PROTON BEAM THERAPY FOR TUMORS OF SKULL BASE

Presented By UZMA ABID

TEHREEM RAZzaQ

Layout of presentation

Brain Tumor Skull Base Anatomy How to Diagnose Tumors Radiation Therapy Introduction to Proton Proton Beam Therapy Advantages and Disadvantages Suggestions for future Conclusions

What is Brain Tumors..?

Tumors“An abnormal mass of new tissues growth that

serves no function in the body”Tumors are usually classified as:

Benign and malignant

Benign Malignant

Slow growing

Noncancerous

Do not spread to surrounding tissues.

Cancerous

Fast growing and aggressive

Can invade nearby tissue and spread to

other parts of the body

Skull Base Tumors

Made up of cells that have spread to the brain from some where

else in the body.

Originate in the Brain.ChildrenPrimary

Secondary

Anatomy of Skull base Certain tumors and conditions tend to occur in specific areas of the skull base. The three main regions of the skull base and the tumors and conditions that occur there most commonly are

Skull Base ConditionsAnterior

Compartment of skull base

Middle Compartment of

skull base

PosteriorCompartment of skull base

Contains the eye sockets and sinuses

Contains the Pituitary gland Optical bones

How to Diagnose Tumors

Diagnostic Machines

Brain scan

MRI

Angiogram

CT scan

BiopsyPET

Nuclear MedicinesNuclear medicine, is specialty that focuses on the use of radioactive material call Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnoses, Therapy and Research. Nuclear medicines pharmaceuticals give of gamma ray and particles that allow us to track the radioactive tracer within the body different tracers are used to diagnose different parts of the body small amount are used for imaging scan and large amount is used for therapy.

Methods of Treatment for TUMORSThere are many types of cancer treatment. The type of treatment that you receive will depend on the type of cancer and how advance it is. Standard methods of treatment for cancer are Surgery, Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy, (chemo) usually refers to the use of medicines or drugs to treat cancer.Surgery, is commonly used for cancer as a treatment and to diagnose or learn more about the cancer.Radiation therapy, uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells, X-ray, Gamma ray and Charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment.

What is radiations “In physics, radiations is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through material medium”.

Types Of Radiations Radiations

Electromagnetic radiations Charged particles

α-particle

Β-minus

Β+plus

Protons

Radiation therapy

The treatment of benign and malignant diseases with ionizing radiations is called radiation therapy.

To deliver a precisely measured dose of irradiation to a defined tumor volume with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Types of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy can be delivered in two ways

Externally Internally

External Beam Radiation Therapy

External beam radiation therapy, uses a high energy machine called linear accelerator to direct radiation to the tumors the procedurelast few minutes.

Internal Beam Radiation Therapy

Internal beam radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy, is a type of radiation therapy in which radioactive materials are placed, temporarily or permanently, inside the affected area. This form of therapy delivers a high dose of radiation directly to the cancerous area.

Introduction to Proton

In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered the positively charged particles produced from gases. In 1917 Ernest Rutherford discovered protons. Symbol p, p+ and mass of proton is 1.67 10-27 kg.

Protons are positively charged particles included in ionizing radiation. Due to their ability of high ionizing radiation we used in treatment of cancers.

Proton used in proton therapy, also called proton beam therapy, is a type of radiation treatment that use beam of protons rather than x-rays to treat cancer. At high energy, protons can destroy cancer cells.

PROTON BEAM THERAPYProton therapy is an advanced form of radiotherapy that uses a high-energy proton beam for cancer treatment. These protons damage the DNA of cancer cells, ultimately inducing cell death.

History of Proton beam Therapy

1946 Robert Wilson suggests use of protons 1954 First treatment of tumors (brain) 1967 First large-field proton treatments in

Sweden 1974 Large-field fractionated proton

treatments program begins at HCL, Cambridge, MA 1990 First hospital-based proton treatment center opens at Loma Linda Univ. Med.

Ctr. 2001 2nd proton center opens at Mass

General 2004-06 3 more centers open in TX, FL, and IN 2009-10 2 additional centers open in OK, PA

Physics behind Proton beam therapy

Proton therapy is based on the use of positively charged elementary particles of hydrogen atom nuclei namely protons that

have a weight much higher than that of electrons.

In Proton Therapy protons are produced by a machine called a cyclotron. Protons exit from the cyclotron and are directed by magnetic fields to the patient

Protons deposit their maximum energy in the tumor and then stop do not affected tissues beyond it.

The radiation dose of a proton pencil beam along its penetration depth into the body. The range of these protons

is 25 cm. The dose distribution is shown below in figure.

Illustration of X-ray and proton beam

In Traditional Radiation therapy a radiation ray beam such as x-ray beam release its maximum energy to the surface of body continuously as a result it damage healthy tissues or organs behind the tumors.

In Proton therapy the beam of proton release its maximum energy dose at a depth inside the body and end their.

Proton Accelerator

CYCLOTRONThe earliest operational circular accelerators were Cyclotrons, invented in 1932 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley in which charged particle accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path.

SynchrotronThe Synchrotron accelerates the protons on a circular orbit up to 60% of light speed. The synchrotron is about seven meters in diameter. When protons are accelerated to such a speed, they can reach more than 30 cm deep in the human body. The first synchrotron is built in 1952 by Sir Marcus Oliphant.

Synchrotron

Why we choose proton therapy

They are able to deposit less energy on their way to the tumors and do not affected tissues beyond it.

Today, Proton beam therapy patients have access to state of the art delivery mode called pencil beam scanning.

With the active scanning techniques the physicians are able to change the proton dose at any specific location in the target

Advantages and Disadvantages

Suggestions for Future

CONCLUSIONSProton beam therapy has been used safely and effectively in thousand of patients with cancer. There is a sizeable amount of literature supporting the use of proton beam therapy for pediatric condition, lung cancer, prostate cancer, central nervous system malignancies and other cancer sites. By harnessing improved depth dose characteristic and rapid dose fall of proton beam therapy compared with photon therapy. The future of proton beam therapy is very promising.

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