PROVINCIAL AMRICA

LIVING AND DYING IN COLONIAL AMERICA

POPULATION GROWTH

• IMMIGRATION AND NATURAL INCREASE

• WHO CAME TO AMERICA?

• SOME YOUNGER SONS OF UPPER CLASS

• MOSTLY ENGLISH LABORERS

POPULATION GROWTH

• INDENTURED SERVANTS

• 4 TO 7 YEAR TERMS

• ¾ MEN AND ¼ WOMEN

• SOMETIMES INVOLUNTARY!

POPULATION GROWTH

• 1670S SEES DECLINE IN SERVITUDE

• DECLINE OF ENGLISH ECONOMY AND POPULATION

• CONCERNS OVER POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INSTABILITY

BIRTH AND DEATH

• LONGER LIFE SPANS IN NEW ENGLAND

• GOOD CLIMATE

• GOOD WATER

• NO LARGE POPULATION CENTERS

BIRTH AND DEATH

• MEDICINE – LIMITED MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

• RUDIMENTARY MEDICAL PROFESSION

• MIDWIVES

• THE FOUR HUMOURS

BIRTH AND DEATH

• THE CHESAPEAKE – WEAK FAMILY STRUCTURE

• HIGH RATE OF ILLIGITIMATE CHILDREN

• RELATIVE FREEDOM FOR WOMEN IN THE SOUTH

BIRTH AND DEATH

• NEW ENGLAND – SEX RATIO IS MORE EQUAL

• STRONG FAMILY STRUCTURE

• DEFINED BY RELIGION

• HIGH DEMAND FOR LABOR

SLAVERY

• TOBACCO CULTIVATION

• ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

• HORRORS OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

• 1620 – STATUS OF FIRST BLACKS UNCLEAR

SLAVERY

• ROYAL AFRICAN COMPANY OF ENGLAND

• 1690S – MONOPOLY IS BROKEN

• 1760 – 250,000 AFRICANS IN COLONIES

• THE COMING OF THE SLAVE CODES

IMMIGRATION

• FRENCH HUGUENOTS – LATE 16TH CENTURY

• GERMAN PROTESTANTS – THE “PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH”

• SCOTCH- IRISH

• RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

• THE SOUTH• TOBACCO – PRIMARY CROP• AN UNSTABLE MARKET• RICE – SOUTH CAROLINA AND

GEORGIA• AFRICAN SLAVES AND RICE

CULTIVATION

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

• SOUTH CAROLINA

• ELIZA LUCAS AND THE INDIGO MARKET

• SOUTH LACKS COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

• THE NORTH

• DOMINANCE OF AGRICULTURE

• NEW ENGLAND – ROCKY SOIL AND UNFAVORABLE CLIMATE

• SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE COLONIES

• FAVORABLE SITES

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

• WORK AT HOME

• THE METAL INDUSTRY

• SAUGUS IRONWORKS

• NEW EXPORT INDUSTRIES – LUMBER, FISHING, MINING

• THE MYTH OF SELF SUFFICIENCY

COLONIAL ECONOMIES• MONEY

• A BARTER ECONOMY

• TRADE WITH THE WEST INDIES

• THE TRIANGLE TRADE

• A MERCHANT CLASS AND STABILITY

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

• GROWTH OF CONSUMERISM

• PLANTATIONS

• SOUTHERN STRATIFICATION

• THE SLAVE SOCIETIES

COLONIAL ECONOMICS

• PURITANS

• FAMILY AS KEY SOCIAL UNIT

• TOWN MEETINGS

• FATHERS AND SONS

• COMMUNITY LIFE

WITCH TRIALS

• WHAT HAPPENED IN SALEM (AND ELSEWHERE)?

• WHO WERE THE WITCHES?

• THE CRIME OF NONCONFORMITY

• NO TOLERANCE FOR INDEPENDENCE

CITIES

• PHILADELPHIA – 28,000 IN 1770

• NEW YORK – 25,000

• BOSTON – 16,000

• CHARLESTON – 16,000

• THE ROLE OF CITIES

RELIGION

• RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN AMERICA

• BUT NOT FOR CATHOLICS

• JEWS IN AMERICA

• EARLY 18TH CENTURY CONCERNS WITH DECLINE IN PIETY

RELIGION

• ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

• THE GREAT AWAKENING – 1730S THROUGH 1740S

• APPEAL TO WOMEN

• TO START ANEW WITH GOD

RELIGION

• JOHN & CHARLES WESLEY

• GEORGE WHITEFIELD

• JONATHAN EDWARDS

EDUCATION

• LITERACY FOR MALES

• LITTLE OPPORTUNITY FOR WOMEN.

• COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES