psihologie experimentala

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1 36,+2/2*,((;3(5,0(17$/ N. Lungu Introducere 3VLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOILJXUHD]vQSODQXOGHvQYPkQWvQVHPHVWUXOGLQDQXO,œL vQ VHPHVWUXO GLQ DQXO ,, VHPHVWUHOH œL ’LVFLSOLQD FD DWDUH QX UHSUH]LQW R UDPXU GLIHULWDSVLKRORJLHLvQVHQVXORELœQXLWDOXQHLDVWIHOGHGHSDUWDMULDœDFXPVXQWGHH[HPSOX SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO SVLKRORJLD PXQFLL SVLKRORJLD HGXFDLHL HWF ’RPHQLXO VX vO FRQVWLWXLH WHRULD œL SUDFWLFD H[SHULPHQWXOXL FD PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH DFWLY œL HILFLHQW ’LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO HVWH FRPSOHPHQWDU DOWRU PHWRGH GH LQYHVWLJDLH PHWRGD REVHUYDLHL PHWRGD WHVWHORU SVLKRGLDJQR]D HWF FD œL SVLKRORJLHL JHQHUDOH )XQGDPHQWHOH SVLKRORJLHL vQ DQVDPEOXO VX ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W HD UHDOL]HD] R PDL EXQ DGkQFLUH D QRLXQLORU vQVXœLWH OD DOWH GLVFLSOLQH SVLKRORJLFH SULQ IL[DUHD DFHVWRUD SH VXSRUWXO cauzal – H[SOLFDWLY vQ ED]D SUREDWRULXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO RELQXW vQ ODERUDWRU ÌQ DIDU GH DFHDVWD SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO FRQVWLWXLH LQWHUIDD GLQWUH WHRULH œL SUDFWLF FRQWULEXLQG DVWIHO OD R EXQ SUHJWLUH SURIHVLRQDODVWXGHQLORU vQ SHUVSHFWLYD DFWLYLWLL ORU YLLWRDUH GH psihologi. 0DWHULDOXO GH ID UHSUH]LQW vQWU-R IRUP UHGXV FXUVXO GH ED] 3VLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO vQ SULPD VD SDUWH QHFHVDU SURPRYULL H[DPHQXOXL GLQ VHPHVWUXO 3DUWHD D GRXDYDILUHPLVvQDQXO,,ILLQGQHFHVDUSHQWUXH[DPHQXOGLQVHPHVWUXOGLQDFHVWDQ’H PHQLRQDW F HVWH QHFHVDU FRQVXOWDUHD FXUVXOXL GH ED] SHQWUX R LQIRUPDLH PDL FRPSOHW asupra problemelor din materialele reduse. Bibliografie 1. Golu M., Fundamentele psihologiei (GLWXUD )XQGDLHL ˜5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH· %XFXUHœWL 2. Lungu N., 3VLKRORJLH H[SHULPHQWDO (GLWXUD )XQGDLHL ˜5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH· %XFXUHœWL 5DGX , ’UXX , 0DUH V., Miclea, M., Podar, I., Preda, V., Introducere în SVLKRORJLDFRQWHPSRUDQ, Editura Sincron, Cluj-Napoca, 1991 5RœFD $O 0HWRGRORJLH œL WHKQLFL H[SHULPHQWDOH vQ SVLKRORJLH (GLWXUD øWLLQLILF %XFXUHœWL 5. Zlate, M., Introducere în psihologie(GLWXUD3ROLURP%XFXUHœWL 1. 0HWRGDH[SHULPHQWDOvQSVLKRORJLH 1.1. Definirea experimentului ([SHULPHQWXODUHPHULWXOFQXDœWHDSWFDIHQRPHQXOVVHSURGXF˜GHODVLQH·FDvQ FD]XOREVHUYDLHLFLvOSURYRDFvQFRQGLLLOHGHWHUPLQDWHFRQVemnând cu rigurozitate datele RELQXWH 7RFPDL DFHVW FDUDFWHU GH ULJRDUH SH FDUH H[SHULPHQWXO vO LPSULP GH]YOXLULL œL FRQVHPQULLIDSWHORUO-DLPSXVFHUFHWULORU3)UDLVVHFRQVLGHUSVLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOFD ˜VXPD GH FXQRœWLQ DFKL]LLRQDWH vQ SVLKRlogie prin utilizarea metodei experimentale”. $FHDVW GHILQLLH SXQH DFFHQWXO SH SURGXVXO ILQDO DO FHUFHWULL H[SHULPHQWDOH (D SRDWH IL vQWUHJLW SULQ DGXJDUHD SULQFLSLLORU œL SDUWLFXODULWLORU VSHFLILFH FDUH IXQGDPHQWHD] utilizarea metodei experimentale în psihologie. 3ULQ XUPDUH SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO UHSUH]LQW DQVDPEOXO SULQFLSLLORU QRUPHORU œL UHJXOLORU FDUH VWDX OD ED]D RUJDQL]ULL œL GHVIœXUULL H[SHULPHQWXOXL vQ SVLKRORJLH FX VFRSXO RELQHULL GH GDWH YHULILFDWH DVXSUD UHDOLWLLSVLKLFH.

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Page 1: Psihologie experimentala

1

36,+2/2*,(�(;3(5,0(17$/� N. Lungu

Introducere

3VLKRORJLD�H[SHULPHQWDO��ILJXUHD]��vQ�SODQXO�GH�vQY� �PkQW�vQ�VHPHVWUXO���GLQ�DQXO�,�úL�vQ� VHPHVWUXO� �� GLQ� DQXO� ,,� �VHPHVWUHOH� �� úL� ���� 'LVFLSOLQD�� FD� DWDUH�� QX� UHSUH]LQW�� R� UDPXU��GLIHULW��D�SVLKRORJLHL��vQ�VHQVXO�RELúQXLW�DO�XQHL�DVWIHO�GH�GHSDUWDM�UL��DúD�FXP�VXQW�GH�H[HPSOX��SVLKRORJLD� VRFLDO��� SVLKRORJLD�PXQFLL�� SVLKRORJLD� HGXFD LHL� HWF����'RPHQLXO� V�X� vO� FRQVWLWXLH�WHRULD� úL� SUDFWLFD� H[SHULPHQWXOXL� FD� PHWRG�� GH� FHUFHWDUH� DFWLY�� úL� HILFLHQW��� 'LQ� DFHDVW� SHUVSHFWLY��� SVLKRORJLD� H[SHULPHQWDO�� HVWH� FRPSOHPHQWDU�� DOWRU� PHWRGH� GH� LQYHVWLJD LH��PHWRGD� REVHUYD LHL�� PHWRGD� WHVWHORU�� SVLKRGLDJQR]D� HWF��� FD� úL� SVLKRORJLHL� JHQHUDOH��)XQGDPHQWHOH� SVLKRORJLHL��� vQ� DQVDPEOXO� V�X�� ÌQ� DFHVW� FRQWH[W�� HD� UHDOL]HD]�� R� PDL� EXQ��DGkQFLUH�D�QR LXQLORU� vQVXúLWH� OD�DOWH�GLVFLSOLQH�SVLKRORJLFH��SULQ� IL[DUHD�DFHVWRUD�SH�VXSRUWXO�cauzal –� H[SOLFDWLY� �vQ� ED]D� SUREDWRULXOXL� H[SHULPHQWDO� RE LQXW� vQ� ODERUDWRU��� ÌQ� DIDU�� GH�DFHDVWD�� SVLKRORJLD� H[SHULPHQWDO�� FRQVWLWXLH� LQWHUID D� GLQWUH� WHRULH� úL� SUDFWLF��� FRQWULEXLQG��DVWIHO�� OD�R�EXQ��SUHJ�WLUH�SURIHVLRQDO��D�VWXGHQ LORU�� vQ�SHUVSHFWLYD�DFWLYLW� LL� ORU�YLLWRDUH�GH�psihologi.

0DWHULDOXO� GH� ID �� UHSUH]LQW��� vQWU-R� IRUP�� UHGXV��� FXUVXO� GH� ED]�� �3VLKRORJLD�H[SHULPHQWDO��� vQ� SULPD� VD� SDUWH�� QHFHVDU� SURPRY�ULL� H[DPHQXOXL� GLQ� VHPHVWUXO� ��� 3DUWHD� D�GRXD�YD�IL�UHPLV��vQ�DQXO�,,��ILLQG�QHFHVDU��SHQWUX�H[DPHQXO�GLQ�VHPHVWUXO���GLQ�DFHVW�DQ��'H�PHQ LRQDW� F�� HVWH� QHFHVDU�� FRQVXOWDUHD� FXUVXOXL� GH� ED]�� SHQWUX� R� LQIRUPD LH� PDL� FRPSOHW��asupra problemelor din materialele reduse.

Bibliografie 1. Golu M., Fundamentele psihologiei�� (GLWXUD� )XQGD LHL� Ä5RPkQLD� GH� 0kLQH´��

%XFXUHúWL������� 2. Lungu N., 3VLKRORJLH� H[SHULPHQWDO��� (GLWXUD� )XQGD LHL� Ä5RPkQLD� GH� 0kLQH´��

%XFXUHúWL������� ��� 5DGX�� ,��� 'UX X�� ,��� 0DUH� V., Miclea, M., Podar, I., Preda, V., Introducere în

SVLKRORJLD�FRQWHPSRUDQ�, Editura Sincron, Cluj-Napoca, 1991 ��� 5RúFD� $O���0HWRGRORJLH� úL� WHKQLFL� H[SHULPHQWDOH� vQ� SVLKRORJLH�� (GLWXUD� ùWLLQ LILF���

%XFXUHúWL������� 5. Zlate, M., Introducere în psihologie��(GLWXUD�3ROLURP��%XFXUHúWL�������

1. 0HWRGD�H[SHULPHQWDO��vQ�SVLKRORJLH

1.1. Definirea experimentului ([SHULPHQWXO�DUH�PHULWXO�F��QX�DúWHDSW��FD�IHQRPHQXO�V��VH�SURGXF��ÄGH�OD�VLQH´��FD�vQ�

FD]XO�REVHUYD LHL��FL�vO�SURYRDF���vQ�FRQGL LLOH�GHWHUPLQDWH��FRQVemnând cu rigurozitate datele RE LQXWH�� 7RFPDL� DFHVW� FDUDFWHU� GH� ULJRDUH� SH� FDUH� H[SHULPHQWXO� vO� LPSULP�� GH]Y�OXLULL� úL�FRQVHPQ�ULL� IDSWHORU� O-D�LPSXV�FHUFHW�ULORU��3��)UDLVVH�FRQVLGHU��SVLKRORJLD�H[SHULPHQWDO��FD�ÄVXPD� GH� FXQRúWLQ �� DFKL]L LRQDWH� vQ� SVLKRlogie prin utilizarea metodei experimentale”. $FHDVW�� GHILQL LH� SXQH� DFFHQWXO� SH� SURGXVXO� ILQDO� DO� FHUFHW�ULL� H[SHULPHQWDOH�� (D� SRDWH� IL�vQWUHJLW�� SULQ� DG�XJDUHD� SULQFLSLLORU� úL� SDUWLFXODULW� LORU� VSHFLILFH� FDUH� IXQGDPHQWHD]��utilizarea metodei experimentale în psihologie. 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� SVLKRORJLD� H[SHULPHQWDO��

UHSUH]LQW�� DQVDPEOXO� SULQFLSLLORU�� QRUPHORU� úL� UHJXOLORU� FDUH� VWDX� OD� ED]D� RUJDQL]�ULL� úL�

GHVI�úXU�ULL� H[SHULPHQWXOXL� vQ� SVLKRORJLH�� FX� VFRSXO� RE LQHULL� GH� GDWH� YHULILFDWH� DVXSUD�

UHDOLW� LL�SVLKLFH.

