protozoa meillya fitriaty 10407012 aldyla nisa raditya 10407013 hawa firdausi k. 10407027...
TRANSCRIPT
Protozoa
Meillya Fitriaty 10407012Aldyla Nisa Raditya 10407013Hawa Firdausi K. 10407027
Microbiology Study ProgramSchool of Life Sciences and Technology
Institute Technology of BandungBandung 2009
BM3106 Microbial Biosystematics
Protozoa
Microorganisms
?
What is microorganisms?
• Microorganisms are microscopic organisms consisting of a single cell or cell cluster, including the viruses, which are not cellular.
• Microscopic or Micro (from the Greek: , μικρόςmikrós, "small" and , skopéō, "look") is a σκοπέωterm used to describe objects smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye and which require a lens or microscope to see them clearly.
Size range of microorganisms
What is protozoa?
• Protists, also called protozoa, a word meaning “first” or “original” animals, were first seen over 325 years ago by van Leeuwenhoek.
• Protozoa size ranges between 2 and 200 micron meters (0.002 – 0.2 mm).
Does protozoa microscopic?
Protozoa
Microorganisms
Y E S !
The History of Classification System
Aristotle’s time-
Mid 20th century
1880sErnst Haeckel
Within the past ten yearsThree-Domain
System
1969R. H. Whittaker
Aristotle’s time
Two kingdoms:•Plantae (plants)Plants were literally organisms that were planted and immobile
•Animalia (animals)Animals were animated and move about
1880s – Ernst Haeckel
• A German scientist who proposed adding a third kingdom : kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Protista (protists) included unicellular microscopic organisms and not multicellular, largely macroscopic, ones.
1969 – R. H. Whittaker
• Whittaker expanded the classification system to five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.
• Organisms were placed into these kingdoms based on type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), level of organization (unicellular or multicellular), and type of nutrition.
Three-Domain System• New information has called into question the five-kingdom
system of classification.• Molecular data suggests that there are two groups of
prokaryotes, the bacteria and archaea, and these groups are fundamentally different from each other – so different in fact that they should be assigned to separate domains, a category of classification that is higher than the kingdom category.
• rRNA probably changes only slowly during evolution, and indeed may change only when there is a major evolutionary event.
• The sequencing of rRNA suggests that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor along three distinct lingeages now called domain Bacteria, domain Archaea, and domain Eukarya.
Three-Domain System
Major Distinctions Between the Three Domains of Life
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Unicellularity Yes Yes Some, many multicellular
Membrane lipids Phospholipids, unbranched
Varied branched lipids
Phospholipids, unbranched
Cell wall Yes (contains peptidoglican)
Yes (no peptidoglican)
Some yes, some no
Nuclear envelope No No Yes
Membrane-bounded organelles
No No Yes
Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes
Introns No Some Yes
Three-Domain System
(Mader, 2001)
Three-Domain SystemClassification Criteria for Three Domains
Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
Type of cell Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Complexity Unicellular Unicellular usual Multicellular usual
Multicellular Multicellular
Type of nutrition Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Photosynthetic or heterotrophic by various
Heterotrophic saprotrophs
Photosynthetic Heterotrophic by ingestion
Motility Sometimes by flagella
Sometimes by flagella (or cillia)
Nonmotile Nonmotile Motile by contractile fibers
Life cycle Asexual usual Various Haplontic Alternation of generations
Diplontic
Internal protection of zygote
No No No Yes Yes
Nervous system None Conduction of stimuli
None None Present
(Mader, 2001)
OVERVIEW
• The name Protozoa comes from the Greek, meaning ‘first animal’.
• Protist also called protozoa were first seen by Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek
• They can be describe as unicellular, eukariot that lack a cell wall, colorless, and motile, altough there are many exeptions to this description
• Although the majority are free-living, the group also includes commensal forms and some extremely important parasites of animals and humans.
• Most protozoans are found in freshwater or marine habitats
Characteristic structural features• Degenerate mitochondria (hydrogenosomes)• Mitochondria-like proteins (mitosomes )• Contractile vacuole
To pump out excess amounts of water that enter the cell by osmosis
• Micronuclei Sexual reproduction
• MacronucleiRegulate basic cellular functions: growth ang feeding
Mode of nutrition
• Most protozoans have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• The majority of protozoa are holozoic.
