ps slides wk 2
TRANSCRIPT
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“I’ll paymore for a
person’sability
to speak and expresshimself than
for anyother quality
he mightpossess”
- Charles M. Schwab
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Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
•Achieves desired goals
•Is “advantage” over competition
•Shows confidence•Shows conviction
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EmploymentCorporations want skilled speakers
•To adapt information
•To be organized
•To keep listeners interested
Why Study Public Speaking?
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The Communication Process
Communication as Action• Linear: one-way messages• Source: encodes message• Message: what is said & how it
is said• Channel: how message is
transmitted• Receiver: decodes message• Noise: interferes with message
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The Action Model of Communication
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Communication as Interaction
• As message is sent, feedback to sender is provided by receiver
• Communication happens within a context or the environment/situation in which speech occurs
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Communication as Transaction
•Communication happens simultaneously
•Sender also receives message•Receiver also sends message
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Improving Your Confidence
• Nervousness is normal• Public speaking number one in
highest anxiety
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Nervousness
• Audience cannot see nervousness
• Use anxiety to your advantage
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Build Your Confidence
Before your speech
• Don’t procrastinate
• Know your audience
• Select an appropriate topic
• Prepare
• Be organized
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Build Your Confidence
• Be familiar with introduction and conclusion
• Simulate actual speech conditions
• Breathe deeply• Think and act calmly• Picture positive outcomes• Reassure yourself mentally
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Build Your Confidence
During the speech:• Focus on content,
not fears• Look for supportive
audience members
After the speech:• Reflect on
positives• Seek other
speaking opportunities
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Public Speaking is Planned• More formal• More preparation• Clearly defined
roles
Public Speaking Differs from Conversation
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Public Speaking is Formal•Less slang and casual language•More physical distance between speaker
and audience•More controlled gestures and
movements
Public Speaking Differs from Conversation
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Select & Narrow Your Topic
• Who will be hearing your speech?• What is the occasion (event)? • What are your interests, talents &
experiences?
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Determine Your Purpose
• General Purpose: overarching goal of your speech
• To inform: teach, define or clarify• To persuade: change or
strengthen thoughts or behaviors• To entertain: amuse with stories,
illustrations and humor
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Specific Purpose
• Exact response you want from audience
• Concise statement indicating what you want the audience to• Do• Think• Feel • Remember
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Develop Your Central Idea
• Overview of speech• One-sentence summary of speech
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An example:
• Topic: The South Beach Diet.
• General Purpose: To inform.
• Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able
to identify the three key elements in the South
Beach diet.
• Central Idea: The South Beach diet is based upon reducing the amount of carbohydrates you eat, drinking more
water, and increasing the amount of
exercise.
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Generate Main Ideas
• Identify how speech will logically divide
• How central idea logically divides will determine main ideas
• Reasons why central idea is true can be main ideas.
• Series of steps to illustrate central idea can be main ideas
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Gather Supporting Material
• Material that “backs up” ideas
• Can be personal & concrete
• Should appeal to listeners
• Research your supporting material
• Can be verbal, visual, or both
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Organize Your Speech
• Start with body• Arrange ideas to make most sense• Prepare introduction & conclusion
AFTER body• Follow effective outlining techniques
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Rehearse Your Speech
• Prepare early• Practice out loud• Observe your behaviors• Make adjustments• Rehearse in front of others
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Deliver Your Speech
• Walk calmly• Walk confidently• Remember rehearsals• Maintain eye contact• Speak loudly• Vary your pitch
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Free speech not only lives,
it rocks!
—OPRAH WINFREY
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Ethics
• Values, beliefs and moralprinciples by whichwe determine what
is right or wrong
• For public speaking, responsibly balance right to free speech
with needs of audience
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Speaking Freely
• First Amendment guarantees free speech.
• ACLU: helps protect free speech.
• Supreme Court: flag burning protected
under free speech.
• Patriot Act sparks controversy between
national security & free speech.
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Speaking Ethically
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal
• Give listeners choices
• Do not keep youragenda hidden fromyour listeners
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Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
• Do not make false claims• Do not substitute emotions for
logic• Keep quality of evidence high
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Be Sensitive and Tolerant of Differences
• Be willing to listen to opposing sides (accommodation)
• This shows respect for others
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Be Honest
•Offering false or misleading information is unethical
•Give credit for ideas and types of information that are not your own
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Do Not Plagiarize
•Plagiarizing: presenting someone else’s ideas or words as though they were yours
•Plagiaphrasing: failure to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source
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Do Your Own Work
•Think of an original approach
•Avoid articles that can be converted into speeches
•Edit your own work
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Acknowledge Your Sources
• Direct quotes, no matter how short
• Opinions or ideas of others, even if paraphrased
• Statistics• Non-original visual materials
(graphs, pictures & tables)• Give oral and written citations
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Becoming anAudience-Centered
SpeakerGather information about your audience
•Informally• Demographics: information about
age, gender, sexual orientation, education & religious views
•Formally• Open-ended questions (unrestricted
answers)• Closed-ended questions (limited
answers)
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Analyze information about your audience•Audience analysis: examining
information about listeners•Ask
1. How are they similar?2. How are they different?3. How can I establish
common ground?
Becoming anAudience-Centered
Speaker
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Adapting to your audience• Ethically using audience
information, to adapt messages for clarity and your objective
• Modifying messages for better clarity
• Helps achieve ethical goal(s)
Becoming anAudience-Centered
Speaker
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Analyzing your audiencebefore you speak
Demographic audience analysis
Analyzing an audience by examining demographic information
to develop clear and effective messages
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Types of Demographics
•Age•Gender•Culture•Sexual
Orientation•Socioecono
mic status•Race
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•Group MembershipReligiousPoliticalWorkSocialService
•Socioeconomic StatusIncomeOccupationEducation
Types of Demographics
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Adapting to Diverse Listeners
• Look at differences beyond cultural
• Focus on a target audience
• Use variety of supporting materials
• Tell stories• Balance logic with
emotions•Show ideas visually•Identify common values of audience
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Psychological Audience Analysis
•Attitudes: likes and/or dislikes•Beliefs: perceptions of what is true or
false•Values: enduring concept of
good/bad, right/wrong•Audiences can be
• Interested or uninterested• Favorable or unfavorable• Voluntary or captive
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Situational Audience Analysis
• Time (when, how long)
• Audience size
• Location (type of room, arrangement of chairs)
• Occasion (event)
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Adapting as you speak
Identify nonverbal cues from listeners
•Eye-contact•Facial expression•Movement•Nonverbal responsiveness•Verbal responsiveness
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If audienceseems bored
If audienceseems
confused
If audienceseems to disagree
Tell a story
Use redundancy
Provide more evidence
Consider humor
Phrase ideas
differently
Remind them of your
credibilityIncrease rate of speech
Ask audience to summarize
Give more facts & fewer
storiesGive
personal examples
Use a visual aid
Give information
visually
Adapting as you speak
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Customizing Your Message To Your Audience
•Refer to• Names of listeners
• Place of speech
• Historical events
•Mention recent news related to topic
•Give positive references to groups or organizations in audience
•Discuss topic’s relevance for listeners
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Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak
• Observe nonverbal responses• Listen for verbal comments• Survey audience• Check for desired behavioral
responses from audience