Page 2: Psihologie experimentala

2

1.2. Scurt istoric al metodei experimentale $SOLFDUHD� PHWRGHL� H[SHULPHQWDOH� OD� VWXGLXO� DFWLYLW� LL� SVLKLFH� V-a impus în a doua

MXP�WDWH�D�VHFROXOXL�;,;��PDL�SUHFLV�vQ�DQXO�������RGDW��FX�vQILLQ DUHD�SULPXOXL�ODERUDWRU�GH�SVLKRORJLH�GH� F�WUH�:LOKHOP�:XQGW� �1832-�������GH� IRUPD LH� IL]LRORJ��:��:XQGW�GHYLQH� úL�SULPXO�SVLKRORJ�úL�SURIHVRU�GH�SVLKRORJLH�OD�Ä,QVWLWXWXO�GH�SVLKRORJLH´LQL LDW�GH�HO�OD�/HLS]LJ���În laboratorul lui Wundt s-au format pionierii psihologiei experimentale din întreaga lume. La VFXUW��YUHPH�LDX�ILLQ �� ODERUDWRDUH�VLPLODUH� vQ�PDULOH�FHQWUH�XQLYHUVLWDUH��&DWWHOO�RUJDQL]HD]��XQ�DVWIHO�GH�ODERUDWRU�vQ�6WDWHOH�8QLWH��/DERUDWRUXO�GH�SVLKRORJLH�DO�8QLYHUVLW� LL�GLQ�%XFXUHúWL�D� IRVW� vQILLQ DW� vQ� DQXO� ����� GH� SURIHVRUXO�&RQVWDQWLQ�5�GXOHVFX-Motru, care se formase în ODERUDWRUXO�OXL�:XQGW�GH�OD�/HS]LJ�úL�vQ�FHO�RUJDQL]DW�GH�%HDXQLV�úL�%LQHW�OD�6RUERQD��3DULV��

&RQWULEX LL� vQVHPQDWH� OD� FRQWXUDUHD� SVLKRORJLHL� H[SHULPHQWDOH� DX� DGXV� úL� R� VHULH� GH�FHUFHW�WRUL� GH� DOWH� VSHFLDOLW� L� �IL]LFLHQL�� DVWURQRPL��� FDUH� DX� HYLGHQ LDW� GDWH� H[SHULPHQWDOH��uneori cu totul întâmpl•tor. Astfel, fizicianul Joseph Sauveur de la Flèche (1653-1716) a GHWHUPLQDW�IUHFYHQ D�VXQHWHORU�GLQ�UHJLVWUXO�DXGLELO��IL]LFLDQXO�3KLOLSSH�GH�OD�+LUH������-1718) IDFH�REVHUYD LL� DVXSUD� LPDJLQLORU�FRQVHFXWLYH�� LDU�FKLPLVWXO� -��'DUFHW� �������P�VRDU��GXUDWD�acestora; astronomul W. Herschell (1738-������ VWDELOHúWH� OHJL� GH� DGDSWDUH� D� RFKLXOXL� OD�vQWXQHULF�úL�GHWHUPLQ��]RQD�PD[LPHL�VHQVLELOLW� L�GLQ�UHWLQ���fovea centralis); fizicianul italian Venturi� ������� GHWHUPLQ�� vQWLQGHUHD� FkPSXOXL� YL]XDO�� IL]LFLDQXO-optician francez Pierre Bouguer (1698-������ D� IRUPDOL]DW�PDWHPDWLF�� SHQWUX�SULPD�GDW��� UDSRUWXO� GLQWUH� H[FLWD LH� úL�VHQ]D LH��'H�DVHPHQHD��HVWH�QRWDELO��FRQWULEX LD�DVWURQRPLORU�%HVVHO��([QHU�ú�D��OD�FXQRDúWUHD�XQRU� GDWH� DVXSUD� WLPSXOXL� GH� UHDF LH�� FD� úL� D� WHKQLFLORU� GH� P�VXUDUH� D� OXL�� /XFUDUHD� OXL�������G.Th. Fechner (1801-1887), Elemente der Psychophysik��(OHPHQWH�GH�SVLKRIL]LF���DS�UXW��vQ�������VHPQHD]���vQ�IDSW��DFWXO�GH�QDúWHUH�DO�SVLKRORJLHL�H[perimentale.

7UHEXLH� UHOHYDWH�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� FRQWULEX LLOH� PDMRUH� DOH� XQRU� IL]LRORJL� GLQ� HSRF�� OD�fundarea psihologiei experimentale. Helmholtz (1821-������ FX� WHRULD� UH]RQDQ HL� DX]XOXL� úL�WHRULD� WULFURPDWLF�� D� YHGHULL�� +HULQJ� �����-1918) a adus date asupra SHUFHS LHL� VSD LXOXL�� D�FXORULORU�� VLP XOXL� WHUPLF�� ÌQ� ODERUDWRDUHOH� DELD� vQILLQ DWH� VH� XWLOL]DX� WHKQLFL� SVLKRPHWULFH� úL�GHWHUPLQ�UL�SVLKRIL]LRORJLFH�GLQWUH�FHOH�PDL�YDULDWH��vQ�FDUH�P�VXUDUHD�SUDJXULORU�VHQ]RULDOH�úL�D�WLPSXOXL�GH�UHDF LH�RFXSDX�XQ�ORF�LPportant.

1.3. 3DUWLFXODULW� LOH�H[SHULPHQWXOXL ([SHULPHQWXO� UHSUH]LQW�� R� RUJDQL]DUH�PHWRGLF�� �UD LRQDO�� úL� SUDFWLF��� GH� WLS� VSHFLDO� vQ�

FDUH�FHUFHW�WRUXO�SURYRDF��IDSWHOH��SHQWUX�D�OH�GH]Y�OXL�FRQH[LXQLOH��$FHDVW��FDUDFWHULVWLF��GH�provocabilitate a faptelRU�HVWH�HVHQ LDO��SHQWUX�GHILQLUHD�H[SHULPHQWXOXL��5HVSHFWkQG�FRQGL LLOH�vQ�FDUH�XQ�IHQRPHQ�D� IRVW�SURYRFDW��HO�SRDW� IL� UHSURGXV�RUL�GH�FkWH�RUL�HVWH�QHFHVDU�úL�DFHVWD�FRQVWLWXLH�FHD�GH�D�GRXD�FDUDFWHULVWLF��D�VD��repetabilitatea��([SHULPHQWXO�YL]HD]��SURYocarea XQXL�FRPSRUWDPHQW��U�VSXQV���GHWHUPLQkQGX-O�V��VH�PDQLIHVWH�VSHFLILF�ID ��GH�R�VLWXD LH�GDW���ULJXURV�FRQWURODW��SH�GLUHF LLOH�VDOH�HVHQ LDOH�GH�HODERUDUH�úL�H[SULPDUH��&RPSRUWDPHQWXO�DVWIHO�RE LQXW�� vPSUHXQ�� FX� IDFWRULL� FDUH� O-au determinat, constituie un model experimental, iar DF LXQHD�GH�RE LQHUH�D�OXL�UHSUH]LQW��PRGHODUHD�H[SHULPHQWDO��

([LVW�� VLWXD LL� GH� H[SHULPHQWDUH� vQ� FDUH� FHUFHW�WRUXO� QX� SRDWH� LQWHUYHQL� vQ� SURYRFDUHD�IHQRPHQHORU�VWXGLDWH��(OH�VXQW�SURYRFDWH�GH�QDWXU��VXE�IRUP��GH�GHUHJO�UL�SDWRORJLFH��ERDO���LQILUPLWDWH�� úL� VH� QXPHVF� IHQRPHQH� LQYRFDWH� �&O�� %HUQDUG��� ÌQ� DVWIHO� GH� VLWXD LL��H[SHULPHQWDWRUXO�VWXGLD]��GRDU�HIHFWXO�DFHVWRU�GHUHJO�UL�DVXSUD�FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL��úL�DFHVW�WLS�GH�FHUFHWDUH�SRDUW��GHQXPLUHD�GH�H[SHULPHQW�LQYRFDW��ex post facto)

1.4. Variabile implicate în experiment )DFWRULL�PDQLSXOD L�GH�H[SHULPHQWDWRU�SHQWUX�GHWHUPLQDUHD�XQXL�FRPSRUWDPHQW�FRPSXQ�

YDULDELOD� LQGHSHQGHQW�� �FRQGL LD� GH� VWLPXODUH��� 9DULDELOD� LQGHSHQGHQW�� SRDWH� DYHD� GLYHUVH�JUDGH� GH� FRPSOH[LWDWH� úL� XQ� UHJLVWUX� LQILQLW� GH� YDULD LL� FDQWLWDWLYH� úL� FDOLWDWLYH�� )DFWRUXO�GHWHUPLQDW� GH� FRQGL LD� GH� VWLPXODUH� úL� YL]DW� GH� H[SHULPHQW� SRDUW�� GHQXPLUHD� GH� YDULDELO��

Page 3: Psihologie experimentala

3

GHSHQGHQW���U�VSXQV���5HOD LD�GLQWUH�YDULDELOD�LQGHSHQGHQW��úL�FHD�GHSHQGHQW��HVWH�GH�FDX]��– efect. VariabilD� GHSHQGHQW�� HVWH� HIHFWXO� RE LQXW� GH� FRQGL LD� GH� VWLPXODUH� DVXSUD� XQRU�caracteristici comportamentale, determinate experimental.

9DULDELOD�GHSHQGHQW��HVWH�DOF�WXLW��GLQ�U�VSXQVXULOH�VXELHFWXOXL�OD�PRGLILF�ULOH�FRQGL LHL�GH� VWLPXODUH� úL� DUH�� OD� UkQGXO� HL�� JUDGH� GLIHULWH� GH� FRPSOH[LWDWH� GH� OD� UHDF LLOH� VLPSOH� úL�UHSHWLWLYH�� SkQ�� OD� VWUDWHJLLOH� GH� GHFL]LH��0RGLILF�ULOH� YDULDELOHL� LQGHSHQGHQWH� VH� UHIOHFW�� vQ�YDULD LLOH� U�VSXQVXOXL� SULQ� PHGLHUHD� YDULDELOHL� LQWHUPHGLDUH�� UHSUH]HQWDW�� GH� SHUVRQDOLWDWHD�subiectului��PRWLYD LL��DWLWXGLQL��HPR LL�HWF���

)DFWRULL�FXQRVFX L�F��SRW�LQIOXHQ D�FRPSRUWDPHQWXO�VXELHFWXOXL�VH�QXPHVF�UHOHYDQ L. Cei GHVSUH� FDUH� VH� úWLD� F�� vQ� H[SHULPHQWXO� GDW� QX� LQIOXHQ HD]�� U�VSXQVXULOH� VH� QXPHVF� IDFWRUL�LUHOHYDQ L��$FHúWLD�SRW�IL�UHOHYDQ L�vQV��SHQWUX�DOWH�FRPSRQHQWH�DOH�FRQGXLWHL�VXELHFWXOXL�VDX�vQ�DOWH� VWUXFWXU�UL� DOH� FRQGL LHL� GH� VWLPXODUH�� )DFWRULL� GH� VWLPXODUH� DO� F�URU� HIHFW� DVXSUD�comportamentului nu este bine cunoscut, dar este posibil, se numesc SRWHQ LDOL. Pentru a se stabili indicele GH� SUHOHYDQ �� úL� VHPQLILFD LH� D� ORU�� WUHEXLH� LQVWLWXLW� XQ� H[SHULPHQW� DQXPH� vQ�FDUH�HL�V��ILH�XWLOL]D L�FD�YDULDELO��LQGHSHQGHQW��

1.5. Controlul variabilelor 3HQWUX� D� QHXWUDOL]D� HIHFWHOH� YDULDELOHORU� VWU�LQH� GHPHUVXOXL� H[SHULPHQWDO� VH� SRW� IRORVL�

unele proFHGHH��GXS��FXP�XUPHD]�� a) L]RODUHD� VXELHFWXOXL� vQ� vQF�SHUL� VSHFLDOH� �ODERUDWRU�� XQGH� FRQGL LD� GH� VWLPXODU�

�YDULDELOD�LQGHSHQGHQW���HVWH�ULJXURV�FRQWURODW��GH�H[SHULPHQWDWRU� b) PHQ LQHUHD� FRQVWDQW�� D� YDULDELOHORU� VWU�LQH� LGHQWLILFDWH� �GDF�� QX� DX� SXWXW� IL

eliminate); c) EDODQVDUHD�HIHFWHORU�YDULDELOHORU�VWU�LQH�SHQWUX�D�DYHD�HIHFWH�VLPLODUH atât la grupul

H[SHULPHQWDO��FkW�úL�FHO�GH�FRQWURO� d) FRQWUDEDODQVDUHD�VDX�URWD LD��GH�H[HPSOX��GDF��VWXGLHP�HIHFWHOH�]JRPRWXOXL�DVXSUD�

DFWLYLW� LL�� DOWHUQ�P� FRQGL LLOH� GH� OLQLúWH� úL� ]JRPRW� �$� úL� %�� SHQWUX� D� QHXWUDOL]D� HIHFWHOH�vQY� �ULL�

e) FRQWUROXO�YDULDELOHL�U�VSXQV�VH�UHDOL]HD]��LPSOLFLW�GDF��VH� LQH�VXE�XQ�FRQWURO�ULJXURV�FRQGL LD�GH�VWLPXODUH��'H�DVHPHQHD�VH�RE LQH�SULQ�FUHDUHD�XQHL�DWLWXGLQL�FRRSHUDQWH�GLQ�SDUWHa VXELHFWXOXL�� FDUH� QX� WUHEXLH� V�� ILH� VWUHVDW� GH� FRQVHFLQ HOH� SRVLELOH� DOH� H[SHULPHQWXOXL� �vQ�VSHFLDO�OD�HOHYL�úL�VWXGHQ L��

2. &RPSRQHQWHOH�FHUFHW�ULL�H[SHULPHQWDOH

(proiectul experimental) 2.1. Ipoteza &RQVWLWXLH�XQXO�GLQ�PRPHQWHOH�HVHQ LDOH�DOH�GHPHUVXOXL�UD LRQDO��,]YRUkW��GLQ�REVHUYDUHD�

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2� EXQ�� LSRWH]�� WUHEXLH� V�� vQGHSOLQHDVF�� XUP�WRDUHOH� FRQGL LL�� V�� ILH� YHULILFDELO���HFRQRPLF���YHURVLPLO��úL�V��SRDW��IL�FDQWLILFDELO��

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2.2. 2UJDQL]DUHD�H[SHULPHQWXOXL��VHOHF LD�VXELHF LORU 3HQWUX� FD�GDWHOH�RE LQXWH� V�� SRDW�� IL comparabile, într-XQ�H[SHULPHQW� VH�XWLOL]HD]���GH�

UHJXO���GRX��JUXSXUL�GH�VXELHF L��XQXO�GLQWUH�DFHVWHD��OD�FDUH�VH�DSOLF��FRQGL LD�GH�VWLPXODUH��VH�YD� QXPL� JUXSXO� H[SHULPHQWDO�� LDU� FHO�ODOW�� OD� FDUH� QX� VH� DSOLF�� DFHDVW�� FRQGL LH�� VH� QXPHúWH�grup de contrRO�� 6XELHF LL�� VHOHFWD L� GLQWU-R� SRSXOD LH� GDW��� WUHEXLH� V�� ILH� HúDQWLRDQH�UHSUH]HQWDWLYH� SHQWUX� DFHD� SRSXOD LH�� 6HOHF LD� VXELHF LORU� VH� SRDWH� IDFH� ILH� GXS�� VLVWHPXO�ORWHULHL��ILH�vQ�ED]D�SDVXOXL�VWDWLVWLF��ÌQ�SULPXO�FD]��ILHFDUH�PHPEUX�GLQ�SRSXOD LD�GDW��SULPHúWH�XQ�QXP�U�GH�RUGLQH��GH� OD��� OD�1��$FHVWH�QXPHUH� VXQW� LQWURGXVH� vQWU-R�XUQ���GXS��FDUH�VXQW�H[WUDVH��OD�vQWkPSODUH��SkQ��OD�FRPSOHWDUHD�JUXSXOXL�GH�VXELHF L�FHUXW�vQ�FHUFHWDUH��ÌQ�FHO�GH�DO�GRLOHD�FD]��WRDW��SRSXOD LD�GDW��HVWH�vQVFULV��SH�XQ�WDEHO /alfabetic sau la întâmplare), din care VH� DOHJH�� SRWULYLW� FX� LQWHUYDOXO� GH� VHOHF LH� VWDELOLW�� ILHFDUH� DO� �-lea, al 10-lea, al 20-lea etc. LQGLYLG��/HJLOH�KD]DUGXOXL�VH�DSOLF���vQ�VSHFLDO��vQ�FD]XO�XQHL�SRSXOD LL�FRQVLGUDW��FD�R�PXO LPH�QHGLIHUHQ LDW���/D�PXO LPLOH� VWUXFWXUDWH�� VHOHF LD� VH�SRDWH� IDFH� vQ�ED]D�XQRU�FULWHULL�FDOLWDWLYH��FDOLW� LOH�PHPRULHL��FRWD�GH�LQWHOLJHQ ��HWF���

2.3. Tipurile de experiment a) Experimentul de confirmare� HVWH�� vQ� IDSW�� H[SHULPHQWXO� ÄFODVLF´�� FDUH� SURYRDF��

fenomenul în conGL LL�FRQWURODWH�SHQWUX�D�YHULILFD�VXSR]L LD�LSRWH]HL� b) Experimentul de laborator�LQGLF��ORFXO�XQGH�VH�GHVI�úRDU��FHUFHWDUHD��$UH�VHUYLWXWHD�

F��DUWLILFLDOL]HD]��IDSWHOH��GDU�HVWH�PDL�ULJXURV�SHQWUX�F��EHQHILFLD]��GH�DSDUDWXUD�GLQ�GRWDUH� c) Experimentul natural�VH�UHDOL]HD]��vQ�ORFXO�XQGH�VXELHF LL�vúL�GHVI�úRDU��DFWLYLWDWHD d) Experimentul psihopedagogic�YL]HD]��FRPSRQHQWHOH�SURFHVXOXL�LQVWUXFWLY-educativ. e) Experimentul invocat (ex post facto�� HVWH� DFHOD� OD� FDUH� YDULDELOD� LQGHSHQGHQW�� HVWH�

nonexperimenWDO�� f) ([SHULPHQWXO� IXQF LRQDO� XUP�UHúWH� FRYDULD LD� VLVWHPDWLF�� GLQWUH� YDULDELOD�

LQGHSHQGHQW��úL�FHD�GHSHQGHQW���VWDELOLQG��DVWIHO��UHOD LD�IXQF LRQDO��GLQWUH�HOH� g) În experimentul factorial�VH�DOHJ�GRDU�GRX��YDORUL�DOH�YDULDELOHL�VWLPXO��H[��SUH]HQ D�

VDX� DEVHQ D� ]JRPRWXOXL�� úL� VH� XUP�UHúWH� HIHFWXO� DFHVWRUD� DVXSUD� YDULDELOHL� GHSHQGHQWH� �H[��FRQFHQWUDUHD�DWHQ LHL��

h) Experimentul explorator��ÄFH�VH�vQWkPSO��GDF�´��úL�experimentul pilot se folosesc ca FHUFHW�UL� SUHOLPLQDUH� úL� vúL� SURSXQ�� SULPXO� V�� LGHQWLfice prin pretestare efectele posibile ale unei variabile, iar cel de-DO�GRLOHD�V��YHULILFH��SH�XQ�QXP�U�PLF�GH�VXELHF L��R�SURFHGXU��PDL�eficace pentru experimentul propriu-zis.

2.4. 3UHOXFUDUHD�úL�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�GDWHORU Pentru validarea ipotezei se folosHVF� DQXPLWH� WHVWH� VWDWLVWLFH� GH� VHPQLILFD LH�� FD� GH�

H[HPSOX��WHVWXO�ÄW´��VWXGHQW��FDUH�DUDW��JUDGXO�GH�VHPQLILFD LH�GLQWUH�UH]XOWDWHOH�PHGLL�DOH�FHORU�GRX��JUXSXUL�GH�VXELHF L��H[SHULPHQWDO�úL�GH�FRQWURO���'DF��YDORDUH�OXL�ÄW´�VDX�[2��KLS�WUDW��– primul pHQWUX�PHGLL�úL�FHO�GH�DO�GRLOHD�SHQWUX�IUHFYHQ H�– are o probabilitate (P) de 0,05 sau PDL�PLF�� �S�<� ����� DWXQFL�� FX� XQ� ULVF� GH� HURDUH� GH� ���� LSRWH]D�QXO�� YD� IL� UHVSLQV�� úL� VH�YD�FRQILUPD� LSRWH]D� GH� FHUFHWDUH�� 'XS�� FH� V-au stabilit gradele de libertate (limitele între care SRDWH�YDULD�R�YDORDUH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�QXP�UXO�VXELHF LORU���VH�FDXW��SUDJXULOH�GH�VHPQLILFD LH�vQ�WDEHOXO�YDORULORU�VHPQLILFDWLYH�DOH�OXL�ÄW´��OD�SUDJXULOH�GH������úL�������úL�VH�J�VHúWH�JUDGXO�GH�VHPQLILFD LH�vQ�UDSRUW�GH�FDUH�VH�LQILUP���GXS��FD]��LSRWH]D�QXO���3HQWUX�FRQILUPDUHD�GHSOLQ��D�LSRWH]HL� GH� FHUFHWDUH� HVWH� QHFHVDU� FD� GLUHF LD� UH]XOWDWHORU� RE LQXWH�� SUH]XPDWH� GH� LSRWH]�� úL�FDOFXODW�� VWDWLVWLF�� V�� ILH� FRLQFLGHQ ��� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� SHQWUX� FD� LSRWH]D� GH� FHUFHWDUH� V�� VH�confirme este neceVDU�FD�GLIHUHQ HOH�GLQWUH�JUXSHOH�GH�VXELHF L�V�� ILH�VHPQLILFDWLYH��UHVSHFWLY�ORJLFH��LDU�GLUHF LD�SUHY�]XW��D�DFHVWRU�GLIHUHQ H�V��ILH�YDOLGDW��VWDWLVWLF�

'DWHOH� H[SHULPHQWDOH� VLVWHPDWL]DWH� úL�JUXSDWH�SRW� IL� WUHFXWH� vQ� WDEHOH� úL�JUDILFH��'DWHOH�din tabele�VH�JUXSHD]��ILH�vQ�YDORUL�EUXWH��ILH�vQ�SURFHQWH�VDX�IUHFYHQ H��*UDILFHOH�DX�DYDQWDMXO�

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F�� SRW� V�� SXQ�� vQ� HYLGHQ �� UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�GRX�� VDX�PDL�PXOWH�YDULDELOH�� H[SULPkQGX-le prin simboluri adecvate (linii, puncte, figuri etc.).

2.5. 7HVW�úL�H[SHULPHQW PDUWLFLSDUHD� DFWLY�� D� FHUFHW�WRUXOXL� vQ� SURYRFDUHD� IHQRPHQXOXL�� VSHFLILF�� SHQWUX�

H[SHULPHQW�� R� vQWkOQLP� úL� vQ� FD]XO� WHVWXOXL��'DU� vQ�YUHPH�FH� H[SHULPHQWXO� XUP�UHúWH� HIHFWXO�PRGLILF�ULORU�YDULDELOHL�LQGHSHQGHQWH�DVXSUD�YDULDELOHL�U�VSXQV��SHQWUX�D�H[SOLFD�UDporturile de FDX]DOLWDWH� GLQWUH� HOH�� WHVWXO� VH� LQWHUHVHD]�� GRDU� GH� P�VXUDUHD� U�VSXQVXOXL� FD� DWDUH� úL�FRPSDUDUHD� OXL� FX� EDUHPXO� �PHGLD� VWDWLVWLF���� ÌQ� YUHPH� FH� H[SHULPHQWXO� vúL� SURSXQH� V��GH]Y�OXLH�FDX]DOLWDWHD�IHQRPHQXOXL��WHVWXO�P�VRDU��úL�DSUHFLD]��VWDWLstic fenomenul în scopuri SVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH�SUHFLVH�� VHOHF LD� úL�RULHQWDUHD� úFRODU�� úL�SURIHVLRQDO���SVLKRGLDJQR]�� FOLQLF��etc. Unele teste pot fi folosite ca variabile independente în experimentale, iar modelele experimentare pot fi transformate în teste, SULQ� EDUHPDUHD� ORU�� 'LQ� FHOH� PHQ LRQDWH� VH�GHVSULQGH� UHOD LD� GH� FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWH� PHWRGRORJLF�� GLQWUH� WHVW� úL� H[SHULPHQW��5HYHUVLELOLWDWHD� GLQWUH� HOH� DUH� R� LPSRUWDQ �� GHRVHELW�� SHQWUX� vPERJ� LUHD� SURFHGXULORU�H[SHULPHQWDOH�úL�SVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH�

3. Tehnici psihofiziologice

3.1. 7HKQLFD�HOHFWURHQFHIDORJUDILF� (EEG) (OHFWURJHQH]D� FHUHEUDO�� �SURGXFHUHD� GH� SRWHQ LDOH� HOHFWULFH� GH� FUHLHU��� FXQRVFXW�� vQF��

vQDLQWH� GH� ������ D� IRVW� SHUIHF LRQDW�� GH� SVLKLDWUXO� JHUPDQ� +DXV� %HUJHU� vQ� DQXO� ����� �vQ�lucrarea sa Asupra electroencefalogramei la om���7HKQLFD�H�H�J��D�IRVW�XWLOL]DW��úL�GH�LOXVWUXO�QHXURORJ�URPkQ�*KHRUJKH�0DULQHVFX�vQ�FHUFHW�ULOH�VDOH�

(�(�*��OD�RP�DUH��vQ�PRG�RELúQXLW��SDWUX�WLSXUL�GH�XQGH��9��9RLFXOHVFX��0��6WHULDGH��Din LVWRULD�FXQRDúWHULL�FUHLHUXOXL��(G��ùWLLQ LILF���%XFXUHúWL��������S�������

1. Undele alfa (α��FX�R� IUHFYHQ ��GH��-���FSV��FLFOL�SH�VHFXQG���úL�R�DPSOLWXGLQH�vQWUH������úL�����PLFURYRO L�

2. Undele beta (β��FX�IUHFYHQ ��GH���-���FSV�úL�DPSOLWXGLQHD�GH���-25 µv; 3. Undele teta (θ��FX�IUHFYHQ D�de 4-��FSV�úL�DPSOLWXGLQHD�GH���-20 µv; ���8QGHOH�GHOWD��/��FX�IUHFYHQ D�GH��-��FSV�úL�DPSOLWXGLQHD�GH�SkQ��OD�����µv. &XP� VH� REVHUY��� ULWPXULOH�θ� úL�/� DX� XQ� ULWP�PDL� OHQW� GHFât α� úL�β��(OH� FDUDFWHUL]HD]��

DFWLYLWDWHD� ELRHOHFWULF�� D� FUHLHUXOXL� GLQ� DQXPLWH� ]one (regiuni), în timpul somnului, dar pot UHSUH]HQWD� úL� DQXPLWH� VW�UL� SDWRORJLFH� �IRFDUH� HSLOHSWRJHQH�� WXPRUL� FHUHEUDOH��� ÌQ� FRQVHFLQ ��traseele θ� úL�/�SUH]LQW�� LQWHUHV�SHQWUX�QHXURORJ��3HQWUX�SVLKRORJ�R�LPSRUWDQ ��GHRVHELW��R�DX�undele α�úL�β. Ritmul α cDUDFWHUL]HD]��VWDUHD�GH�UHOD[DUH�VHQ]RULDO��úL�PLQWDO��D�VXELHFWXOXL��Ca urmare, ritmul α este caracteristic pentru creierul în stare de veghe, dar în repaos total (în DEVHQ D�DIHUHQ HORU�VHQ]RULDOH���3HQWUX�vQUHJLVWUDUHD�WUDVHXOXL�α�VXELHFWXO�WUHEXLH�V��VWHD�OLQLúWLW�úL�FX�RFKLL�vQFKLúL�VDX�V��SULYHDVF��R�VXSUDID ��XQLIRUP�LOXPLQDW���ÌQ�FD]XO�DGPLQLVWU�ULL�XQXL�VWLPXO� VH� SURGXFH� R� GHVLQFURQL]DUH� ELRHOHFWULF�� D� SRSXOD LLORU� QHXURQDOH� GLQ� FUHLHU� FDUH� VH�H[SULP�� SULQ� vQORFXLUHD� ULWPXOXL�α cu ritmul β, ceva maL� UDSLG�� $úDGDU�� ULWPXO�β apare în PRPHQWXO� vQWUHUXSHULL� VLWXD LHL� GH� UHSDRV� VHQ]RULDO� úL� PLQWDO�� DVWIHO� vQFkW� FDUDFWHUL]HD]��LQWUDUHD�FUHLHUXOXL�vQ�VWDUH�GH�DFWLYLWDWH�LQWHQV���'HSUHVLD�WUDVHXOXL�α�úL�vQORFXLUHD�OXL�FX�β, în SULPHOH�PRPHQWH�DOH�DGPLQLVWU�ULL�VWLPXOXOXL�H[WHUQ��PDUFKHD]��DSDUL LD�UHDF LHL�

3.2. 7HKQLFL�GH�vQUHJLVWUDUH�D�PRGLILF�ULORU�UHVSLUDWRULL ÌQUHJLVWUDUHD�PRGLILF�ULORU� UHVSLUDWRULL� �vQ� DPSOLWXGLQH� úL� IUHFYHQ ��� VH� IDFH�FX�DMXWRUXO�

diferitelor tipuri de pneumografe. Pneumograful este format dintr-XQ�PDQúRQ�GH�FDXFLXF��OXQJ�GH�DSUR[�����FP��úL�ODW�GH�

FFD� �� FP�� FDUH� VH� OHDJ�� OD� WRUDFHOH� VXELHFWXOXL� vQ� UHJLXQHD� GLDIUDJPHL� �GHDVXSUD� HL���3QHXPRJUDIXO�HVWH�SUHY�]XW�OD�FDSHWH�FX���úLUHWXUL�GH�SkQ]��FDUH�VH�SULQG�OD�VSDWH��DVWIHO�vQFkW�PDQúRQXO�GH�FDXFLXF� V�� DGHUH� OHMHU� OD� WRUDFHOH�VXELHFWXOXL�� ÌQ�SDUWHD�FHQWUDO���PDQúRQXO�HVWH�

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SUHY�]XW�FX�XQ�úWX �� HDY��GH�OHJ�WXU���SULQ�FDUH�VXQW�FROHFWDWH�YDULD LLOH�GH�DHU�GLQ�LQWHULRUXO�V�X��GDWRUDWH�PLúF�ULORU�FXWLHL�WRUDFLFH�GLQ�WLPSXO�UHVSLUD LHL��$FHVWH�YDULD LL�DOH�YROXPXOXL�GH�DHU�VXQW�WUDQVPLVH��SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�XQXL�WXE�GH�FDXFLXF��IXUWXQ���OD�R�FDSVXO��GH�vQUHJLVWUDUH��FDSVXO�� 0DUH\��� &DSVXOD� 0DUH\� �VH� PDL� QXPHúWH� úL� LQVFULSWRU� SQHXPDWLF� VDX� FDSVXO��SQHXPDWLF��� HVWH� IRUPDW�� GLQWU-R� FXWLH� URWXQG�� GLQ� PHWDO� �WDEO���� FDYLWDU�� vQ� LQWHULRU� � úL�SUHY�]XW�� FX� XQ� úWX � vQ� SDUWHD� LQIHULRDU�� �VDX� ODWHUDO��� OD� FDUH� VH� PRQWHD]�� IXUWXQXO�SQHXPRJUDIXOXL�� 3HVWH� SDUWHD� JRDO�� D� FDSVXOHL� SQHXPDWLFH� VH� OHDJ�� IHVW� R� PHPEUDQ�� GLQ�cauciuc foarte elastic, iar deasupra acesteLD��vQ�FHQWUXO�HL��VH�IL[HD]��R�SDVWLO��GH�WDEO��URWXQG��FDUH�VSULMLQ��DFXO�LQVFULSWRU�

&DS�WXO�H[WHULRU�DO�DFXOXL�LQVFULSWRU�DUH�IRUP��GH�SHQL ���HVWH�DVFX LW��úL�VH�GHSODVHD]��SH�FLOLQGUXO�XQXL�NLPRJUDI�XQGH�WUDVHD]��R�FXUE��FRUHVSXQ]�WRDUH�FX�DOXUD�UHVSLUD LHL�VXELHFWXOXL�

Kimograful este un aparat de înregistrare format dintr-un tambur (cilindru) metalic care VH� vQYkUWHúWH� �URWHúWH�� FX� DMXWRUXO� XQRU� GLVSR]LWLYH� GLIHULWH�� .LPRJUDIHOH� PDL� YHFKL� VXQW�DF LRQDWH�FX�DMXWRUXO�XQXL�PHFDQLVP�GH�FHDVRUQLF��DUF���LDU�YLWH]D�HVWH�UHJODW��FX�DULSLRDUH�GH�IUkQDUH�D�DHUXOXL��.LPRJUDIHOH�PDL�QRL�VXQW�DF LRQDWH�GH�PRWRUDúH�HOHFWULFH��HOHFWURNLPRJUDIH��FX� YLWH]�� UHJODELO�� DXWRPDW��'H�PHQ LRQDW� F�� LQYHQWDUHD�NLPRJUDIXOXL�� vQ� D�GRXD� MXP�WDWH� D�secolului al XIX-lea, a impulsLRQDW� FHUFHWDUHD� H[SHULPHQWDO�� GLQ� SVLKRORJLH�� GRWkQG�ODERUDWRDUHOH� DELD� vQILLQ DWH� FX� GLVSR]LWLYH� GH� vQUHJLVWUDUH� JUDILF�� D� GDWHORU�� &HUFHWDUHD�úWLLQ LILF�� DFWXDO�� EHQHILFLD]�� GH� UHFRUGHUH� PXOW� vPEXQ�W� LWH�� PHUJkQG� SkQ�� OD� VWRFDUHD� SH�calculator a datelor experimentale.

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GH� ORFXO� GH� SUHOHYDUH� �UDGLDO�� FDURWLGLDQ�� úL�� vQ� DO� GRLOHD� UkQG�� GH� FRPSOHxitatea lor FRQVWUXFWLY��� 6H� IRORVHVF�� GH� H[HPSOX�� VILJPRJUDIH� SHQWUX� SUHOHYDUHD� �FDSWDUHD�� SXOVXOXL�UDGLDO��FDSVXOD�/HKPDQ�SHQWUX�SXOVXO�FDURWLGLDQ��VILJPRJUDIXO�FX�EUDVDUG���FDUGLRJUDIXO�-DTXHW�pentru regiunea sterno-FDUGLDF���)XQF LRQDO�� WRDWH�DFHVWH�GLVSR]LWLYH�VH�ED]HD]��SH�SULQFLSLXO�SUHOX�ULL�YDULD LLORU�GH�SUHVLXQH�GLQ�]RQD�YDVFXODU��VDX�FDUGLDF���GHDVXSUD�F�URUD�VXQW�PRQWDWH��úL� WUDQVPLWHUHD� DFHVWRU�YDULD LL� OD�R�FDSVXO��0DUH\�FDUH� OH� vQUHJLVWUHD]��SH�NLPRJUDI� �VDX�DOW�dispozitiv de înregistrare).

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$FHDVW��YDORDUH��QRWDW��FX���vQ�ILJXU���VH�UH LQH�FD�SUDJ�DEVROXW�DVFHQGHQW��SH�XQ�QXP�U�PDL�PDUH�GH�GHWHUPLQ�UL��FXP�V-D�PHQ LRQDW���ÌQ�VHULD�GHVFHQGHQW��VH�SRUQHúWH�GH�OD�R�YDORDUH�PDUH� D� GHVFKLGHULL� HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL� �VXELHFWXO� VHVL]HD]��� I�U�� GXELL�� GRX�� DWLQJHUL��� $FHDVW��GHVFKLGHUH� HVWH� PLFúRUDW�� WUHSWDW� SkQ�� FH� VXELHFWXO� GHFODU�� F�� LGHQWLILF�� R� VLQJXU�� DWLQJHUH��QRWDW��FX�–� vQ�ILJXU����6H�UH LQH�úL�DFHDVW��YDORDUH�FD�SUDJ�DEVROXW�GHVFHQGHQW��3HQWUX�D�DIOD�SUDJXO�DEVROXW�UHDO�QH�YRP�IRORVL�GH�UHOD LD�VLPSO��

Pa + Pd Pr = �������������������������XQGH�3U�HVWH�SUDJXO�DEVROXW�UHDO��3D��SUDJXO�DEVROXW�DVFHQGHQW�úL�� 2

Pd, pragul absolut descendent. La rândul lor, pragurile particulare vor fi tot valori medii, UH]XOWDWH�GLQ� VXPD�P�VXU�WRULORU� LQGLYLGXDOH�DVFHQGHQWH� úL�GHVFHQGHQWH�� vPS� LW�� OD�QXP�UXO�GHWHUPLQ�ULORU�HIHFWXDWH��1���DVWIHO��

x1a + x2a + x3a ....+ x1d + x2d + x3d ....+ P.a. = ; P.d = N N F��6HQVLELOLWDWHD�EDUHVWH]LF���GH�SUHVLXQH��VH�GHWHUPLQ��FX�DMXWRUXO�EDUHVWH]LRPHWUXOXL��

Cel mai cunoscut, baresteziometrul Eulemburg, este format dintr-R� WLMH� PHWDOLF��� FDUH�� OD�DS�VDUH�SH�R�VXSUDID ��WHJXPHQWDU��D�VXELHFWXOXL��DF LRQHD]��DU�W�WRUXO�SH�XQ�FDGUDQ�PDUFDW�úL�etalonat în grame (0 –�����JU���6XELHFWXO�WUHEXLH�V��DSUHFLH]H�LQWHQVLWDWHD�DS�V�ULL�FX�SkUJKLD�EDUHVWLRPHWUXO�vQ�GLIHULWH�]RQH��VH�FDOFXOHD]��PHGLD��

G�� 6HQVLELOLWDWHD� SDOHVWH]LF�� �YLEUDWRULH�� VH� GHWHUPLQ�� SULQ� DúH]DUHD� SH� SLHOH� D�PkQHUXOXL� XQXL� GLDSD]RQ� vQ� YLEUD LH�� 3H� XQ� QXP�U� GH� GLDSD]RDQH� DSURSLDWH� FX� IUHFYHQ �� VH�SRDWH� VWDELOL� FDSDFLWDWHD� VXELHFWXOXL� GH� D� VHVL]D� FHOH�PDL�PLFL� GLIHUHQ H� vQWUH� DFHVWHD� �SUDJ�GLIHUHQ LDO�SDOHVWH]LF��

e) SenVLELOLWDWHD� WHUPLF�� �SHQWUX� FDOG� úL� UHFH�� VH� GHWHUPLQ�� FX� GLYHUVH� WLSXUL� GH�termoesteziometre. Acestea pot fi simple (ca de exemplu termoesteziometrul Righini), sau complexe (ex. termocuplele).

