protyle magazine issue 3

Issue 3 January 2013

P

Index

2 Issue 3 January 2013

Category Article Page

No.

Editor’s Page 3

Disease Fifth Disease 5

Endangered Ganges Dolphin 9

Confused Are we jar of chemicals? 15

Drug Dose Domperidone 19

The Myth Brain Myths 23

Pict-o-graph 26

Identity Jules Bordet 28

Happened in

History

Nav Nirman Andolan 32

Maths Magic Maths Tricks 36

Universe Moons of Mars 40

My Theory Totipotency 43

Trending World Ending 47

Facts and

Figures

50

Editor’s Page

Happy New Year to all the Protyle readers. Well, the new year has started

already and you might have made new resolutions this time as you do every

time. We too have made one, to provide you this magazine for free forever

and guess what we are strong a lot due to your support in keeping our

resolution throughout the year. We do have too many readers but that is not

sufficient to attract any of the advertiser. Another worst thing is that we do

not have any data of our readers to attract advertisers. So I request you the

reader of current issue to register yourself as subscriber by following the

link to get monthly free copy of magazine right in your inbox.

http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/subscribe_protyle_magazine/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/subscribe_protyle_magazine/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/subscribe_protyle_magazine/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/subscribe_protyle_magazine/0----

107#.UOVl7ayceSq107#.UOVl7ayceSq107#.UOVl7ayceSq107#.UOVl7ayceSq

If you subscribe the magazine we’ll have +1 support for our magazine and

thus in very near future we’ll be able to provide you the magazine at your

doorway on every 5th of the month in the language of your choice (English

or Gujarati. Soon in other languages too if your demand is there.). So

please show your support for our efforts by subscribing the magazine from

above link.

We are having some members in our team but still we are not satisfied and

want to increase our reach and that is why we want volunteers for the

magazine. If you have the mastery in writing, translation, photography,

advertising, marketing, Designing, creativity or other interest useful to our

magazine then grab the opportunity to register yourself as a Protyle

magazine team member. The link to register as Protyle magazine team

member is:

http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0http://bookbored.ucoz.com/index/join_us/0----106#.UN_9lKyceSq106#.UN_9lKyceSq106#.UN_9lKyceSq106#.UN_9lKyceSq

So bring out your hidden talent and place in front of world. Don’t worry

we’ll appreciate your work with prizes, gifts or cash as soon as we’ll have

some balance for magazine.

Issue 3 3 January 2013

The year 2013 has come that means we’ve survived the crisis of 21

December 2013. Haven’t I told you in the December issue that the world is

not going to end this sooner as we haven’t even made any milestone too.

Apart from this, we have made some changes in the magazine this time.

Yes we have replaced four of our older categories with the new one. I bet

you are going to like them more than the previous one. Don’t forget to send

me your review on this new year Issue.

The another change we’ve made is we are launching this time Gujarati

translated version of magazine along with this English version. This step is

taken to avoid the language barrier. So If you know anyone who was unable

to read the content of our magazine in English but wanted to have in

Gujarati, then please recommend him that version to read.

We have noticed that only few are writing back us about the liking or

disliking of them about the magazine. So I am requesting you to mail us

your view about the magazine every time you read the magazine. Please

write us back as that will help us in improving the performance of our in

writing, designing and many other aspects. So feel free to mail us your view

at :

[email protected]@[email protected]@gmail.com

We have some new faces this time in our team and we would like to

introduce them to you. You can also be here with your photo, but for that

you need to read the previous page again. The new faces are:

We are on facebook. Like our official page by following the link:-

https://www.facebook.com/Protylemaghttps://www.facebook.com/Protylemaghttps://www.facebook.com/Protylemaghttps://www.facebook.com/Protylemag

Editor

Kuldeep K Sarvaiya

Protyle magazine

Issue 3 January 2013 4

Prabhat RajputPrabhat RajputPrabhat RajputPrabhat Rajput Divyaraj Sinh RanaDivyaraj Sinh RanaDivyaraj Sinh RanaDivyaraj Sinh Rana Kaushik KamaniKaushik KamaniKaushik KamaniKaushik Kamani

Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease is one of several possible

manifestations of infection by erythrovine previously called parvovirus B19.

The disease is also referred as slap cheek or slap face. In Japan it is known

as "ringo-byou" and in Hungary as "butterfly pox".


Disease Fifth Disease

The name "fifth disease" is not typically capitalized since the name derives

from its historical classification as fifth of the classical childhood skin

rashes. The classification is as follows:

1. Measles

2. Scarlet fever

3. Rubella

4. Duke's disease

5. Fifth disease

6. Roseula

History

Parvovirus B19

Bright red cheeks are defining symptoms of the infection in children

(hence name "slapped cheek disease") occasionally the rash will extend over

the bridge of the nose or around the mouth. In addition to red cheeks,

children often develop a red, lacy rash on the rest of the body, with upper

arms and legs being the most common locations. The rash typically lasts a

couple of days and may itch; some cases have been known to last for

several weeks. Patients are usually no longer infectious once the rash has

appeared.

Teenagers and adults may present with self limited arthritis. It manifests in

painful swelling of the joints than feels similar to arthritis. Older children

and adults with fifth disease may have difficulty in walking and in bending

joints such as wrists, knees, ankles, fingers & shoulders.

The disease is usually mild, but in certain risk groups it can have

consequences:

• In pregnant women, infection in the first trimester has been linked to

hydrops fetalis, causing spontaneous miscarriage.

• In people with sickle-cell disease or other forms of chronic hemolytic

anemia such as hereditary spherocytosis, infection can precipitate an

aplastic crisis.

• It should also be noted that those who are immuno-compromised may

be at risk for complications if exposed.


Symptoms

Fifth disease is transmitted primarily by respiratory secretions but can

also be spread by contact with infected blood. The incubation period is

usually between 4 to 21 days. Individuals with fifth disease are most

infectious before the onset of symptoms. Typically school children, day-

care workers, teachers & mothers are most likely to be exposed to virus.

When symptoms are evident, there is little risk of transmission; therefore,

symptomatic individuals need not be isolated.


Transmission

Epidemiology

Any age may be affected although it is most common in children aged five

to fifteen years. By the time adulthood is reached about half the population

will have become immune following infection at some time in their part.

Outbreaks can arise especially, in nursery schools, preschools &

elementary schools.

Diagnosis

Doctors can usually diagnose fifth disease by the distinctive rash on the

face & body. If a child or adult has no rash but has been sick for while, a

doctor may perform blood tests to see if the illness could be caused by

Parvovirus B19.

Fifth disease is caused by virus, and it cannot be treated with antibiotics

used to treat bacterial infections. Although antiviral medicines do exist, this

is such a mild illness that no medicine is necessary.

Usually kids with fifth disease feel fairly well & need little home treatment

other than rest. After the fever & mild cold symptoms have passed, there

may be little to treat except any discomfort from the rash itself.


