proto-indo-european grammar

8/12/2019 Proto-Indo-European Grammar

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!eneral $ingular, Plural and Dual

sg. pl. du.nom. -s, 4 -es -e!oc. 4 -es -eacc. -m -ns -e

gen. -5o6s -om -7sabl. -5o6s 5e6t -"os -dat. -5e6i -mus -m9loc. -i, 4 -su -9uIns. -e, 7 -bhi bh"e

!eneral euter

nom.:!oc.:acc. 4, -m -a, 4 -"e

$tems

)ingular Plural

nom. -;n -on-es!oc. -on -on-esacc. -on:en-m -on:en-nsgen. -n-os:es -n-omabl. -n-os:es -n-iosdat. -n-ei -n-musloc. -en5i6 -n-suins. -n-7 -n-bhi

$tems HD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -7r -


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nom.:!oc. Aus-9s Aus-esacc. aus-;s-m aus-;s-nsgen. aus-s-;s aus-s-omabl. aus-s-5o6s, -5e6t aus-s-"osdat. aus-s-ei aus-s-musloc. aus-s-i aus-s-su

ins. aus-s-7 aus-s-bhi

2us- is a root, not a suffi#. hese ha!e >ero grade also in the accusati!e.

#he Comparative -nflection HD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -?i9s - ?ios-esacc. -i


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*aryngeal H/ $tems (e) HD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -pont-7-s -pont-7-esacc. -pont-7-m -pont-7-ns

gen. -pnte-os -pnte-omabl. -pnte-5o6s, -5e6t -pnte-"osdat. -pnte-ei -pnte-musloc. -pnte-i -pnte-suins. -pnte-7 -pnte-bhi

*aryngeal H0 $tems (a) HD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -a -Bsacc. -Bm -Bnsgen. -os -omabl. -5o6s, -5e6t -a"os

dat. -ai -amusloc. -ai -asuins. -B -abhi

*aryngeal iH $tems and uH $tems HD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -iH -iH-esacc. -ieH-m -ieH-nsgen. -iH-os -iH-omabl. -iH-5o6s, -5e6t -iH-"osdat. -iH-ei -H-musloc. -iH-i -iH-su

ins. -iH-7 -iH-bhi

he uH stems are completel" parallel. he onl" difference is that before the lar"ngeal 5H6 there should bea u instead of an i. 0or e#ample, the nom. sing. would be CuH, the acc. pl. would be CiuH-ns, etc.

he Proterod"namic Inflection

and -$tems PD

)ing. Pluralnom. -u-s -eu-es!oc. -eu -eu-esacc. -u-m -u-ns

gen. -ou-s -eu-omabl. -ou-s -eu-"osdat. -eu-i -u-musloc. -7u -u-suins. -u-e -u-bhi

he PD i-stems are completel" parallel. $se this same chart but e!er"where "ou see a -u- put an -i-. 0ore#ample, the nom. sing. would be -i-s, the gen. pl. would be -ei-om, etc.


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H0$tems PD

&here is onl" one word known with the suffi# -B 5-eh/-6 which has the PD inflection, namel" the word for?woman*( 5eekes 8F6

)ing. Plural

nom. gen-a gen-a-s!oc. gen-a gen-a-sacc. gen-a-m gen-a-nsgen. gn-B-s gn-B-mabl. gn-B-s, -t gn-B-"osdat. gn-B-i gn-B-musloc. g7n-a g7n-a-suins. gn-B gn-B-bhi

1%$tems (ih0) PD

)ing. Pluralnom. -"a -"a-s

!oc. -"a -"a-sacc. -"a-m -"a-nsgen. -"B-s gn-B-mabl. -"B-s, -t -"B-"osdat. -"B-i -"B-musloc. -"a-i -"B-suins. -"B-i -"B-bhi

$$tems PD

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -os -


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acc. -n-m -n-nsgen. -


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dat. -me:9, bh"eins. -bh"eabl. -me:9, bh"e

3erbal oun

hese are nouns deri!ed from the root of a !erb, for e#ample, &the killing of a man.( he ob'ect must be inthe geniti!e. 2 !erbal ad'ecti!e can be formed b" adding a dati!e ending to the root of a !erb.

Adjectives

+asc. and eut. Consonant $tem %d4ectives

masc. sing. neut. sing. masc. pl. neut. pl.nom.:!oc. -s, 4 -m, 4 -es -a, 4acc. -m -m, 4 -ns -a, 4gen. -5o6s -omabl. -5o6s 5e6t -"osdat. -5e6i -mus

loc. -i, 4 -suins. -e, 7 -bhi

'em. Consonant $tem %d4ectives (only for $tems and PD -nflection)

)ing. Pluralnom.:!oc. -B, -"B -es-"Bacc. -m-"B -ns-"Bgen. -os-"B -om-"Babl. -5o6s, -5e6t-"B -"os-"Bdat. -ei-"B -mus-"Bloc. -i-"B -su-"Bins. -7-"B -bhi-"B

$-)tems ha!e -B added on the the ad'ecti!al suffi#, while the PD inflection has C"B added on. he e#amplehere is for the PD inflection when decline a $ )tem, onl" add -B. HD inflection and onsonant )temsother than $ ha!e no separate form from the masc.

