “Crack Cocaine Moves South.” Boston Globe (23 June 1996):19.

Figure 01.HN02B: Here and Now: Persistence of Illicit Drug Use in the United States, Rural–Urban Comparisons, and a New Drug Making-

the-Scene

Figure 01.HN02C: Here and Now: Persistence of Illicit Drug Use in the United States, Rural–Urban Comparisons, and a New Drug Making-

the-Scene

Figure 01.UN06: Many successful prevention campaigns have used TV, radio, and print media as outlets.

Courtesy of the Advertising Council.

Figure 01.HN02A: Past month illicit drug use among persons aged 12 or older, by country type: 2011Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.HN03A: Here and Now: Current Global Status of Illicit Drug Use in Selected CountriesCourtesy of Central Intelligence Agency. The

World Factbook 2013-14. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013. Available https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html. Accessed March 6, 2013.

Figure 01.HN03B: Here and Now: Current Global Status of Illicit Drug Use in Selected Countries

Figure 01.HN03C: Here and Now: Current Global Status of Illicit Drug Use in Selected Countries

Figure 01.HN03D: Here and Now: Current Global Status of Illicit Drug Use in Selected Countries

Figure 01.HN04: Here and Now: Sources of Prescription Drugs Misused by YouthsReproduced from University of Maryland, Center for

Substance Abuse Research (CESAR), "Friends and Family Are Most Common Source of Prescription Drugs Misused by Youths," CESAR FAX 18(32), (2009) using data from Schepis, T.S., and S. Krishnan-Sarin. “Sources of Prescriptions for Misuse by Adolescents: Differences in Sex, Ethnicity, and Severity of Misuse in a Population-Based Study,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48(8) (2009):828-836.

Figure 01.HN04A: Most recent source of prescription medicines misused in the past year among youths (ages 12 to 17): 2005 and

2006Reproduced from University of Maryland, Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR), "Friends and Family Are Most Common Source of Prescription Drugs Misused by Youths," CESAR FAX 18(32), 2009 using data from Schepis, T.S., and S. Krishnan-Sarin. “Sources of Prescriptions for Misuse by Adolescents: Differences in Sex, Ethnicity, and Severity of Misuse in a Population-Based Study,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48(8) (2009):828-836.

Figure 01.T03: Trend Data on the Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use: 2006–2011

Figure 01.T04: National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: 2011Data from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.02: Percentage of U.S. residents (age 12 or older) reporting lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs: 2011

Data from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. SMA 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.03: Past-month use of selected illicit drugs among persons aged 12 or older: 2011Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.04: Past-month nonmedical use of types of psychotherapeutic drugs among persons aged 12 or older: 2002–

2011Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.05: Nonmedical use of pain relievers in past year among persons aged 12 or older, by state: percentages, annual averages

based on 2010 and 2011Reproduced from Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012. Also available online: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH.aspx; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The NSDUH Report: State Estimates of Nonmedical Use of Prescription Pain Relievers. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 8 January 2012.

Figure 01.06: Past-month illicit drug use among persons aged 12 or older, by age: 2010–2011Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012.

Figure 01.07: Past-month illicit drug use among persons age 12 or older, by race/ethnicity: 2011Data from Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD, 2012.

Figure 01.CP01: Case in Point: Ignoring the Signs of Drug Abuse: A Hard Lesson Learned

Figure 01.HN05A: Here and Now: Abuse of Licit and Illicit Drugs by the ElderlyData from Meyer, C. “Prescription Drug Abuse in the Elderly.” Associated Content from Yahoo! (15 July 2005). Available http://voices.yahoo.com/prescription-drugabuse-elderly-4091.html; Mstywrl. “Drug Abuse Among Senior in

America, an Ageless Predator: An Increasing Problem Among the Elderly.” Yahoo! Voices (21 July 2005). Available http://voices.yahoo.com/drug-abuse-among-seniors-america-ageless-predator-3945.html?cat=71; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Offi ce of Applied Studies (OAS). “Illicit Drug Use Among Older Adults.” The NSDUH Report (29 December 2009): 1–4; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The NSDUH Report: Illicit Drug Use Among Older Adults. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics, 1 September 2011. Available http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/WEB_SR_013/WEB_SR_013_HTML.pdf; and Center for Substance Abuse and Research (CESAR). “Illicit Drug Use Increases Among Adults Ages 50 to 59: Trend Driven by Aging Baby Boom Generation.” CESAR FAX 18 (7 September 2009).Data from Meyer, C. “Prescription Drug Abuse in the Elderly.” Associated Content from Yahoo! (15 July 2005). Available http://voices.yahoo.com/prescription-drugabuse-elderly-4091.html; Mstywrl. “Drug Abuse Among Senior in America, an Ageless Predator: An Increasing Problem Among the Elderly.” Yahoo! Voices (21 July 2005). Available http://voices.yahoo.com/drug-abuse-among-seniors-america-ageless-predator-3945.html?cat=71; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Offi ce of Applied Studies (OAS). “Illicit Drug Use Among Older Adults.” The NSDUH Report (29 December 2009): 1–4; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The NSDUH Report: Illicit Drug Use Among Older Adults. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics, 1 September 2011. Available http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/WEB_SR_013/WEB_SR_013_HTML.pdf; and Center for Substance Abuse and Research (CESAR). “Illicit Drug Use Increases Among Adults Ages 50 to 59: Trend Driven by Aging Baby Boom Generation.” CESAR FAX 18 (7 September 2009).

Figure 01.HN05B: Here and Now: Abuse of Licit and Illicit Drugs by the Elderly

Figure 01.HN05A: Type of illicit drug combinations used in the past year among adults aged 50 or older who used illicit drugs in the past

year, by gender: 2007 to 2009Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The NSDUH Report: Illicit Drug Use Among Older Adults. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics, 1 September 2011. Available http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k11/WEB_SR_013/WEB_SR_013_HTML.pdf

Figure 01.08: Stages of drug dependence

Figure 01.T05: Percentage of State and Federal Inmates Reporting Being Under the Influence of Drugs at the Time of Their Offense:

2004Data from Mumola, C.J, and J.C Karberg. Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice (USDOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP), 19 January 2007:1-12.

Figure 01.09: Past-month illicit drug use among persons aged 18 or older, by employment status: 2010 and 2011

Reproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMSHA, 2012.

Figure 01.10: Substance use, by industry category: past-month illicit drug use among full-time workers aged 18 to 64: 2002–2004

combinedReproduced from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Report. Worker Substance Use, by Industry Category. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, 23 August 2007.

Figure 01.TX01Reproduced from Walter, S. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-Mind Disciplines. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 1999. Used with permission.