Treatment

Endangered


Ganges Dolphin

Considerable effort has been made to

document the status of Platanista gangetica since the early 1970s, yet rigorous

quantitative data on numbers, mortality,

extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy

are still lacking for much of the species’

range, especially in India and Bangladesh.

Status :Endangered Population : Around 900-1000Individuals Scientific Name : Platanista gangetica

Weight : 55-60 kg Habitats : Indo-gangetic plains, Sutlej, Yamuna

Only very limited data are available on life history. Age at first

reproduction is probably between 6–10 years and maximum longevity may

be close to 30. Therefore, generation time is probably well over 10 but

possibly less than 20 years, which would mean that three generations

equals at least 30 years.

The South Asian river dolphin has the long, pointed nose characteristic

of all river dolphins. Its teeth are visible in both the upper and lower jaws

even when the mouth is closed. The teeth of young animals are almost an

inch long, thin and curved; however, as animals age, the teeth undergo

considerable changes and in mature adults become square, bony, flat disks.

The snout thickens towards its end.

Appearance


The species does not have a crystalline eye lens, rendering it effectively

blind, although it may still be able to detect the intensity and direction of

light. Navigation and hunting are carried out using echolocation. They are

unique among cetaceans in that they swim on their sides. The body is a

brownish color and stocky at the middle. The species has only a small,

triangular lump in the place of a dorsal fin. The flippers and tail are thin and

large in relation to the body size, which is about 2-2.2 meters in males and

2.4-2.6 m in females.

This species occurs in the Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Megna, and

Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of the South Asian subcontinent. The

subspecies P. g. minor is endemic to the rivers of the lower Indus basin in Pakistan. Historically it occurred in the Indus mainstem and the Sutlej,

Beas, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum tributaries. Current occupancy is effectively

limited to three subpopulations in the Indus mainstem located between the

Chashma and Taunsa, Taunsa and Guddu, and Guddu and Sukkur Barrages.

Geographic Range


The entire current range of the Indus subspecies was surveyed in 2001

and resulted in an estimate of 843–1,171 individuals, with a best estimate

of about 965. The largest subpopulation, containing more than 60% of the

total, is located in the Sindh Dolphin Reserve between the Guddu and

Sukkur Barrages, at the downstream end of the subspecies’ range. The

next largest, with about 27% of the total for the subspecies, is immediately

upstream in the Guddu-Taunsa segment of the Indus.

Surveys of portions of the range of the Ganges subspecies have

collectively accounted for 1,200–1,800 animals, but the true population is

believed to be larger because some potentially important areas have yet to

be surveyed (e.g., the Indian Sundarbans) and at least some of the counts

and estimates were considered negatively biased. The greatest densities of

Ganges dolphins have been observed in the Ganges mainstem in India

between Maniharighat and Buxar (particularly the Vikramshila Gangetic

Dolphin Sanctuary) and just downstream of there between Kahalgaon and

Manihari Ghat, and in the lower Sangu River of Bangladesh.

Platanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangetica

Ganges River dolphins are generally concentrated in counter-current

pools below channel convergences and sharp meander and above and below

mid-channel islands, bridge pilings, and other engineering structures that

cause scouring. Their fidelity to counter-current pools is probably greatest

in fast-flowing channels. Annual monsoon-driven floods cause great variabil-

ity in the dolphins’ access to large parts of their range. Isolation in seasonal

lakes sometimes occurs (especially in the Brahmaputra basin), as does

"escapement" from the river channels into artificial water bodies such as

canals and reservoirs. Deltaic (brackish) waters are a major component of

the total range, but Ganges River dolphins are not generally known to occur

in salinities greater than 10 ppt, although they have been recorded in

waters as saline as 23 ppt.

Habitat and Ecology

Population


Platanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minor

Indus River dolphins generally occur in the deepest river channel and are

less common in secondary channels and small braids. Reported habitat

preferences include channel constrictions, confluences, and deep, low-

velocity water. During the low-water season (October to April), barrages

divert almost all river water such that dolphin habitat downstream of

Sukkur Barrage and in some tributary segments has been eliminated. As

water levels drop in the winter, dolphins are concentrated in the remaining

deep areas, including the head ponds upstream of barrages.

Threats

Water development projects Water development projects Water development projects Water development projects have dramatically affected the habitat,

abundance, and population structure of this species throughout its range. In

addition to fragmenting populations, dams and barrages have degraded

downstream habitat and created impoundments with high sedimentation and

altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. Canals branching

from the river channels upstream of barrages represent population "sinks",

as dolphins enter them with little or no prospect of safe return; this problem

has been especially well documented in Pakistan.

A Dish made from Ganges Dolphin

meat


Pollutant loads Pollutant loads Pollutant loads Pollutant loads in South Asian rivers can be expected to increase with

industrialization and the spread of intensive agricultural practices facilitated

by water diversion. The capacity of these rivers to dilute pollutants (e.g.,

arsenic, DDT) and salts has already been drastically reduced because of

upstream water abstraction, diversion, and impoundment. Again, this

problem is bound to worsen as more development takes place.

Deliberate killingDeliberate killingDeliberate killingDeliberate killing of river dolphins has declined in many areas but still

occurs at least occasionally. Dolphins are hunted by tribal people in the

upper Brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches

of the Ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant.

Mortality in fishing gearMortality in fishing gearMortality in fishing gearMortality in fishing gear, especially gillnets, is a severe problem for

Ganges dolphins throughout most of their range. They are particularly

vulnerable because their preferred habitat is often in the same location as

the fishing grounds. A specific problem in parts of India and Bangladesh is

that, because dolphin oil is highly valued as a fish attractant, fishermen

have a strong incentive to kill any animals found alive in their nets and even

to set their nets strategically in the hope of capturing dolphins.

Conservation Action

The species is legally protected in all range states and occurs in a

number of national parks and other designated areas, including dolphin

reserves or sanctuaries, where at least nominal enforcement takes place. In

Pakistan, the enforcement of regulations prohibiting dolphin hunting

appears to have arrested a rapid population decline in the Indus during the

early 1970s. Also in Pakistan, a program exists to rescue dolphins trapped

in irrigation canals and return them to the Indus main channel. Field trials in

India to determine the effectiveness of shark and scrap fish oils as catfish

attractant have been judged successful, but it is unclear to what extent

fishermen have converted to using them instead of dolphin oil.


Platanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangeticaPlatanista gangetica gangetica

Ganges River dolphins are legally protected from hunting in all range

states. The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India, between

Sultanganj and Kahalgaon in the mainstem of the Ganges River was

designated as a protected area for dolphins in August 1991 but there is

little government support to enforce protective measures. The legal

protection in India has been described as "completely ineffective" (however,

a small measure of progress was the convening of the Regional Seminar on

Environmental Laws in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary,

Bhagalpur, India in November 2003. Also, recent proceedings of the Patna

High Court directed the state and federals governments to allocate funds

for supporting efforts to conserve and monitor dolphins in the Ganges.

Platanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minorPlatanista gangetica minor

In 1972, dolphins were protected under the Wildlife Act of Sindh and in

1974 the government of Sindh declared the Indus River between the Sukkur

and Guddu Barrages a dolphin reserve. The government of Punjab

prohibited deliberate killing of dolphins in the Punjab Wildlife Protection Act

in 1974 and established the Taunsa Wildlife Sanctuary and Chashma

Wildlife Sanctuary in 1983 and 1984, respectively.

Confused


Are we jars of Chemical?

Our body is more than a mystery when you start thinking scientifically

about it. Our body is mainly made up of proteins which are essential

components of cell. The lipids and carbohydrates are essential for the

normal metabolic function. There are lots of hormones secreted in

body which regulates various body processes. There are many other

fluids too which are essentially required by the living organisms.

If you remember the biology, cell is structural and functional

unit of body. The DNA present in cell is the regulator of various cell

functions and it has the so called "blueprint " of the body. It is basically

made from nucleotide containing nitrogen base, sugar unit and

phosphate group which all are chemicals. You will find this funny or

weird but you can compare one cell with a jar full of large number of

chemicals. Guess the stability of these chemicals, even they are

residing in same jar they don't react without activation.

We take carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals etc in

our diet which is necessary for the normal metabolic processes

occurring inside the body. If you have a look at these names with a

chemist mindset you will find these all are chemicals, which act as

reagents. That is why reactions taking place in the body are termed as

biochemical processes or biochemical reactions.


So what is the difference between ourselves and the reactions taking

place in the flask? Why we call the flask as non living thing and

consider ourselves as living? As our body itself is chemical why

chemicals can't replicate as we do to increase our population.

Our body functions works normally by regulation done by chemicals

called as " Hormones". Is it possible in the reactions taking place

inside the flask? Consider the example of secretion of stomach acid

which is regulated by other chemicals like neurotransmitter Acetyl

Choline, Hormone Serotonin, and some ions like Na, K, Cl etc. Don't

you find the definition of living and non living things weird after

thinking on this concept?


If body is made from chemicals only then why there is no life on other

planets where too a large number of chemicals are present?

The thing which is making me more confused is that we are the "jars"

which get its reagents itself , nobody is required to provide them and

we are expert enough to choose the sweetest "Reagents" for the

reaction. Now please don't ask me about the product formed after the

chemical reaction. Also see the efficiency of this chamber that the

chemicals which you can't synthesize even after providing very intense

conditions can be synthesize in this chamber at very low drastic

conditions.

If we consider the reproduction part even then it can be

explained as the transfer of a little amount of chemical which either

fuse with another small chemical (Sexual) or without fusion (Asexual)

produce a large amount of new chemical. Is it possible in case of

mixing of two chemicals which yield a new chemical which can

increase its volume.

These things are really making me confused and I've the same

question again that are we just reaction chamber? Do you have answer

of this confusing question?


Download free Pharmacy, Medical and Engineering books

for free. Here you will find lots of reference e-books to

download and read.

Key Features:-

1. Pharmacy Books

2. Medical Books

3. Engineering Books

4. A forum which connects Students, Scholars, Teachers

and Industry.

5. Pharmacy, Medical and Engineering Software

6. Videos related to study

7. Live TV

8. And more coming soon………………

So Register……..

http://bookbored.ucoz.com

Book Bored

Drug Dose


Domperidon

Introduction

DomperidoneDomperidoneDomperidoneDomperidone (trade names MotiliumMotiliumMotiliumMotilium,

Motillium,Motillium,Motillium,Motillium, MotinormMotinormMotinormMotinorm CostiCostiCostiCosti and NomitNomitNomitNomit)

is an antidopaminergic drug, developed

by Janssen Pharmaceutica, and used

orally, rectally or intravenously, generally

to suppress nausea and vomiting, as a

prokinetic agent and for promoting

lactation.

Domperidone blocks the action of dopamine. It has strong affinities for

the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. which are found in the chemoreceptor

trigger zone, located just outside the blood brain barrier, which, among

others, regulates nausea and vomiting (area postrema on the floor of the

fourth ventricle and rhomboid fossa).

Pharmacology


Controversies

Janssen Pharmaceutical has brought Domperidone before the FDA several

times in the last two decades, with the most recent effort in the 1990s.

Numerous U.S. clinical drug trials have demonstrated its safety and efficacy

in dealing with gastroparesis symptoms, but the FDA turned down

Janssen's application for Domperidone, even though the FDA's division of

gastrointestinal drugs had approved Domperidone.

In June 2004, the FDA issued a letter warning women not to take

Domperidone, citing unknown risks to parents and infants, and warned

pharmacies that domestic sale was illegal, and that import shipments from

other countries would be searched and seized. Domperidone is excreted in

breast milk, and no studies on its effects on breastfeeding infants have

been reported in the literature.

Individual incidents of problems in patients receiving an intravenous form of

Domperidone include cardiac arrest and arrhythmia, complications with

other medications, as well as complications with improper intravenous use.

This intravenous form has since been withdrawn from marketing in several

countries. A recent paper suggests there may be increased risk of seizures

to neonates of mothers taking oral Domperidone.

Some doctors and pharmacists do not fully accept the FDA's reasoning and

still favor Domperidone’s use in increasing milk supply. Such doctors and

pharmacists claim the drug is safe in the doses given for this purpose since

the morbidity in question was limited to intravenous use. The American

Academy of Pediatrics considers Domperidone "usually compatible with

breastfeeding".

There is a new controversy in Britain regarding lethal levels of sodium

found in children who are administered this drug. It is now subject to a

medical review following a number of criminal trials where parents were

charged with child abuse by salt poisoning based on hypernatremia in the

affected children. Recent studies also cite increased QT intervals in

neonates taking Domperidone.


The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has warned that

(epidemiological) studies have suggested that the risk of sudden cardiac

death and/or serious ventricular arrhythmias may be higher in patients

using daily doses greater than 30 mg and in patients older than 60 years of

age.

Uses

Gastrointestinal problemsGastrointestinal problemsGastrointestinal problemsGastrointestinal problems

There is some evidence that Domperidone has ant emetic activity.

Domperidone is used, together with metoclopramide, cyclizine, and 5HT3

receptor antagonists (such as granisetron) in the treatment of nausea and

vomiting. In Italy it is also used for GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease,

as well as for Hiatus Hernia. Domperidone is a first choice ant emetic in

some countries. However, it is not approved for prescription in the US.


Although it has never been officially approved for use in the United States,

Domperidone is sometimes purchased from pharmacies in other countries

for this purpose. It may be obtained through some compounding pharmacies

in the US with a prescription from your doctor.