Termoesteziometrul clasic Righini este format dintr-XQ� QXP�U� Ge mici containere, L]RODWH� WHUPLF�� vQ� FDUH� VH� LQWURGXFH� DS�� GH� GLIHULWH� WHPSHUDWXUL�� XUPkQG� FD� VXELHFWXO� V�� OH�RUGRQH]H��FUHVF�WRU�VDX�GHVFUHVF�WRU��GXS��JUDGXO�GH�vQF�O]LUH��7HUPRHVWH]LRPHWUHOH�HOHFWULFH��WHUPRFXSOHOH�� VH� ED]HD]�� SH� IHQRPHQXO� IL]LF� DO� WHUPRHOHPHQWHORU� �OD� SXQFWXO� GH� VXGXU�� D�

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10

GRX�� HOHPHQWH� GLIHULWH�� FD� GH� H[�� FXSUX� úL� FRQVWDQWDQ�� LD� QDúWHUH� XQ� FXUHQW� HOHFWULF�� GDF�� VH�DSOLF��R�GLIHUHQ ��GH�WHPSHUDWXU���

I��$FXLWDWHD�WDFWLO��VH�SRDWH�GHWHUPLQD�SULQ�PDL�PXOWH�SURFHGHH��vQWUH�FDUH�PHQ LRQ�P� 1. cu ajutorul tactometrului; ���FX�DMXWRUXO�SO�FLORU�WDFWLOH� 1. Tactometrul (sau tactilometrul Schultze) este un dispozitiv de angrenaje mecanice

FDUH��OD�DF LRQDUHD�XQXL�EXWRQ��GHQLYHOHD]��GRX��VXSUDIH H�PHWDOLFH�OXFLRDVH��I�FkQG�DVWIHO�V��DSDU��XQ�úDQ �vQWUH�HOH��0DQLSXOkQG�DFHVW�EXWRQ��VXELHFWXO��WUHEXLH�V��FUHDVF��VDX�V��HJDOL]H]H��GXS��FD]��SULQ�SLS�LUH�FX�GHJHWXO��úDQ XO�DS�UXW��$EDWHUHD�VH�FLWHúWH�OD�R�IDQW��GH�REVHUYDUH�

���3O�FX HOH�WDFWLOH�0RHGH��vQ�QXP�U�GH�����DX�JURVLPL�GLIHULWH��3ULQ�SLS�LUH� subiectul WUHEXLH� V�� RUGRQH]H� �FUHVF�WRU� VDX� GHVFUHVF�WRU��� GXS�� JURVLPH�� SO�FX HOH� GDWH� GH�experimentator. Aprecierea se face pe baza sumei brute a abaterilor, astfel:

RUGLQHD�UHDO��D�SO�FX HORU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RUGLQHD�DSUHFLDW���GH�VXELHFW 1 2 4 5 3 6 8 7 9 10 'LIHUHQ D������������������������ 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0

Suma 1+1+2+1+1 = 6 3H�R�VFDU��GH�UDQJ�VH�SRW�RUGRQD�VXELHF LL�GXS��DFXLWDWHD�ORU�WDFWLO�� Lucrare de laborator��VH�YRU�H[HUVD�DPEHOH�WKQLFL�GH�GHWHUPLQDUH�D�DFXLW� LL�WDFWLOH� 5.2. SHQVLELOLWDWHD�YL]XDO� $�� 3UDJXO� GLIHUHQ LDO� YL]XDO�� D� F�UXL� YDORDUH� D� IRVW� VWDELOLW��� SRWULYLW� OHJLL� %RXJXHU-

Weber-)HFKQHU� OD� ������� VH� SRDWH� GHWHUPLQD�� SULQWUH� DOWHOH�� FX� DMXWRUXO� IRWRPHWUXOXL� úL�plastiscopului.

1. Fotometrul este dotat cu un vizor care pHUPLWH�REVHUYDUHD�XQXL�GLVF��OD�OXPLQ��DOE��VDX�FRORUDW���FX�DMXWRUXO�XQRU�ILOWUH�VSHFLDOH��'LVFXO�SRDWH�IL��OXPLQDW�SHQWUX�FkWH�R�MXP�WDWH��DVWIHO�vQFkW��vQ�WLPS�FH�XQD�GLQ�HPLVIHUH�SRDWH�IL�vQWXQHFDW���FHDODOW��SRDWH�IL�LOXPLQDW���FD�vQ�figura de mai jos.

Discul fotometrului E1 = emisfera 1 E1 E2 E2 = emisfera 2

3URFHGXUD�H[SHULPHQWDO��SRDWH�IL�IRORVLW��vQ�GRX��YDULDQWH: D�� 6XELHFWXO� DUH� VDUFLQD� V�� DGXF�� GLVFXO� OD� DFHODúL� QLYHO� GH� LOXPLQDUH�� PDQHYUkQG�

tamburul cu care este echipat fotometrul; E��6XELHFWXO�SULYHúWH�GLVFXO�WLPS�GH���– 3 minute (aprox.) la o intensitate de iluminare

FXQRVFXW��� 'XS�� DFHDVW�� SHULRDG�� VH� FUHúWH� �VDX� VFDGH�� GXS�� FD]�� QLYHOXO� GH� LOXPLQDUH� D�GLVFXOXL��FX�IUDF LXQL�PLFL��SkQ��FkQG�VXELHFWXO�VHVL]HD]��R�QRX��FDOLWDWH�D�VHQ]D LHL�OXPLQRDVH��PDL�LQWHQV��VDX�PDL�VODE���GXS��VHQVXO�vQ�FDUH�D�IRVW�PRGLILFDW��LOXPLQDUHD��

��� 3ODWLVFRSXO� HVWH� DOF�WXLW� GLQWr-XQ� GUHSWXQJKL� PHWDOLF�� SUHY�]XW� FX� GRX�� IDQWH��GHVFKL]�WXUL��D�F�URU�P�ULPH�SRDWH�IL�UHJODW��FX�XQ�EXWRQ�GH�DF LRQDUH�

9DORDUHD�GHVFKLGHULL� IDQWHORU�HVWH� LQGLFDW��GH�XQ� LQVWUXPHQW�GH�P�VXU�� �WLS�úXEOHU�FX�1/10 mm).

3URFHGXUD��VH�IL[HD]��XQD�GLQ�IDQWH�OD�R�GHVFKLGHUH�FXQRVFXW��GH�H[SHULPHQWDWRU�úL�L�VH�cere subiectului ca, manipulând butonul de reglaj, s-R� DGXF�� úL� SH� FHDODOW�� OD� DFHHDúL�GLPHQVLXQH��6H�FLWHVF�DEDWHULOH�GH�HJDOL]DUH�SH�LQVWUXPHQWXO�GH�P�VXU��

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11

%��'HWHUPLQDUHD�DFXLW� LL�YL]XDOH Prin acuitatHD� YL]XDO�� VH� vQ HOHJH� FDSDFLWDWHD� RFKLXOXL� GH� D� GLVWLQJH� GLVWDQ HOH� PLFL�

GLQWUH�RELHFWH��VDX�GLVWDQ D�PLQLP��OD�FDUH�VXELHFWXO�GLVWLQJH�GRX��ÄSHWH´�GH�OXPLQ��vQ�ORF�GH�XQD� VLQJXU��� VDX� GRX�� SXQFWH� QHJUH� �VDX� GRX�� OLQLL� RUL]RQWDOH��� DWXQFL� FkQG� GLVWDQ D� GLntre DFHVWHD�HVWH�IRDUWH�PLF���$FXLWDWHD�YL]XDO��HVWH�GDW���GHFL��GH�SUHFL]LD�FX�FDUH�VXQW�SHUFHSXWH�GHWDOLLOH� úL� FRQWXUXULOH� úL�� vQ� FRQVHFLQ ��� VW�� OD� ED]D� SHUFHS LHL� YL]XDOH� D� RELHFWHORU��$úDGDU��DFXLWDWHD� YL]XDO�� UHSUH]LQW�� SXWHUHD� UH]ROXWLY�� D� RFKLXOXL�� FDSDFLWDWHD� VD� GH� D� GLIHUHQ LD� GRL�H[FLWDQ L��SULQ�VWDELOLUHD�DFHOXL�PLQLPXP�VHSDUDELOH�GLQWUH�HL��GLVWDQ D�PLQLP��GH�VHSDUD LH�D�doi stimuli). Liniile sau contururile stimulilor vizuali situate mai aproape unele de altele decât minimul separabil se contRSHVF�� vQFkW�� GDF�� VXQW� IRDUWH� DSURSLDWH�� SDU� RPRJHQH�� 7HVWHOH� GH�GHWHUPLQDUH�D�DFXLW� LL�YL]XDOH�YL]HD]�� WRFPDL�YHGHUHD�GH�GHWDOLX�úL�VH�H[SULP���GH�UHJXO���vQ�PLQLPXP� YL]LELOH� �GLVWDQ D� FHD�PDL�PLF�� OD� FDUH� SRW� IL� LGHQWLILFDWH� GRX�� SXQFWH� OXPLQRDVH�distincte sau posibilitatea de distingere a firului cel mai fin de pe un fond omogen). Testul IRORVLW�vQ�SUDFWLFD�RIWDOPRORJLF��vO�UHSUH]LQW��VFDUD�YL]XDO��VDX�ÄRSWRWLSLL´��SURSXV��GH�6QHOOHQ��vQ� ����� �GH� XQGH� úL� GHQXPLUHD� GH� WDEHOXO� OXL� 6QHOOHQ��� 6XQW� OLWHUH� FDUH� VFDG� vQ�P�ULPH� FX�ILHFDUH� UkQG�XUPkQG�FD� VXELHFWXO� V�� OH� LGHQWLILFH�GH� OD���P�GLVWDQ ��� ÌQ� WHKQLFD�GH� ODERUDWRU��SHQWUX�GHWHUPLQDUHD�DFXLW� LL�YL]XDOH�VWDWLFH�VH�IRORVHVF�GLIHULWH�GLVSR]LWLYH�FDUH�SUH]LQW��ILJXUL�geometrice, puncte sau linii foarte finH� FH� SRW� IL� VXSUDSXVH� VDX� GLIHUHQ LDWH� �VDX� SURLHFWDUHD�acestora).