LocomotionFlagellumFlagellum
CilliaCillia
PseudopodiumPseudopodium
Mitosomes from the intestinal parasite
Entamoebahistolytica
Mitochondrion from chicken cerebellum
Hydrogenosomes from Trichomonas foetus
Reproduction
Classification of Protozoa
So, which one is protozoa actually?
• Madigan et al., 2009 p. 526 :
Protists = Protozoa
Protists, also called protozoa, a word meaning “first” or “original” animals,
were first seen over 325 years ago by van
Leeuwenhoek.
KingdomProtista
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Pyrrophyta
Phaeophyta
Euglenophyta
Rhizopoda
Foraminifera
Chrysophyta
Zoomastigophora
Apicomplexa
ActinopodaCiliophora
Myxomycota
Oomycota
Acrasiomycota
The Algae
The Diatoms
The Flagellates
The Sarcodines
Ciliates
SporozoansThe Slime Molds and Water Molds(Mader, 2001)
DomainEukarya
Protozoa
Diplomonadsand
Parabasilids
Euglenozoans
Alveolates
Stramenophiles
Amoebozoa
Cercozoansand
Radiolarians
Protists(Protozoa)
Giardia
Trichomonas
Trypanosoma
Euglena
Gonyaulax
Plasmodium
Phytophthora
Paramecium
Nitzschia
Dinobryon
Amoeba
Entamoeba
Physarium
Dictyostelium(Madigan et al., 2009)
Major phylogenetic groups
Major groups of eukaryotic microorganisms
Key Genera
Diplomonads and Parabasalids• Genera: Giardia, Trichomonas
• General features♣ unicellular♣ flagellated ♣ lack chloroplast♣ anoxic habitat (animal intestines, either parasite or symbiotically)♣ energy generation: fermentation
Giardia intestinalis
Trichomonas vagionalis
Euglonozoans
• Genera: Trypanosoma, Euglena
• General features:♣ unicelullar♣ flagellated (contains
crystalline rod)♣ some parasitic, some
free-living♣ some phototrophs,
some organotrophs
Trypanosoma brucei
Euglena
Alveolates• Genera: Gonyaulax,
Plasmodium, Paramecium
• Special feature: alveoli, sacs present under cytoplasmic membrane remain unknown, probably for maintain osmotic balance
• Alveolate group: cilliates, dinoflagellates, andapicomplexans
Paramecium
Pfiesteria piscicida
Toxoplasma
Stramenophiles
• Genera: Phytophthora, Nitzchia, Dinobryon
• General features:♣ unicelullar♣ filamentous flagella♣ stramenophiles group:
oomycetes, diatoms, golden and brown algae
Nitzschia
Phytophthora infestans
Dinobryon
Cercozoans and Radiolarians
• Special feature: threadlike pseudopodia (move and feed)
• Previously called amoeba
• Cercozoans : chlorarachiophytes and foraminiferaRadiolarians : radiolarian radial symmetry of their tests
Foraminifera
Radiolarian
Amoebozoa
• Genera: Amoeba, Entamoeba, Physarum, Dictyotelium
• General features:♣ terrestrial and aquatic protists♣ use lobe-shaped pseudopidia (for
movement and feeding)♣ major groups: gymnamoebas,
entamoebas, plasmodial, celullar slime molds
Amoeba proteus
Plasmodial slime molds
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma• A genus infecting humans• Cells are about 20-μm-long,
thin, crescent-shaped• Have a single flagellum that
originates in a basal body and folds back laterally across the cell where it is enclosed by a flap of cytoplasmic membrane effective movement in viscous liquids (such as blood)
• Have kinetoplast, a mass of DNA present in their single, large mitochondria
membrane flap
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei
• African Sleeping SicknessCNS infection progressing to lethargy, tremors, meningoencephalitis, convulsions, coma, and death
• Parasites:– Trypanosoma gambiense - West/Central Africa– Trypanosoma rhodesiense - East Africa
• Pathogenesis - trypanomastigote multiplies in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid; deprives the brain of amino acids
• Epidemiology– T. gambiense - human reservoir– T. rhodesiense - cattle reservoir– arthropod-borne transmission via the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)
• Diagnosistrypanosomes in the blood, serological test for antigens in the blood
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei
• INFECTION
The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. At first the trypanosomes multiply in subcutaneous tissues, blood and lymph. In time, the parasites cross the blood-brain barrier to infect the central nervous system. The process can take years with T.b. gambiense.
– Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can cross the placenta and infect the fetus.
– Mechanical transmission is possible. However, it is difficult to assess the epidemiological impact of transmission through other blood-sucking insects.
– Accidental infections have occurred in laboratories due to pricks from contaminated needles.
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei
• SYMPTOMS
• The first stage: haemolymphatic phase, entails bouts of fever, headaches, joint pains and itching.
• The second stage: neurological phase, begins when the parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier and invades the central nervous system. In general this is when the signs and symptoms of the disease appear: confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination.
Disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the disease its name, is an important feature of the second stage of the disease. Without treatment, sleeping sickness is fatal.
Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei
SLIME MOLDS
Plasmodial slime molds• They feed on living microorganisms, such as bacteria
and yeasts, as well as decaying vegetation, ingesting solid food particles by a process called phagocytosis
• Plasmodial slime molds are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse
• The result is one large bag of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei
• In the motile phase, this multinucleate, or coenocytic, mass, called a plasmodium, creeps about by amoeboid movement.
Physarium
• Plasmodial or acellular slime molds• Vegetative forms are masses of protoplasm• A plasmodium is a mass of protoplasm
containing several nuclei and ,bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a single membrane
The plasmodial slime molds
The plasmodial slime molds
Dictyostelium discoideum
• Cellular slime molds• Vegetative forms are single amoebae• Haploid and form diploid macrocysts• Dictyostelium discoideum has been used as a
model for study of intercellular communication in eukaryotic cell development
Stage in fruiting body formation
cAMPcAMP
Development of fruiting body
The cellular slime moulds. Fruiting bodies develop from the pseudoplasmodiumor ‘slug’ and release haploid spores that develop into individual amoebas. Only haploidforms participate in this cycle, which is therefore asexual. Sexual reproduction can also occur,involving the production of dormant diploid spores called macrocysts. Note that thepseudoplasmodium of cellular slime moulds is entirely cellular
Diatoms
Characteristics• Microscopic, phosynthetic algae containing pigments
(major pigments: chlorophylls a and c, beta-carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin).
• Use filamentous flagella instead of flagella and pseudopodia
• Range in size 5μm – 2mm, but generally 40μm
Characteristics• Secrete a frustule or test, composed of silica, which
under favourable conditions can be preserved (diatomaceous earth or diatomites)
• Each frustule consists of two valves, which fit closely over the top of each other.
• As it name implies, Diatom (Greek, dia=through, temnein=cut in a half).
Characteristics
• Always inhabit the photic zone• Three major modes of existence : planktonic,
benthic, macrophytic (attached to plants)• Reproduce primarily via asexual cell division • Live anywhere there is water and light, including
lakes, streams, estuaries, oceans, puddles and wet rocks or soil.
Uses of Diatoms As environmental indicator
- indicators of salinity - indicators of productivity
(diatoms as a producer) - indicators of pollution (low
overall diversity amongst diatoms indicates stressful conditions)
- indicators of palaeoenvirontment (frustules [diatomites] decay in relatively slow rate)
Uses of Diatoms
Nanotechnology research (diatoms manufacture micro- or nano-scale structures)- optical systems; semiconductor nanolithography
- drug delivery - mass produce nanoscale
components - component of solar cells
Use in Industry- as dynamite mixture (nitroglycerin much more stable if absorbed in diatomites)- filtration (swimming pools, dringking water)- pest control (diatomite powder absorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of insects' exoskeletons)
References• ENVIS Centre, 2005. http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/newsletter2.htm Microorganisms and
Aquaculture. Access date December 10, 2009• Mader, Sylvia S. 2001. Biology Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill• Madigan, Michael T., John M. Martinko, Paul V. Dunlap, David P. Clark. 2009. Brock Biology of
Microorganisms Twelfth Edition. San Franscisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings• Sigma-Aldrich, 2009. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/microbiology/
learning-center/theory/introduction.html Microbiology. Access date December 10, 2009• WHO, 2009. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness). Access date December 10, 2009• SGPP. 2009. http://www.sgpp.org/african_sleeping_sickness.shtml AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei). Access date December 10, 2009• Hill, Jon and Katie Davis. 2007. The Use Of Diatoms As Palaeoenvironmental Indicators. http://the
Use Of Diatoms As Palaeoenvironmental Indicators GeologyRocks.htm. 10 Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatom. http://en.wikipedia/Diatom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm. 10
Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatoms. http://diatoms.htm. 10 Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatomaceous earth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth. 10
Desember 2009• Housden, Alice. 2009. Uses of Diatoms.