It can be used in patients with Parkinson's disease because, unlike

metoclopramide, Domperidone does not cross the blood–brain barrier.

Domperidone has also been found effective in the treatment of gas-

troparesis, a stomach motility condition, and for pediatric gastroesophageal

reflux (infant vomiting). In Canada, the drug is indicated "for the sympto-

matic management of upper gastrointestinal motility disorders associated

with chronic and sub acute gastritis and diabetic gastroparesis." The drug

may also be used "to prevent gastrointestinal symptoms associated with the

use of dopamine agonist antiparkinsonian agents".

LactationLactationLactationLactation

The hormone prolactin stimulates lactation in humans, and its release is

inhibited by the dopamine secreted by the hypothalamus. Domperidone, by

acting as an anti-dopaminergic, results in increased prolactin secretion, and

thus promotes lactation.

Since, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

Domperidone is not approved for enhanced lactation in any country, it is

sometimes self-prescribed from original research or prescribed "off-label"

for this use in countries around the world.

The Myth


Myth 1

You can't grow more brain cells. Every human starts with a finite number,

some of which are destroyed and never replaced. Everything we figure out,

what two plus two makes or try to remember where we've left our glasses.

This usually happen in case of the disease called Alzheimer's and that is

why myth get popularity in the market.

Truth

This still - prevelent belief was expelled from the halls of orthodoxy some

years ago, when scientists discovered that all vertebrate animals continue

to produce new neurons (brain cells) throughout their lives, in at least

some part of the brain.

Brain Myths


Myth 2

More recently, it has been shown that the fresh cells are actively involved in

the formation of memory. Other studies strongly suggests that some types

of anti-depressants work by causing new neuron growth and that depression

itself can inhibit brain cell replacement.

You will be unsurprised to learn that evidence for adult neuron growth was

first presented in the 1960s, and again in the 1980s, but was dismissed out

of hand for no reason other than that it contraindicated existing

(untestable) theories.

As with many myths, you can generally begin the debunking process by

reminding yourself that the claim is pretty ridiculous. If we use only 10 % of

our brain, what's the point of the other 90 % ?

In 1998, National magazine ads for US satellite broadcasting showed a

drawing of brain. Under it was a caption, " You only use 11 % of its

potential." Well, they're little closer than 10 % figure, but still off by about

89 %. In July 1998, ABC television ran promotional sports for " The secret

lives of Man", one of their offering for the fall season's lineup. The spot

featured a full screen blurb that read, "Men only use 10 % of their brains."

After that champions of the paranormal used the 10 % claim to explain the

potential for psychic powers. It became fun to imagine the incredible poten-

tial available to us once we were able to unlock the remaining 90 %.

Unfortunately for superpower fans everywhere, we're already enjoying most

of what our brains can currently offer.


Truth

Lisa collier Cool explains: "Brain imaging studies using PET scans &

functional MRI shows that any mentally complex activity uses many areas

of brain and over a day, just about all of the brain gets a workout. More

proof that the entire brain is crucial for daily activity and there is devastat-

ing impact of damage to even small area of the brain. However, we do have

some brain reserves. An autopsy study found that seniors who stay

mentally active through activities like reading the paper, going to theatre

are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease - even if they have character-

istic physical brain changes typical of dementia, suggesting that mental

functions has "Use it or lose it" component, that allows people who keep

their brain stimulated to develop more brain reserves, allowing them to

continue functioning normally even as their brains are being damaged by

Alzheimer's.

While you can't look forward to developing incredible superpowers with the

help of rapid evolution or any other crazy theory, you can keep yourself

healthier later in life by simply staying mentally active. You may not be able

to bend metal with your mind, but at least you'll stay coherent in your

golden years.


Pict-o-graph


Pict-o-graph

Photo Credit

Prabhatsinh Rajput

Identity


Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent BordetJules Jean Baptiste Vincent BordetJules Jean Baptiste Vincent BordetJules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet (13 June

1870 – 6 April 1961) was a Belgian

immunologist and microbiologist.

The bacterial genus Bordetella is named after him. Jules Bordet was born in Soignies,

Belgium, on June 13, 1870. Hewas educated

in Brussels where he graduated as Doctor of

Medicine in 1892. In 1894 he went to Paris to

work at the Pasteur Institute until 1901 when

he returned to Belgium to found the Pasteur

Institute, Brussels.

He has been Director of the Belgian Institute since its inception (honorary

since 1940) and Professor of Bacteriology, University of Brussels, since

1907 (honorary since 1935).

His Contribution

Bordet's early studies showed that antimicrobic sera include two active

substances, one existing before immunization, known as alexine, and the

other a specific antibody created by vaccination: he developed a method of

diagnosing microbes by sera. In 1898, he discovered haemolytic sera and

showed that the mechanism of their action on foreign blood is similar to

that by which an antimicrobic serum acts on microbes and, furthermore,

that the reactions of the sera are colloidal in nature. He has contributed

much towards the understanding of the formation of coagulin and also

anaphylactic poisons. Together with Gengou (in 1906), he cultivated

B.pertussis and laid the foundations of the generally accepted opinion that this organism is the bacterial cause of whooping cough. In addition to his

being an acknowledged world authority in many branches of bacteriology,

Bordet was considered to be a great exponent and worker on immunology.

He was the author of Traité de l'Immunité dans les Maladies Infectieuses (2nd ed., 1939) (Treatise on immunity in infectious diseases) and a great

number of medical publications.

Jules Bordet


Bordet was a permanent member of the Administrative Council of

Brussels University, he was President of the First International Congress of

Microbiology (Paris, 1930), and Past President of the Premier Council of

Hygiene of Belgium, the Scientific Council of the Pasteur Institute of Paris

and the Belgian Academy of Medicine. He was Doctor, honoris causa, of the Universities of Cambridge, Paris, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Edinburgh, Nancy,

Caen, Montpellier, Cairo, Athens, and Quebec. He was a member of the

Belgian Royal Academy, the Royal Society (London), the Royal Society of

Edinburgh, the Academy of Medicine (Paris), the National Academy of

Sciences (U.S.A.), and many other academies and societies. Bordet gained

many awards during his career, including the Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de la

Couronne de Belgique (1930), the Grand Cordon de l'Ordre de Léopold

(1937), the Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur (1938), and public honours

of Rumania, Sweden and Luxemburg.

Honours

Bordet Institute


Past Life & Family

In 1899 Bordet married Marthe Levoz. They had one son, Paul, who

succeeded his father as Chief of the Pasteur Institute in Brussels and also

as Professor of Bacteriology, and two daughters. Jules Bordet died on April

6, 1961.

Grave of Jules Bordet


P

Advertise with us at very low cost and get exposure to

many viewers. Give full-page advertisement of your brand

and get it promoted.

Why choose us?

1. Pay per view.

2. Cost per view is as low as Rs. 3 per view of Ad.

3. As it is free magazine more viewers are there so you

brand get more promotion.