&��'HWHUPLQDUHD�FURPRVHQVLELOLW� LL ��� 6HQVLELOLWDWHD� FURPDWLF�� SRDWH� IL� WHVWDW�� SH� GLUHF LD� WRQDOLW� LL� FURPDWLFH� úL� D�

VDWXUD LHL� D��3HQWUX�FHUFHWDUHD�WRQDOLW� LL�FURPDWLFH�VH�IRORVHúWH fotometrul (colorimetrul) ca cel

GHVFULV� �IRWRPHWUXO�3XOIULFK��� FX�REVHUYD LD� F�� DLFL� VH� IRORVHVF� ILOWUHOH� FRORUDWH��$FHVWH� ILOWUH�ODV��V�� WUHDF��QXPDL�UD]HOH�VSHFWUDOH�FX�R�DQXPLW�� OXQJLPH�GH�XQG���FRUHVSXQ]�WRDUH�FHORU���culori (r.o.g.v.a.i.v.). ProceduUD�HVWH�LGHQWLF���VH�IL[HD]��R�HPLVIHU��OD�R�WRQDOLWDWH�GDW���UHSHU���VXELHFWXO�WUHEXLQG�V��DGXF��úL�FHDODOW��HPLVIHU��OD�DFHHDúL�YDORDUH��6H�FLWHVF�DEDWHULOH��SH�FDUH�ED]��VH�DSUHFLD]��VHQVLELOLWDWHD�VXELHFWXOXL�ID ��GH�WRQXO�FURPDWLF�

b) Pentru cercetareD� FDSDFLW� LL� GH� GLIHUHQ LHUH� D� FXORULORU� GXS�� VDWXUD LH� VH� IRORVHúWH�PHWRGD�GLVFXULORU� URWDWLYH��'LVFXO� URWDWLY�DUH�VHFWRDUH�vQ�FDUH�FXORULOH�GH�FRPSDUDW�VH�DIO�� vQ�SURSRU LL� GLIHULWH�� 3ULQ� vQYkUWLUHD� GLVFXOXL�� FX� XQ� PRWRUDú� HOHFWULF�� VH� VWDELOHúWH� FDSDFLtatea VXELHFWXOXL�GH�GLIHUHQ LHUH�D�VDWXUD LHL�� vQ� IXQF LH�GH�QXP�UXO�GH�WUHSWH�PLQLPH�VHVL]DWH� vQWUH�FXORDUHD�DOE��úL�FXORDUHD�VSHFWUDO��SXU��

S-D�FRQVWDWDW�F��vQWUH�GLIHUHQ LHUHD�WRQXOXL�FURPDWLF�úL�D�VDWXUD LHL�H[LVW���GH�RELFHL��XQ�raport invers propor LRQDO�� ÌQ� ]RQD� UHJLVWUXOXL� VSHFWUDO� XQGH� GLIHUHQ LHUHD� WRQXULORU� HVWH�PDL�EXQ���GLIHUHQ LHUHD�VDWXUD LHL�HVWH�PDL�VODE��úL�LQYHUV�

5.3. 'HWHUPLQDUHD�WXOEXU�ULORU�VHQVLELOLW� LL�FURPDWLFH 9HGHUHD� FXORULORU� SUH]LQW�� LPSRUWDQ �� SUDFWLF�� PDUH� �vQ� H[HUFLWDUHD unor profesiuni,

îndeosebi din domeniul transporturilor). S-D� FRQVWDWDW� VWDWLVWLF� F�� H[LVW�� R� U�VSkQGLUH� UHODWLY�PDUH� D� WXOEXU�ULORU� GH� FURPRVHQVLELOLWDWH�� ÌQ� FRQVHFLQ ��� vQ�SURIHVLXQLOH� OD� FDUH� VH�XWLOL]HD]��FRGXUL� FURPDWLFH� �úRIHUL�� IHURYLDUL�� DYLDWRUL� HWF��� LQWHJULWDWHD� VHQVLELOLW� LL� FURPDWLFH� HVWH�LQGLVSHQVDELO��

Cecitatea pentru culori� D� IRVW� REVHUYDW�� SHQWUX�SULPD�GDW�� GH� IL]LFLDQXO� HQJOH]� -RKQ�'DOWRQ��������HO�vQVXúL�GHILFLWDU�FURPDWLF��GH�XQGH�úL�GHQXPLUHD�GH�ÄGDOWRQLVP´�GDW��FHFLW� LL�pentru anumite culori).

&HFLWDWHD�FURPDWLF��VH�PDQLIHVW���ILH�SULQ�VF�GHUHD�VHQVLELOLW� LL��ILH�VXE�IRUPD�FHFLW� LL�FURPDWLFH� SDU LDOH� VDX� FRPSOHWH� �XOWLPD� IRUP�� vQWkOQLW�� PDL� UDU�� vQ� VSHFLDO� OD� E�UED L���Principalele deficite de cromosensibilitate sunt: 1. protanopia (daltonismul) este tulburarea SHQWUX� URúX�úL�YHUGH�����GHXWHUDQRSLD�GHWHUPLQ���GH�DVHPHQHD��FHFLWDWHD�SHQWUX� URúX�úL�YHUGH�GDU� FX� R� VF�GHUH� DFFHQWXDW�� vQ� UHFHS LD� YHUGHOXL�� FHL� FDUH� VXIHU�� GH� DFHDVW�� DQRPDOLH� DX�

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VHQVLELOLWDWHD� FURPDWLF�� GHSODVDW�� VSUH� ]ona portocalie a spectrului (spre 600 milimicroni); ��� WULWDQRSLD� UHSUH]LQW�� FHFLWDWHD� SHQWUX� FXORULOH� DOEDVWUX� úL� YLROHW� �HVWH� R� DQRPDOLH� vQWkOQLW��rar).

Pentru identificarea eventualilor deficitari cromatic se folosesc diferite procedee, dintre care mHQ LRQ�P�

D��7HVWXO�+ROPJUHQ��IRUPDW�GLQ�ILUH�GH�OkQ��FRORUDWH�vQ�WUHL�FXORUL�VWDQGDUG��YHUGH�SXU��URúLH-UR]��URúX�DSULQV��6XELHFWXO�WUHEXLH�V��FRPSDUH�ILUHOH�GH�OkQ��GH�QXDQ H�GLIHULWH�FX�FXORULOH�standard.

b) Tabelele policrome sunt construite din lemn sau carton cu zone de culori diferite pe FDUH�VXELHFWXO�WUHEXLH�V��OH�LGHQWLILFH�

c) Tabelele pseudoizocromatice (Stilling, Ishihara, Rabkin) sunt construite pe SULQFLSLXO�PDVF�ULL� vQWU-un câmp cromatic de confuzie (pentru deficitari) a unor cifre, litere sau alte semne colorate. Subiectul are sarcina de a identifica cifrele sau literele, GLIHUHQ LLQ-du-OH�GH�FkPSXO�FURPDWLF�GH�PDVFDUH��$FHDVW��RSHUD LH�HVWH�GLILFLO��VDX�LPSRVLELO��pentru deficitarii cromatic. Tabelele pseudoizocromatice au valoare diaJQRVWLF�� FUHVFXW�� vQ�depistarea celor cu anomalii cromatice, surprinzându-L� úL� SH� VLPXODQ L� �FHL� FDUH� YRU� V��PDVFKH]H�WXOEXUDUHD�VLP XOXL�FURPDWLF��

5.4. 'HWHUPLQDUHD�FkPSXOXL�YL]XDO�úL�SHULPHWUXO�FXORULORU &kPSXO� YL]XDO� UHSUH]LQW�� vQWLQGHUHD� YHGHULL� I�U�� PRGLILFDUHD� IL[D LHL� SULYLULL�� (O� VH�

GHWHUPLQ��FX�DMXWRUXO�XQXL�DSDUDW�GHQXPLW�SHULPHWUX�YL]XDO��ÌQ�IRUPD�VD�VLPSO���XQ�SHULPHWUX�vizual este format dintr-XQ�VHPLFHUF�OD�FHQWUXO�F�UXLD�VH�DIO��SXQFWXO�GH�IL[DUH�D�YHGHULL��GH�OD�care se face notarea în 800� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� MXP�WDWH� D� VHPLFHUFXOXL� �SULQ� XUPDUH�� UHSHUXO� GH�IL[DUH�D�SULYLULL�FRQVWLWXLH�úL�SXQFWXO�Ä�´�DO�SHULPHWUXOXL��

1RWDUHD� JUDGHORU� HVWH�PDUFDW�� SH� SDUWHD� H[WHULRDU�� D� VHPLFHUFXOXL��6XELHFWXO�� DúH]DW��vúL� VSULMLQ�� E�UELD� vQWU-un dispozitiv specLDO� DO� SHULPHWUXOXL�� vQ� ORFDúXO� FRUHVSXQ]�WRU� SHQWUX�RFKLXO�WHVWDW��SHQWUX�FD�SULYLUHD�DFHVWXLD�V��FDG��SHUSHQGLFXODU�SH�UHSHUXO�Ä�´���3H�VHPLFHUFXO�SHULPHWUXOXL� HVWH� GHSODVDW� XQ� FXUVRU� SH� FDUH� VH� DIO�� FXORDUHD� WHVWDW��� &XP� V-D� PHQ LRQDW��VXELHFWXO�vúL�IL[HD]��SULYLUHD�OD�PLMORFXO�VHPLFHUFXOXL��XQGH�VH�DIO��UHSHUXO�Ä�´��GDU�FRQWLQX��V��YDG�� VFRWRSLF� �SHULIHULF�� úL� FXORDUHD� vQ� GHSODVDUH�� SkQ�� OD� LHúLUHD� GLQ� FkPSXO� YL]XDO� �VDX� OD�LQWUDUHD� vQ� DFHVWD���0RPHQWXO� LQWU�ULL� �VDX� LHúLULL� GLQ� FkPS�� HVWH� FLWLW�� vQ�JUDGH� úL� UHSUH]LQW��OLPLWD�vQWLQGHULL�FkPSXOXL�SHQWUX�FXORDUHD�úL�YHFWRUXO�WHVWDW��H[WHULRU��LQWHULRU��VXV��MRV���'DF��VH�GHWHUPLQ��FkPSXO�YL]XDO�SHQWUX�DPkQGRL�RFKLL��VLPXOWDQ��VH�REVHUY��F���vQ�UHJLXQHD�QD]DO���FkPSXO� DFHVWRUD� VH� VXSUDSXQH�� 5H]XOWDWHOH� RE Lnute se înscriu într-un grafic care permite o LQWXLUH�PDL� DGHFYDW�� D� SHULPHWUXOXL� FXORULORU��&XORULOH�JDOEHQ� úL� DOEDVWUX� DX� FkPSXO� FHO�PDL�PDUH��LDU�YHUGHOH�úL�URúXO�DX�XQ�FkPS�PDL�UHVWUkQV��'H�DVHPHQHD��vQ�]RQD�QD]DO���WRDWH�FXORULOH�au un câmp mai mic.

PUHFL]DUH�PHWRGRORJLF���SHQWUX�DFXUDWH HD�GHWHUPLQ�ULORU�HVWH�ELQH�FD�ILHFDUH�P�VXUDUH�V��UHSUH]LQWH�PHGLD�D�GRX��YDORUL��OD�LQWUDUHD�úL�OD�LHúLUHD�GLQ�FkPSXO�YL]XDO�

'HPRQVWUDUHD�H[LVWHQ HL�SHWHL�RDUEH��vQ�GHWHUPLQ�ULOH�SH�YHFWRUXO�H[WHULRU��OD�SOHFDUHD�cuUVRUXOXL� GLQ� UHSHUXO� Ä�´�� H[LVW�� XQ�SXQFW� VLWXDW� OD�DSUR[����-150� FkQG�VXELHFWXO�GHFODU�� F��ÄQX�PDL�YHGH´��GXS��FDUH��vQ�FRQWLQXDUHD�GHSODV�ULL�FXORULL��vQFHSH�V��YDG��GLQ�QRX�

5.5. Imagini consecutive 6HQ]D LD� YL]XDO�� QX� vQFHWHD]�� EUXVF�� R� GDW�� FX� vQFHWDUHD� DF LXQLL� H[FLWDQWXOXL�� 'XS��

vQFHWDUHD�DF LXQLL�H[FLWDQWXOXL��FD�HIHFW�SRVWDF LRQDO�DO�V�X��FX�PHFDQLVP�IRWRFKLPLF�SHULIHULF�úL�QHUYRV�FHQWUDO��SH�UHWLQ��U�PkQH�R�XUP��FDUH�GHWHUPLQ��R�LPDJLQH�FRQVHFXWLY���3ULQ�XUPDUH��LPDJLQHD� FRQVHFXWLY�� FRQVWLWXLH� R� SHUVHYHUDUH� D� VHQ]D LHL� YL]XDOH�� GXS�� FH� DF LXQHD�H[FLWDQWXOXL�D�vQFHWDW��,PDJLQHD�FRQVHFXWLY��SRDWH�IL�SR]LWLY���FkQG�LPDJLQHD�SHUVHYHUHQW��HVWH�LGHQWLF�� FX� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� H[FLWDQWXOXL�� úL� QHJDWLY��� FkQG� DFHDVW�� LPDJLQH� DUH� FDUDFWHULVWLFL�inverse excitantului.

'HPRQVWUD LH�� VH� SURLHFWHD]�� XQ� IDVFLFXO� OXPLQRV� SH� XQ� HFUDQ� �VDX� SH� R� IRDLH� GH�KkUWLH��� WLPS� GH� FkWHYD� VHFXQGH� �DSUR[�� ���� DSRL� VH� VWLQJH�� 6H� YD� REVHUYD� F�� LPDJLQHD�

Page 13: Psihologie experimentala

13

OXPLQRDV��YD�SHUVLVWD�XQ�WLPS�SH�UHWLQ���DFHODúL�HIHFW�VH�RE LQH�úL�SULQ�SULYLUHD unui bec aprins úL�DSRL�vQFKLGHUHD�RFKLORU���,PDJLQLOH�FRQVHFXWLYH�SR]LWLYH�DX�ODUJ��DSOLFD LH�vQ�FLQHPDWRJUDILH��LOX]LD� PLúF�ULL� LPDJLQLORU� VWDWLFH� GH� SH� SHOLFXO�� HVWH� GDW�� GH� DFHVWH� LPDJLQL� SHUVHYHUHQWH��DFHODúL� HIHFW� GH�PLúFDUH� �IHQRPHQ� VWURERVFRSLF� �� VH� RE LQH� úL� SULQ� vQYkUWLUHD� SH� vQWXQHULF� D�XQXL�F�UEXQH�DSULQV��

ÌQ�FD]XO� LPDJLQLORU�FRQVHFXWLYH�QHJDWLYH�� LPDJLQHD�SRVWDF LRQDO��HVWH�FRPSOHPHQWDU��FXORULL�VWLPXOHQWXOXL�úL�QX�DSDUH�FD�R�SUHOXQJLUH�D�VHQ]D LHL��FD�vQ�FD]XO�FHOHL�SR]LWLYH��FL�GXS��R�SDX]��GH�FkWHYD� VHFXQGH��'DF���GH�H[HPSOX�� VH�SULYHúWH����XQ�FHUF� VDX�XQ�S�WUDW� URúX� úL�DSRL�VH�PXW��SULYLUHD�SH�R�VXSUDID ��DOE���GXS��FkWHYD�FOLSH��FkQG�QX�VH�YHGH�QLPLF��YD�DSDUH�FRQWXUXO�FHUFXOXL�VDX�S�WUDWXOXL� vQ�FXORDUHD�YHUGH��FRPSOHPHQWXO� URúXOXL���'XS��XQ� WLPS��FH�SRDWH�IL�P�VXUDW��LPDJLQHD�FRQVHFXWLY-QHJDWLY��YD�GLVSDUH��&XORUL�FRPSOHPHQWDUH��URúX�YHUGH��DOEDVWUX�JDOEHQ��([LVW��XQHOH�GHRVHELUL�DOH�FXORULORU�FH�DSDU�FD�HIHFW�DO�FRQWUDVWXOXL�VXFFHVLY�úL�culorile complementare (Bonenberger), astfel: CuORDUHD�GH�ED]� &XORDUHD�FRPSOHPHQWDU� Culoarea ce apare ca efect al

contrastului succesiv galben-portocaliu albastru-bleu albastru-ultramarin portocaliu bleu albastru albastru-cobalt galben-portocaliu URúX-portocaliu verde-bleu portocaliu portocaliu-roúX &RQWUDVWXO�SRDWH�IL�QX�QXPDL�FRQVHFXWLY��FL�úL�VLPXOWDQ��$úD��GH�H[HPSOX��XQ�S�WUDW�GLQ�KkUWLH�FHQXúLH� QL� VH� SDUH� PDL� DOE� SH� XQ� IRQG� QHJUX� GHFkW� SH� XQ� IRQG� DOE�� ÌQ� FD]XO� FXORULORU�FRPSOHPHQWDUH��R�KkUWLH�FHQXúLH�DúH]DW��SH�XQ�IRQG�FURPDWLF�DQXPLW�WLQGH�V��LD�QXDQ D�FXORULL�FRPSOHPHQWDUH��GHYLQH�J�OEXLH�úL�SH�XQ�IRQG�URúX�GHYLQH�YHU]XLH��HIHFWXO�DSDUH�PDL�ELQH�GDF��VH�OXFUHD]��WRWXO�VXE�KkUWLH�WUDQVSDUHQW����

2EVHUYD LH: culorile de contrast nu sunt reciproce ca cele complementare. De exemplu, culoarea de contrast a galbenului este violetul, dar culoarea de contrast a violetului nu este galbenul, ci galben-verzuiul. Culorile de contrast apar nu numai pe fond alb, ci pe oricare altul.

,PDJLQLOH�FRQVHFXWLYH�úL�FRQWUDVWXO�VLPXOWDQ�SRW�IL�IRORVLWH�FD�WHVWH�Sentru determinarea oboselii vizuale sau generale.

���'HWHUPLQDUHD�VHQVLELOLW� LL�DXGLWLYH

6.1. 3UHFL]�UL�WHUPLQRORJLFH�úL�SDUDPHWULFH 2VFLOD LLOH� DFXVWLFH� VH� SURSDJ��� vQ� DHU�� OD� ���0 FX� YLWH]D� GH� ����P�V�� FDUH� FUHúWH� OD�

temperaturi mai înalte (343,2 m/s la +200; 386,5 m/s la 1000). În lichide, viteza sunetului este PDL�PDUH��LDU�vQ�FRUSXULOH�VROLGH�úL�PDL�PDUH��SHVWH�����P�V��

Principalii parametri fizici ai sunetelor sunt: a) IUHFYHQ D�RVFLOD LLORU� FDUH� VH�SHUFHSH�SVLKRORJLF�FD� vQ�O LPH�D�VXQHWHORU��5HJistrul

GH� IUHFYHQ H�SHQWUX�FDUH�XUHFKHD�RPHQHDVF��HVWH�VHQVLELO�� VH� vQWLQGH� vQWUH����+]�úL����.+]���������+HU L��� 3HVWH� ���.+]�YRUELP�GHVSUH�XOWUDVXQHWH� �QX� VXQW�SHUFHSXWH�GH�RP���&X�FkW�IUHFYHQ D� RVFLOD LLORU� HVWH�PDL�PDUH�� FX� DWkW� VXQHWHOH� VXQW�PDL� vQDOWH�� úL� LQYHUV��([HPSOH� GH�VXQHWH�vQDOWH��IOXLHUDWXO��SLXLWXO��YRFHD�GH�VRSUDQ���MRDVH��EDVXO��WURPERQXO�HWF�

b) DPSOLWXGLQHD� RVFLOD LLORU� DFXVWLFH� GHWHUPLQ�� LQWHQVLWDWHD� VXQHWHORU� �HQHUJLD�WUDQVSRUWDW�� GH� XQGD� VRQRU�� SH� XQLWDWHD� GH� WLPS��� ,QWHQVLWDWHD� FD�SDrametru fizic al energiei RVFLOD LLORU� VH� SHUFHSH� VXELHFWLY� FD� W�ULH� D� VXQHWHORU�� 3RWULYLW� OHJLL�%RXJXHU- Weber-Fechner vQWUH�H[FLWD LH� úL� VHQ]D LH� �FUHúWHUHD� ORU��H[LVW��XQ� UDSRUW� ORJRULWPLF��$FHVW� UDSRUW� �UHOD LH��VH�DSOLF�� úL� vQ� UHOD LD� GLQWUH� LQWHQVLWDWHD� IL]LF�� D� RVFLOD LLORU� úL� VHQ]D LD� GH� W�ULH� D� VXQHWHORU�� ÌQ�DFHVW� VHQV�� DX� IRVW� DGRSWDWH� FRQYHQ LRQDO� XQLW� L� ORJRULWPLFH�� QXPLWH� GHFLEHOL� �G%��� FDUH� V��exprime acest raport. Pornindu-VH�GH�OD�REVHUYD LD�F��XUHFKHD�DUH�VHQVLELOLWDWHD�FHD�PDL�PDUH�

Page 14: Psihologie experimentala

14

în zonD� IUHFYHQ HORU� PHGLL�� SHQWUX� FRPSDUDUHD� UDSRUWXULORU� LQWHQVLWDWH-W�ULH� D� VXQHWHORU� GH�GLIHULWH�IUHFYHQ H��D�IRVW�VWDELOLW��IUHFYHQ D�GH������+]��FD�IUHFYHQ ��DXGLR�IXQGDPHQWDO����/D�IUHFYHQ D� GH� �����+]�� VXQHWXO� FHO�PDL� VODE� FDUH� SRDWH� IL� SHUFHSXW� DUH� LQWHQVLWDWHD� IL]LF�� GH����10-16 w/cm2��DGLF��,0 = 10-16 w/cm2 sau I0 = 10-10��Z�FP2 �PLFURYD L�SH�FP2) , la o presiune de �������EDUL��$FHDVW��YDORDUH�D�IRVW�DGRSWDW��FRQYHQ LRQDO�FD�QLYHO�QXO�DO�LQWHQVLW� LL�VXQHWXOXL�GH�RULFH�IUHFYHQ ���ÌQ�XQLW� L�ORJDULWPLFH��QLYHOXO�QXO�VH�QRWHD]��FX�Ä�´�G%��

8Q�WDEHO�VLPSOX�úL�vQ�FRQVHFLQ ��XúRU�GH�XUP�ULW�HVWH�XUP�WRUXO��GXS��6WHYHQV�

Caracteristica sunetului 1LYHOXO�GH�W�ULH�vQ�G% – Pragul auzului (absolut) 0 –�9RFH�úRSWLW��DX]LW��GH�OD�����P��GLVWDQ �� 10 – Tic-tacXO�FHDVRUQLFXOXL�GH�PDV� 20 –�9RUELUHD�vQFHDW� 40 –�6WUDG��]JRPRWRDV� 70 –��LS�LWXO� 80 –�2UFKHVWU��IRDUWH�SXWHUQLF���FX�VXIO�WRUL� 100 – Zgomotul tunetului 120 – Pragul de durere (sunetul nu mai poate fi identificat)

130

$SUHFLHUHD�vQ�XQLW� L�GH�W�ULH��G%��D�GLIHULWHORU�VXQHWH� 'H�UH LQXW��QLYHOXO�GH�W�ULH�DO�GLYHUVHORU�VXQHWH�VH�vQWLQGH�GH�OD�Ä�´�G%�SkQ��OD����-130

G%��OLPLWD�GH�WROHUDQ ��SVLKRIL]LRORJLF��D�VLVWHPXOXL�DXGLWLY�� c) )RUPD� RVFLOD LLORU: Sunetele pot fi simple sau compuse. Sunetul pur (tonul) se

FDUDFWHUL]HD]��SULQ�IRUPD�VLQXVRLGDO��D�RVFLOD LLORU��6XQHWHOH�FDUH�DX�RVFLOD LL�PDL�FRPSOH[H�úL�R� IRUP�� QHVLQXVRLGDO�� VH� QXPHVF� VXQHWH� FRPSOH[H�� $VWIHO�� RULFH� RVFLOD LH� FRPSXV�� HVWH�IRUPDW�� GLQWU-XQ� QXP�U� GH� RVFLOD LL� VLPSOH�� GH� GLIHULWH� IUHFYHQ H� úL� DPSOLWXGLQL� �LQWHQVLW� L���2VFLOD LLOH�VLQXVRLGDOH�VLPSOH�FDUH�IRUPHD]��R�RVFLOD LH�FRPSXV��VH�QXPHVF�DUPRQLFL��XQHRUL�RFWDYH���)UHFYHQ HOH�DUPRQLFHORU�VXQW� vQWRWGHDXQD�GH�XQ�QXP�U� vQWUHJ�GH�RUL�PDL�PDUL�GHFkW�IUHFYHQ D�RVFLOD LHL�FRPSXVH��DGLF��VXQW�PXOWLSOL�DL�DFHVWHL�IUHFYHQ H��'H�H[���GDF��R�RVFLOD LH�FRPSXV�� DUH� IUHFYHQ D�GH�����+]��SULPD�DUPRQLF�� VDX�IXQGDPHQWDOD�YD�DYHD��GH�DVHPHQHD������+]��DUPRQLFD�D�GRXD�YD�IL�GH���RUL�PDL�PDUH��DGLF������+]��DUPRQLFD�D�WUHLD�YD�IL�GH���RUL�mai mare, adiF������+]��ú�D�P�G��$PSOLWXGLQLOH�DUPRQLFHORU�VXQW�GLIHULWH�úL�QX�VH�VXSXQ�XQRU�OHJL�DWkW�GH�ULJXURDVH�FD�IUHFYHQ HOH�ORU��([SUHVLD�SVLKRORJLF��D�IRUPHL�RVFLOD LLORU�UH]XOWDW��GLQ�combinatorica armonicelor, este timbrul sunetelor. Timbrul unui sunet variaz�� GXS�� W�ULD� úL�IUHFYHQ D� IXQGDPHQWDOHL�� LDU� FDOLWDWHD� VD� YDULD]�� GXS�� DUPRQLFD� vQW�ULW��� 'H� H[HPSOX��armonica a 2-D�vQW�ULW��YD�GD�VXQHWXOXL�FODULWDWH�úL�VWU�OXFLUH��D��-D�YD�GD�XQ�VXQHW�S�WUXQ]�WRU��&DOLWDWHD� WLPEUDO�� �VDX� FXORDUHD� WRQDO��� IDFH� FD� XQ� VXQHW� V�� ILH�PkQJkLHWRU�� DOXQHF�WRU�� DOE��sumbru, strident, rotund, metalic, clar etc. Tonul afectiv, caracteristica timbrului, poate genera GLYHUVH�VW�UL�HPR LRQDOH��WRQXO�IDFH�PX]LFD���7LPEUXO�GLIHULWHORU�VXQHWH�SHUPLWH� LGHQWLILFDUHD�sursei care le-a provocDW��DFWLYLWDWH�DQWUHQDELO���

6.2. 0HWRGH�GH�GHWHUPLQDUH�D�VHQVLELOLW� LL�DXGLWLYH 'LQWUH�PHWRGHOH�GH�DFXPHWULH� LQVWUXPHQWDO��YRP�LQVLVWD�DVXSUD�DXGLRPHWULHL�FD� ILLQG�

FHD�PDL� X]XDO��� 6HQVLELOLWDWHD� DX]XOXL� vQ� UDSRUW� GH� IUHFYHQ D� VXQHWHORU� GLQ� UHJLVWUXO� DXGibil, IXQF LH� GH� W�ULH�� VH� P�VRDU�� FX� DXGLRPHWUXO�� 8Q� DXGLRPHWUX� HOHFWURQLF� HVWH� HFKLSDW� FX�JHQHUDWRU�GH�WRQXUL�SXUH��UHJODELOH�vQ�IUHFYHQ ���+]��úL�vQ�W�ULH��G%���3ULQ�GLVSR]LWLYH�VSHFLDOH��DXGLRPHWUXO�DVLJXU��SURGXFHUHD�GH�WRQXUL�FRQWLQXL�úL�LQWHUPLWHQWH. Tonurile astfel modulate în IUHFYHQ �� úL� W�ULH� VXQW� FRQGXVH� OD� XUHFKLOH� VXELHFWXOXL� SULQ� �� F�úWL� �VH� SRDWH� VWXGLD�VHQVLELOLWDWHD�PRQRDXUDO�VDX�ELQDXUDO��GXS��FXP�VH�IRORVHúWH�R�VLQJXU��FDVF��VDX�DPkQGRX����6XELHFWXO� VHPQDOL]HD]�� UHFHSWDUHD� VXQHWXOXL� OD� R�XUHFKH� VDX� OD� DPkQGRX�� SRWULYLW� FX� VFRSXO�LQYHVWLJD LHL� HIHFWXDWH��&X�DMXWRUXO�DXGLRPHWUXOXL�SRDWH� IL�GHWHUPLQDW�� VHQVLELOLWDWHD�DEVROXW��

Page 15: Psihologie experimentala

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úL�GLIHUHQ LDO��D�DX]XOXL��'HRDUHFH�DXGLRPHWUHOH�GHVHUYHVF��vQ�SULQFLSDO��VFRSXUL�FOLQLFH�úL�QX�GHS�úHVF�� vQ�JHQHUDO�� ��.+]��SHQWUX� LQYHVWLJDUHD� DX]XOXL� SH� vQWUHJ� UHJLVWUX�GH� IUHFYHQ H�GLQ�JDPD� DXGLELO�� ���-��� .+]�� VH� SRW� XWLOL]D� JHQHUDWRDUH� FDUH� HPLW� úL� vQ� DFHDVW�� EDQG���0�VXU�WRULOH� HIHFWXDWH� DVXSUD� SUDJXULORU� VHQVLELOLW� LL� DXGLWLYH�� vQ� FH� SULYHúWH� LQWHQVLWDWHD�VRQRU��vQ�IXQF LH�GH�IUHFYHQ ���VH�RELHFWLYHD]��vQ�DXGLRJUDP��

$XGLRJUDPD� HVWH� R� FXUE�� FRQWLQX�� FX� YkUIXO� �FURúHWXO� PD[LP�� vQ� ]RQD� IUHFYHQ HORU�medii (1000 –� ����� +]��� UHVSHFWLY� vQ� UHJLXQHD� PD[LPHL� VHQVLELOLW� L�� 3UDJXO� DEVROXW� DO�VHQ]D LHL� DXGLWLYH� SHQWUX� ILHFDUH� IUHFYHQ �� HVWH� GDW� GH� LQWHQVLWDWHD� �HQHUJLD�� PLQLP�� D�RVFLOD LLORU�DFXVWLFH��3H�P�VXU��FH�FUHúWHP�QLYHOXO�GH�W�ULH�DO�VXQHWXOXL�SHVWH�����G%��VXELHFWXO�VHVL]HD]�� vQ� XUHFKH� R� VHQ]D LH� GH� SUHVLXQH�� FDUH�� OD� FUHúWHUHD� vQ� FRQWLQXDUH� D� W�ULHL�� DSDUH�VHQ]D LD�GH�GXUHUH��3UDJXO�VHQ]D LHL�GH�SUHVLXQH�DUH�XQ�QLYHO�GH�LQWHQVLWDWH�GH�DSUR[�����-120 dB, ceea ce corespunde unei presiuni sonore de 100 de bari (1 g/cm2). La acest nivel se VLWXHD]�� SUDJXO� PD[LPDO� DO� VHQ]D LHL� DXGLWLYH� �OLPLWD� GH� WROHUDQ �� SVLKRIL]LRORJLF�� D�VLVWHPXOXL���GLQFROR�GH�FDUH�DSDU�VHQ]D LL�DOJLFH�VDX�FKLDU�GLVWUXJHUL�PRUIR-IXQF LRQDOH��(VWH�FD�úL�FXP�V-DU�DVFXOWD�PRWRDUHOH�vQ�DPEDODUH�DOH�XQXL�WXUERUHDFWRU�GH�OD�R�GLVWDQ ��PDL�PLF��GH�����P���I�U��FDVF��DQWLIRQLF���DúD�FXP�DX�PHFDQLFLL�GH�SH�DHroporturi).

6.3. /RFDOL]DUHD�VRQRVSD LDO� ��� /D� SUHFL]LD� ORFDOL]�ULL� VXUVHL� GH� VXQHW� SDUWLFLS�� PDL� PXO L� IDFWRUL� vQWUH� FDUH� PDL�

LPSRUWDQ L�VXQW�GLIHUHQ D�GH�ID]��GH�H[FLWD LH�úL�DPSOLWXGLQHD�RVFLOD LLORU� D��'LIHUHQ D�GH�ID]��GH�H[FLWD LH�SRDWH�IL�SXV��vQ�HYLGHQ ��SULQ�DúH]DUHD�XQHL�SHUHFKL�GH�

F�úWL� FX� WXEXUL� OD� XUHFKLOH� VXELHFWXOXL�� 6XQHWXO� HVWH� FRQGXV� OD� XUHFKL� FX� DMXWRUXO� D� �� WXEXUL��IXUWXQH���FDUH�SRW�IL�HJDOH�VDX�LQHJDOH�vQWUH�HOH��'DF��WXEXULOH�VXQW�HJDOH�FD�OXQJLPH��VXELHFWXO�ORFDOL]HD]��VXUVD�vQ�SODQXO�PHGLDQ��GHRDUHFH�DPEHOH�XUHFKL�VXQW�H[FLWDWH�VLPXOWDQ��'DF��vQV��XQXO� GLQ� WXEXUL� HVWH�PDL� VFXUW�� VXELHFWXO� YD� ORFDOL]D� VXUVD� vQ�GLUHF LD� XUHFKLL� OD� FDUH� VXQHWXO�DMXQJH� PDL� UHSHGH�� vQWUXFkW� YD� IL� H[FLWDW�� vQDLQWHD� FHOHL� GHIDYRUL]DWH� �DSDUH� GHID]DMXO�exFLWD LHL���3ULQ�XUPDUH�XUHFKHD�PDL�DSURDSH�GH� VXUV��YD�DYHD�XQ�DYDQV�GH� WLPS�GH�H[FLWDUH�GDWRULW��SR]L LHL� úL�GLVWDQ HL�HL� ID ��GH�DFHD� VXUV���3HQWUX�D�H[FLWD�úL�FHDODOW��XUHFKH�RVFLOD LD�DFXVWLF��WUHEXLH�V��WUDYHUVH]H�DSUR[�����FP��FLUFXPIHULQ D�FDSXOXL��FRQVLGHUkQG�F��DU�IL�SHUIHFW�VIHULF��� /D� DFHDVW�� WUDYHUVDUH� RVFLOD LD� FRQVXP�� WLPS� úL�� vQ� FRQVHFLQ ��� GHWHUPLQ�� GLIHUHQ D�ELQDXUDO��GH�WLPS��binaural time difference).

E��ÌQ�IDSW��vQ�UHDOL]DUHD�ORFDOL]�ULL�VSD LDOH�D�VXQHWHORU��vQ�DIDU��GH�GHID]DMXO�GH�H[FLWD LH�SDUWLFLS�� úL� DPSOLWXGLQHD� RVFLOD LLORU�� 3HQWUX� D� DMXQJH� OD� UHFHSWRUXO� �XUHFKHD�� GHIDYRUL]DW��RVFLOD LLOH�SLHUG�GLQ�HQHUJLH��DVWIHO�vQFkW�DSDUH�úL�R�GLIHUHQ ��GH�LQWHQVLWDWH�D�H[FLWD LHL��DWXQFL�FkQG�H[LVW��R�GLIHUHQ ��GH�ID]���/D�IUHFYHQ HOH�MRDVH�GLIHUHQ D�GH�ID]��HVWH�GDW��GH�vQWkU]LHUHD�FX�FDUH�XQGD�VRQRU��DMXQJH�GH�OD�R�XUHFKH�OD�FHDODOW���/D�IUHFYHQ HOH�vQDOWH��D�F�URU�OXQJLPH�GH�XQG�� HVWH� PDL� PDUH� GHFkW� GLVWDQ D� GLQWUH� FHOH� GRX�� XUHFKL�� GLIHUHQ D� GH� ID]�� SURYLQH� GLQ�GLIHUHQ D� GH� LQWHQVLWDWH� DSOLFDW�� ILHF�UHL� XUHFKL�� &HD� PDL� DSURSLDW�� GH� VXUV�� SULPHúWH� R�LQWHQVLWDWH�PDL�PDUH��vQWUXFkW�DWHQXDUHD�GH�SH�WUDVHXO�GH�SURSDJDUH�úL�HFUDQDUHD�GDW��GH�FXWLD�FUDQLDQ���IDF�FD�OD�XUHFKHD�PDL�GHS�UWDW��GH�VXUV��V��DMXQJ��PDL�SX LQ��HQHUJLH�VRQRU��

ÌQ�DIDU��GH�DFHDVWD��GHRVHELUHD�GH�LQWHQVLWDWH�YDULDELO��FX�IUHFYHQ D�GDWRULW��DWHQX�ULL�úL�GLIUDF LHL��GHWHUPLQ��úL�R�GLIHUHQ ��GLQ�WLPEUX�vQWUH�FHOH���XUHFKL�

��� 3HQWUX� GHWHUPLQDUHD� FDSDFLW� LL� GH� ORFDOL]DUH� D� VXQHWHORU� V-au folosit dispozitive dintre cele mai variate: colivii acustice (the sound cage��� GLIX]RDUH� DúH]DWH� vQ� GLYHUVH�unghiuri; perimetre acustice etc.

���'HWHUPLQDUHD�VHQVLELOLW� LL�JXVWDWLYH�úL�ROIDFWLYH

7.1. Determinarea pragurilor gustative se face prin aplicarea, cu ajutorul unei pipete

gradate, a XQRU� VROX LL� DSRDVH� GLQ� VXEVWDQ HOH� JXVWRJHQH� SXUH�� vQ� GLIHULWH� ]RQH� GH� SH� OLPE���7HKQLFD� HVWH� ODERULRDV�� úL� LQVXILFLHQW� GH� SUREDQW��� GDF�� LQHP� VHDPD� GH� UH]XOWDWHOH�FRQWUDGLFWRULL�RE LQXWH�GH�GLYHUúL�FHUFHW�WRUL�

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16

7.2. 7HKQLFL�GH�P�VXUDUH�D�SUDJXULORU�ROIDctive: a) Olfactometrul Zwadermaker se compune din 2 tuburi, unul exterior din metal, care

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