4. No hidden or extra cost.

5. No intermediates so no extra burden.

So if you are interested to advertise with us

mail me at

[email protected]

Mobile:- 9033240961

9016550072

Happened in History


Nav Nirman Andolan Nav Nirman Andolan Nav Nirman Andolan Nav Nirman Andolan (Re-invention or Re-construction movement) was a socio-political movement that occurred in 1974 in Gujarat. It was students

and middle class people's movement against economic crisis and corruption

in public life. This was the only successful agitation that resulted in

dissolution of an elected government.

Incidents

Chimanbhai Patel became the chief minister of Gujarat in July 1973

replacing Ghanshyam Oza. There were allegations of corruptions on him.

Urban middle class was facing economic crisis due to high prices of foods.

Early student protestsEarly student protestsEarly student protestsEarly student protests

On 20 December 1973, students of L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

went on strike in protest against 20% hike in hostel food bill. The same type

of strike also organised on 3 January 2012 resulted in clashes between the

police and students which provoked students across Gujarat. An indefinite

Nav Nirman andolan


on 7 January in educational institutes. Their demand was related to food

and education. People from middle class and some factory workers also

joined protests in Ahmedabad who also attacked some ration shops.

Students, lawyers and professors formed a committee, later known as the

Nav Nirman Yuvak SamitiNav Nirman Yuvak SamitiNav Nirman Yuvak SamitiNav Nirman Yuvak Samiti, to voice grievances and guide protests.

Protesters demanded Chimanbhai Patel's resignation. A strike on 10

January turned violent in Ahmedabad and Vadodara for two days. A state-

wide strike was organised on 25 January 1974 resulted in clashes between

police and people at least in 33 towns.while the government imposed a

curfew in 44 towns and the agitation spread throughout Gujarat. The army

was called in to restore peace in Ahmedabad on 28 January 1974.

Political incidentPolitical incidentPolitical incidentPolitical incident

Due to pressure of protests, Indira

Gandhi asked Chimanbhai Patel to

resign. He resigned on 9 February.

The governor suspended the state

assembly and imposed President’s

rule. Opposition partie demanded

dissolution of state assembly.

Morarji DesaiMorarji DesaiMorarji DesaiMorarji Desai


Congress had 140 out of 167 MLAs in state assembly. The resignation

of 15 Congress (O) MLAs on 16 February triggered the next phase of the

agitation. Three Jan Sangh MLAs also resigned. By March, students had got

95 of 167 to resign. Morarji Desai, leader of Congress (O), went on an

indefinite fast on 12 March in support of the demand. On 16 March, the

assembly was dissolved bringing end to agitation.

At least 100 died, 1,000 to 3,000 were injured, and 8,000 arrested during

the movement.

ConsequencesConsequencesConsequencesConsequences

Nav Nirman Yuvak Samiti demended fresh elections and opposition parties

supported it. Morarji Desai again went on indefinite fast on 6 April 1975 to

support it. Finally Indira Gandhi gave in and fresh elections were held on 10

June and result declared on 12 June 1975. Verdict on Indira Gandhi's

electoral malpractice declared the same day which later resulted in

Emergency. Meanwhile Chimanbhai Patel formed new party named Kisan

Mazdoor Lok Paksh and contested on his own. Congress lost elections

which won only 75 seats. Coalition of Congress (O), Jan Sangh, PSP and

Lok Dal known as Janata Morcha won 88 seats and Babubhai J. Patel

became Chief Minister. This government lasted nine months and president's

rule imposed in March 1976. Congress won elections in December 1976 and

Madhav Singh Solanki became Chief Minister.

After Effects

Jayaprakash Narayan visited Gujarat on 11 February 1974 after Chimanbhai

Patel's resign though he was not involved in movement. Bihar Movement

was already started in Bihar. It inspired him to led it and turn it into total

revolution movement which resulted in Emergency. Later Janata Morcha

became precursor of Janata Party which formed first non-Congress

government winning general election against Indira Gandhi in 1977 and

Morarji Desai became Prime Minister.


Congress formed new caste based election combination known as

KHAM (Kshtriya-Harijan-Adivasi-Muslim)to elevate them in politics. Upper

caste sensed it as end of their political importance and reacted strong

against imposition of Reservations in 1981. It ultimately provoked the

anti-Mandal riots in 1985, which later turned anti-Muslim which helped rise

of the BJP in Gujarat. Chimanbhai Patel became chief minister again with

BJP support in 1990 again.

The agitation helped local leaders of RSS and its student organization

ABVP to establish themselves in politics. Narendra Modi who later became

chief minister of Gujarat was one of them.

Significance

It reflected middle class people and students anger due to economical crisis

and corruption in government prevalent at that time. It also showed people's

power to change government by forcing to resign by protesting.

It does not resulted in upliftment in morality in politics or people but helped

some parties to establish themselves in politics.

Maths Magic


Here are some more tricks which you can use to prank your friends in this

year. Here are steps provided to you which you can use as follows:

• Take a small piece of paper and write down the number shown as

“Answer” in tricks shown below.

• Now follow the steps given in following tricks and surprise your

friends, sister, parents.

• When you complete all steps tell them to write down the final

“Answer” of their in another paper and tell them not to show you.

• Then act as if you are reading their mind and then show the piece of

paper you are having and ask them to compare the answers.

• Definitely they are going to be surprised. And Yes, Don’t forget to use

different trick with same person if they doubt on you to make them be-

lieve that you can “Read Brains”.

• Enjoy.

Brain Reading Tricks

Step1: Think of a number below 10.

Step2: Double the number you have thought.

Step3: Add 6 with the getting result.

Step4: Half the answer, that is divide it by 2.

Step5: Take away the number you have thought from the answer, that is,

subtract the answer from the number you have thought.

Answer :Answer :Answer :Answer :---- 3 3 3 3

Trick 1. Number below 10


Step1: Think of any number.

Step2: Subtract the number you have thought with 1.

Step3: Multiply the result with 3.

Step4: Add 12 with the result.

Step5: Divide the answer by 3.

Step6: Add 5 with the answer.




Step1: Think of any number.

Step2: Multiply the number you have thought with 3.

Step3: Add 45 with the result.

Step4: Double the result.

Step5: Divide the answer by 6.




Trick 2: Any Number

Trick 3: Any Number

Trick 4: Any Number

Step1: Think of any 3 digit number, but each of the digits must be the same

as. Ex: 333, 666.

Step2: Add up the digits.

Step3: Divide the 3 digit number with the digits added up.



3 kids prinka tanu and vidushi got some chocolates.

Prinka gave tanu and vidushi as many chocolates as they already had.

Then tanu gave prinka and vidushi as many chocolates as they already had.

Finally vidushi gave tanu and prinka as many chocolates as they already

had.

Now each of them have 24 chocolates. How many chocolates they had

originally ?

There are 2 sand hourglasses.

The small one can measure 5 hours and the large one can measure 7 hours.

How can we measure 16 hours with 2 sand hourglasses running together ?

Puzzle 2

Puzzle 1

Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue.

Puzzle 3

My grandson is about as many days as my son in weeks, and my grandson

is as many months as I am in years. My grandson, my son and I together

are 120 years.

Can you tell me my age in years ?


There was some system error in a mailing website because of which pass-

words of some clients got changed.

Here is a conversation between a client and mailing-website executive per-

son.

Client : My password is altered.

Client : I am not able to logged-in.

Executive : The password is distinct this time and it got eight letters , out of

which two are same of your previous password.

Client: thanks , now i am able to logged-in.

What are the client’s old and new passwords ?

Puzzle 4

Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue. Mail us answers of Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue. Mail us answers of Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue. Mail us answers of Note : Answers of these puzzles will be published in next issue. Mail us answers of

puzzles asked in this issue and get your name published in next issue.puzzles asked in this issue and get your name published in next issue.puzzles asked in this issue and get your name published in next issue.puzzles asked in this issue and get your name published in next issue.

Answers of Previous Puzzles

El_v_n @ppl_ Puzzl_ :El_v_n @ppl_ Puzzl_ :El_v_n @ppl_ Puzzl_ :El_v_n @ppl_ Puzzl_ :---- T_n ki^s will g_t _[]h on_ [ppl_. Th_ _l_v_nth ki^

will g_t th_ [ppl_ with th_ \owl.

Gol^ Puzzl_ :Gol^ Puzzl_ :Gol^ Puzzl_ :Gol^ Puzzl_ :---- @s th_ m_ss[g_ ]ont[ins on_ truth, th_ thir^ s[ys th[t th_ gol^ is in th_ s_]on^ \ox, if it is to \_ tru_, th_n th_ first \ox m_ss[g_ will

[lso \_]om_ tru_. So Gol^ ][nnot \_ in s_]on^ [n^ thir^ \ox_s. Gol^ is in th_ first \ox.

Bri^g_ Crossing 1 Puzzl_ :Bri^g_ Crossing 1 Puzzl_ :Bri^g_ Crossing 1 Puzzl_ :Bri^g_ Crossing 1 Puzzl_ :---- First Jim [n^ J_[nn_ w[lks []ross th_ \ri^g_, it

t[k_s 2 minut_s. Jim w[lks \[]k with th_ tor]h light, whi]h t[k_s 1 minut_. Th_n Louis [n^ @nn_ w[lk on th_ \ri^g_, whi]h t[k_s 10 minut_s.

J_[nn_ ]om_s \[]k with th_ tor]h light, it t[k_s 2 minut_s. Fin[lly Jim [n^ J_[nn_ w[lks []ross th_ \ri^g_, whi]h t[k_s 2 minut_s.

Tot[l = 2 + 1 + 10 + 2 + 2 = 17 minut_s.

Im[g_ Puzzl_ :Im[g_ Puzzl_ :Im[g_ Puzzl_ :Im[g_ Puzzl_ :---- Missing Num\_r w[s 17.

Universe


Mars has two moonsmoonsmoonsmoons, Phobos and Deimos, which are thought to be captured

asteroids. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall and are

named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread)

who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into

battle. Ares was known as Mars to the Romans.

Moons of Mars

DeimosDeimosDeimosDeimos PhobosPhobosPhobosPhobos

Hall discovered Deimos on August 12, 1877 at about 07:48 UTC and

Phobos on August 18, 1877, at the US Naval Observatory in Washington,

D.C., at about 09:14 GMT (contemporary sources, using the pre-1925

astronomical convention that began the day at noon, give the time of

discovery as August 11, 14:40 and August 17 16:06 Washington mean time

respectively). At the time, he was deliberately searching for Martian

moons. Hall had previously seen what appeared to be a Martian moon on

August 10, but due to bad weather, he could not definitively identify them

until later.

History


Hall recorded his discovery of Phobos in his notebook as follows: Hall recorded his discovery of Phobos in his notebook as follows: Hall recorded his discovery of Phobos in his notebook as follows: Hall recorded his discovery of Phobos in his notebook as follows:

“ I repeated the examination in the early part of the night of [August] “ I repeated the examination in the early part of the night of [August] “ I repeated the examination in the early part of the night of [August] “ I repeated the examination in the early part of the night of [August] 11th, and again found nothing, but trying again some hours later I 11th, and again found nothing, but trying again some hours later I 11th, and again found nothing, but trying again some hours later I 11th, and again found nothing, but trying again some hours later I

found a faint object on the following side and a little north of the planet. found a faint object on the following side and a little north of the planet. found a faint object on the following side and a little north of the planet. found a faint object on the following side and a little north of the planet. I had barely time to secure an observation of its position when fog from I had barely time to secure an observation of its position when fog from I had barely time to secure an observation of its position when fog from I had barely time to secure an observation of its position when fog from the River stopped the work. This was at half past two o'clock on the the River stopped the work. This was at half past two o'clock on the the River stopped the work. This was at half past two o'clock on the the River stopped the work. This was at half past two o'clock on the night of the 11th. Cloudy weather intervened for several days. night of the 11th. Cloudy weather intervened for several days. night of the 11th. Cloudy weather intervened for several days. night of the 11th. Cloudy weather intervened for several days.

On 15 August the weather looking more promising, I slept at the On 15 August the weather looking more promising, I slept at the On 15 August the weather looking more promising, I slept at the On 15 August the weather looking more promising, I slept at the

Observatory. The sky cleared off with a thunderstorm at 11 o'clock and Observatory. The sky cleared off with a thunderstorm at 11 o'clock and Observatory. The sky cleared off with a thunderstorm at 11 o'clock and Observatory. The sky cleared off with a thunderstorm at 11 o'clock and the search was resumed. The atmosphere however was in a very bad the search was resumed. The atmosphere however was in a very bad the search was resumed. The atmosphere however was in a very bad the search was resumed. The atmosphere however was in a very bad condition and Mars was so blazing and unsteady that nothing could be condition and Mars was so blazing and unsteady that nothing could be condition and Mars was so blazing and unsteady that nothing could be condition and Mars was so blazing and unsteady that nothing could be seen of the object, which we now know was at that time so near the seen of the object, which we now know was at that time so near the seen of the object, which we now know was at that time so near the seen of the object, which we now know was at that time so near the planet as to be invisible. On August 16 the object was found again on planet as to be invisible. On August 16 the object was found again on planet as to be invisible. On August 16 the object was found again on planet as to be invisible. On August 16 the object was found again on the following side of the planet, and the observations of that night the following side of the planet, and the observations of that night the following side of the planet, and the observations of that night the following side of the planet, and the observations of that night

showed that it was moving with the planet, and if a satellite, was near showed that it was moving with the planet, and if a satellite, was near showed that it was moving with the planet, and if a satellite, was near showed that it was moving with the planet, and if a satellite, was near one of its elongations. Until this time I had said nothing to anyone at one of its elongations. Until this time I had said nothing to anyone at one of its elongations. Until this time I had said nothing to anyone at one of its elongations. Until this time I had said nothing to anyone at the Observatory of my search for a satellite of Mars, but on leaving the the Observatory of my search for a satellite of Mars, but on leaving the the Observatory of my search for a satellite of Mars, but on leaving the the Observatory of my search for a satellite of Mars, but on leaving the observatory after these observations of the 16th, at about three o'clock observatory after these observations of the 16th, at about three o'clock observatory after these observations of the 16th, at about three o'clock observatory after these observations of the 16th, at about three o'clock in the morning, I told my assistant, George Anderson, to whom I had in the morning, I told my assistant, George Anderson, to whom I had in the morning, I told my assistant, George Anderson, to whom I had in the morning, I told my assistant, George Anderson, to whom I had shown the object, that I thought I had discovered a satellite of Mars.shown the object, that I thought I had discovered a satellite of Mars.shown the object, that I thought I had discovered a satellite of Mars.shown the object, that I thought I had discovered a satellite of Mars.

I told him also to keep quiet as I did not wish anything said until the I told him also to keep quiet as I did not wish anything said until the I told him also to keep quiet as I did not wish anything said until the I told him also to keep quiet as I did not wish anything said until the matter was beyond doubt. He said nothing, but the thing was too good matter was beyond doubt. He said nothing, but the thing was too good matter was beyond doubt. He said nothing, but the thing was too good matter was beyond doubt. He said nothing, but the thing was too good to keep and I let it out myself. On 17 August between one and two to keep and I let it out myself. On 17 August between one and two to keep and I let it out myself. On 17 August between one and two to keep and I let it out myself. On 17 August between one and two o'clock, while I was reducing my observations, Professor Newcomb o'clock, while I was reducing my observations, Professor Newcomb o'clock, while I was reducing my observations, Professor Newcomb o'clock, while I was reducing my observations, Professor Newcomb came into my room to eat his lunch and I showed him my measures of came into my room to eat his lunch and I showed him my measures of came into my room to eat his lunch and I showed him my measures of came into my room to eat his lunch and I showed him my measures of the faint object near Mars which proved that it was moving with the the faint object near Mars which proved that it was moving with the the faint object near Mars which proved that it was moving with the the faint object near Mars which proved that it was moving with the planet. On August 17 while waiting and watching for the outer moon, planet. On August 17 while waiting and watching for the outer moon, planet. On August 17 while waiting and watching for the outer moon, planet. On August 17 while waiting and watching for the outer moon, the inner one was discovered. The observations of the 17th and 18th the inner one was discovered. The observations of the 17th and 18th the inner one was discovered. The observations of the 17th and 18th the inner one was discovered. The observations of the 17th and 18th put beyond doubt the character of these objects and the discovery was put beyond doubt the character of these objects and the discovery was put beyond doubt the character of these objects and the discovery was put beyond doubt the character of these objects and the discovery was publicly announced by Admiral Rodgers. The names, originally spelled publicly announced by Admiral Rodgers. The names, originally spelled publicly announced by Admiral Rodgers. The names, originally spelled publicly announced by Admiral Rodgers. The names, originally spelled Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan.”Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan.”Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan.”Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan.”


If viewed from the surface of Mars near its equator, full Phobos looks about

one third as big as the Earth's full moon from Earth. It has an angular

diameter of between 8' (rising) and 12' (overhead). It would look smaller

when the observer is further away from the Martian equator, and is

completely invisible (always beyond the horizon) from Mars' polar ice caps.

Deimos looks more like a bright star or planet for an observer on Mars,

only slightly bigger than Venus looks from Earth; it has an angular diameter

of about 2'. The Sun's angular diameter as seen from Mars, by contrast, is

about 21'. Thus there are no total solar eclipses on Mars, as the moons are

far too small to completely cover the Sun. On the other hand, total lunar

eclipses of Phobos are very common, happening almost every night.

Characteristics

Asaph Hall and Telescope used

by Him

The motions of Phobos and Deimos would appear very different from that of

our own Moon. Speedy Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises

again in just eleven hours, while Deimos, being only just outside synchronous

orbit, rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite its 30 hour orbit, it

takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars,

and has long again to rise. Both moons are tidally locked, always presenting

the same face towards Mars. Since Phobos orbits Mars faster than the planet

itself rotates, tidal forces are slowly but steadily decreasing its orbital radius.

At some point in the future, when it approaches Mars closely enough, Phobos

will be broken up by these tidal forces.

My Theory


You might have heard this many time that plant cells are totipotent.

The phenomenon of totipotency is only observed in plants and some of the

highly primitive animals. If you don’t know Totipotency is the ability of plant

cell to regenerate the whole new plant from single cell. It means that every

plant cell can be converted in to new plant if proper treatment is provided.

The whole tissue culturing is based on this phenomenon only.

Now the question is why only plant cells are totipotent? Why animal cells

are not totipotent? It would be great if the animal cells also acquire the

ability to produce whole new organism from single cell. If it occurs so many

diseases would be cured as such. Totipotency will give us the power to get

desired quality individuals with all good characters as that happens in case

of the plant cells. As we all are having the cell as functional unit of our body

then why our cells don’t have the property of the totipotency. If we explain

the power of totipotency in simple words then it means even a single cell

from your skin can produce the brain cells i.e. neurons, heart muscle and

gastrointestinal tract too. So now you may be thinking that wow! This is

great if our cells too possess this property. But we are not GOD and this is

not the point of discussion. We can just think on the points which are there.

We can’t create new, do we?

Totipotency


Apart from this if you want to terminate the question you can just say

that their genetic material is such so they do possess the totipotency

property and we don’t. But if this is the answer then the question arises

again that why this genetic difference is there? Well you can’t skip this

question by giving the sake of NATURAL SELCTION Theory. Nature selects

only those who adapt the nature. Thus the question is still burning why

totipotency. Well the answer is quite simple with lot of complications.

The Animal cells are highly differentiated and the plant cells are less

differentiated and thus only plant cells have the property of totipotency and

animal cells don’t. Now as far as differentiated cells are considered they

are the cells which cannot replicate and are made to perform only single

function. In other words Neurons are differentiated cells and they cannot

replicate into another kind of cell i.e. epithelial cell or mucous cell. They can

only form Neurons even if they divide by mitosis. While the STEM cells are

the cells which are highly undifferentiated and can be converted into any

kind of cell or tissue by certain treatment.

Animal Cell


So STEM cells of animals can be considered totipotent but STEM cells

after differentiation lost their property of totipotency. This is because

animal cells have to perform large number of activities in the body and each

of the activity require different kind of cells with high specificity to their

function.

In case of plant cells they only perform simple function of the

photosynthesis. They just prepare food by photosynthesis and store it. So

they do not require highly specific cells for these functions. Even if you look

at the structure of the cells of the plant there is much less variation in the

structure of it. As they are autotrophs they do not require many systems

which are necessary in heterotrophic animals. Due to high simplicity in their

cell structure and less of the differentiation the plant cell can regenerate

whole new plant from it. Now if you are comparing heterotrophic bacteria

with heterotrophic animals I must say you haven’t yet got what I want to

convey here. So we can say in other words that plant cells are totipotent

because they are autotrophs.

Plant cell


Download free Pharmacy, Medical and Engineering books

for free. Here you will find lots of reference e-books to

download and read.

Key Features:-

1. Pharmacy Books

2. Medical Books

3. Engineering Books

4. A forum which connects Students, Scholars, Teachers

and Industry.

5. Pharmacy, Medical and Engineering Software

6. Videos related to study

7. Live TV

8. And more coming soon………………

So Register……..

http://bookbored.ucoz.com

Book Bored

Trending


A date inscription in the Mayan Long

Count on the east side of Stela C from

Quirigua showing the date for the last

Creation. It is read as 13.0.0.0.0 4 13.0.0.0.0 4 13.0.0.0.0 4 13.0.0.0.0 4

Ajaw 8 CumkuAjaw 8 CumkuAjaw 8 CumkuAjaw 8 Cumku and is usually corre-

lated as 11 or 13 August, 3114 BCE on

the Gregorian calendar. The date of

13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw 3 K'ank'in13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw 3 K'ank'in13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw 3 K'ank'in13.0.0.0.0 4 Ajaw 3 K'ank'in is usually

correlated as 21 or 23 December 2012.

World Ending

Doomsday Theories

A far more apocalyptic view of the year 2012 that spread in various

media described the end of the world or of human civilization on that date.

This view was promulgated by many hoax pages on the Internet, particularly

on YouTube.

The Discovery Channel was criticized for its "quasi-documentaries"

about the subject that "sacrifice[d] accuracy for entertainment".

1. Space Alignments

Some people interpreted the galactic alignment apocalyptically, claiming

that its occurrence would somehow create a combined gravitational effect

between the Sun and the supermassive black hole at the center of our

galaxy (known as Sagittarius A*), creating havoc on Earth. Apart from

"galactic alignment" already having happened in 1998, the Sun's apparent

path through the zodiac as seen from Earth does not take it near the true

galactic center, but rather several degrees above it. Even if this were not

the case, Sagittarius A* is 30,000 light years from Earth; it would have to

be more than 6 million times closer to cause any gravitational disruption to

Earth's Solar System.


Some believers in a 2012 doomsday used the term "galactic alignment"

to describe a different phenomenon proposed by some scientists to explain

a pattern in mass extinctions supposedly observed in the fossil record.

According to this hypothesis, mass extinctions are not random, but recur

every 26 million years. To account for this, it suggests that vertical

oscillations made by the Sun on its 250-million-year orbit of the galactic

center cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane. When the Sun's

orbit takes it outside the galactic plane which bisects the galactic disc, the

influence of the galactic tide is weaker. However, when re-entering the

galactic disc—as it does every 20–25 million years—it comes under the

influence of the far stronger "disc tides", which, according to mathematical

models, increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the inner Solar System

by a factor of 4, thus leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a

devastating comet impact.

However, this "alignment" takes place over tens of millions of years,

and could never be timed to an exact date. Evidence shows that the Sun

passed through the plane bisecting the galactic disc only three million years

ago and is now moving farther above it.

A third suggested alignment was some sort of planetary conjunction

occurring on 21 December 2012; however, there was no conjunction on that

date.


Another idea tied to 2012 involved a geomagnetic reversal (often

incorrectly referred to as a pole shift by proponents), possibly triggered by

a massive solar flare, that would release an energy equal to 100 billion

atomic bombs. This belief was supposedly supported by observations that

the Earth's magnetic field is weakening, which could precede a reversal of

the north and south magnetic poles, and the arrival of the next solar

maximum, which was expected sometime around 2012.

Most scientific estimates, however, say that geomagnetic reversals take

between 1,000 and 10,000 years to complete, and do not start on any

particular date.

2. Geomagnetic Reversal

3. Planet X / Niburu

Some believers in doomsday

in 2012 claimed that a planet

called Planet X, or Nibiru,

would collide with or pass by

Earth. This idea, which

appeared in various forms

since 1995, initially predicted

Doomsday in May 2003, but

proponents abandoned that

date after it passed without

incident.

The idea originated from claims of channeling of alien beings and is widely

ridiculed. Astronomers calculated that such an object so close to Earth

would be visible to anyone looking up at the night sky.

Facts and Figures


• New Year is the oldest of all Holidays, as it was first observed in

ancient Babylon as many as 4000 years ago.

• Many Cultures believe that anything given or taken on New Year, in the

shape of ring is good luck, because it symbolizes “Coming full Circle”.

• The Spanish Rituals on New Year’s evening is to eat 12 grapes at mid-

night. The tradition is meant to secure twelve happy months in coming

year.

• According to National Insurance Crime Bureau US, more vehicles are

stolen on New Year’s day than any other holiday throughout the year.

• The top 3 destinations in United States to ring in New Year are Las

Vegas, Disney World, and New York City.

• In Italy, people wear Red Underwear on New Year’s day as a symbol of

good luck for the upcoming year.

• If the first person to visit you was a tall and dark haired man, this was

especially lucky.

• It was an old Saxon belief that 2nd January was one of the unluckiest

days of the whole year.

• January, on average, is the coldest month of the year within most of

Northern Hemisphere and the warmest month of the year within most

of the Southern Hemisphere.

• The Average Human with a full head of hairs contains between 15000

to 150000 hairs. Have you ever Counted?

Facts and Figures


• Twelve people have walked on the moon.

• Buttermilk does not contain any butter.

• Many people who read the word “Yawn” or “Yawning” begin to feel

the urge to Yawn.

• It takes about 7 minutes for the average person to fall asleep. What is

your timing?

• About 1 out of 2 million people will die by falling out of bed. Be Careful,

Not funny. Most of them are Small babies or elder people.

• Approximately about one fifth of the publications from the Japan are

Comic Books.

• The Price of Titanic cost about $ 7 million to build and the price of the

Titanic Movies was about $ 200 million to make. Unbelievable!

• The Only animal with four knees is Elephant.

• 101 Dalmatians and Peter Pan (Wendy) are the only two Disney

cartoon features with both parents that are present and don't die

throughout the movie.

• 99% of the solar systems mass is concentrated in the sun.

• A hard working adult sweats up to 4 gallons per day. Most of the sweat

evaporates before a person realizes it's there.


Dooms day Failure

protyle magazine issue 3

Documents