+asc. and eut. $tem %d4ectives

masc. sing. neut. sing. masc. pl. neut. pl.nom. -os -om -9s -a!oc. -e -om -7 -aacc. -om -om -ons -agen. -os -omabl. -9d -o"os

dat. -9i -omusloc. -oi -oisuins. -9 -9is

'em. $tem %d4ectives

)ing. Pluralnom. -B -Bs!oc. -B -B


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acc. -Bm -Bnsgen. -Bs -Bmabl. -Bd -B"osdat. -Bi -Bmusloc. -Bi -Bisu

Comparison

masc.:fem. neut.comparati!e -ies- -ios-superlati!e -isto- -isto-

omparati!e and superlati!e forms were added on to the root, and were followed b" the case endings.he" had DH inflection.

3erbal %d4ective

his is an ad'ecti!e which is not deri!ed from a tense stem but from a root. )ome e#amples aresewn,stretched, 5nown, arrived. 2dd -to- or -no- onto the root.

Pronouns

Demonstrati!e Pronouns 5meaning &this,( &that(6

)ingularmasc. fem. neut.

nom. so sB todacc. t;m tBm todgen. 5to6sio 5t6esB

s-

abl. tosm9d - -dat. tosm9i tesiBi -

loc. tosmi tesiBi -ins. toi toi -

Pluralmasc. fem. neut.

nom. toi sBi tBacc. tons tBns tBgen. tesom tesom -abl. toios - -dat. toimus tBmus -loc. toisu tBsu -ins. toibhi tBbhi -

-nterrogative Pronouns

)ingularnom. ke, kid ko, kod, kBacc. kim komgen. keso kosoabl. ked kosm9ddat. kesmei kosm9iloc. kesmi kosmi


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ins. kei koi

Pluralnom. kei, kia koi, ka, kBsacc. kins konsgen. kesom kesom

abl. keies koiosdat. keimus koimusloc. keisu koisuins. keibhi koibhi

here was onl" one form for both masculine and feminine.

Personal Pronouns

1st Person )ingular &I( Plural &we(nom. 7J59, 9m6 ueiacc. m


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efle6ive Pronouns

acc. segen. seue, seidat. sebhio, soi

Possessive Pronouns

m" mos"our tuoshis suosour nsostheir usos

Numerals

Decline like ad'ecti!es= 5ook up6 1hile -M cannot be reconstructed for PIE, there are enoughsimilarities between the number s"stems of )anskrit, ), ith. Greek, atin, lr. and Germanic to

reconstruct a working s"stem.

Cardinal

oinos oinos-d


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8th oNtow;-Mth nun;-4th d5e6Nmt;-

Adverbs

PIE 2d!erbs are formed b" using regular nouns or ad'ecti!es with specific case endings which render thedesired ad!erbial meaning. 2lso, the pre!erbs and prepositions of the later languages were ad!erbs in PIE.

Verbs

@ew !erbs could be deri!ed from e#isting !erbs or nouns b" adding the -ei-e suffi#, for e#ample, wosn-eie,&to bu", to sell.( his suffi# could also be used to form causati!es from roots which had an -o- or >ero-grade !owel.

-n normal HD type verbs, accent is mobile, and the vowel in the root alternates between full grade and

&ero grade. #he $tatic verbs have the accent fi6ed on the root, and full grade in the root vowel unless the

root was monosyllabic, in which lengthened grade occurred. +ost verbs are HD type with mobile accent.

$tatic verbs include the $%orist, and the 0ndand 7rdperson of the in4unctive.

$nlike 2thematic !erbs, thematic !erbs ha!e -e- or -o- before the ending 5&pher-o-men( !s. &phamen(6.%thematic singular (for the present or aorist) has a full grade vowel with accent on the root, while plural

has &ero grade of the root with accent on the ending. 0or e#ample, bh


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#he ptativee#presses a desire. It uses 2thematic )econdar" endings. he root has a full grade !owelthe accent is on the roote#cept in the 3rdpl. which had >ero-grade in both the root and suffi#, where theaccent is on the ending. he %iddle ptati!e uses intransiti!e middle endings. eduplicated ptati!esha!e >ero-grade of the suffi#.

#he -mperative

2thematic I 2thematic II hematic I hematic II

/ndsing. 4, -dhi -t9d -e -et9d3rdsing. -tu -t9d -etu -et9d/ndpl. -te -t9d -ete -et9d3rdpl. -entu = -ontu =

Imparati!e is used with commands. "pe I in both athematic and thematic are the regular forms."pe II in both athematic and thematic indicate that an action in the near future must take place &then "oumustQ( indicating &from then onwards.( %ccent is on the root. hematic -e stem is in the full grade.

-mperative +iddle

rans. Intrans. II

/ndsing. -swe= = =3rdsing. -to= -o= -t9d/ndpl. -dhwe = -t9d3rdpl. -nto= -ro= =

Perfect and +iddle

he perfect tense is used to show an action or state of thought as being completed. It has no suffi#, onl"the ending. It often has reduplication of the first consonant, after which an -e- or -o- is added dork-ereduplicates as de-dork-e. #he perfect has an accented o in the root in the singular, and on the ending inthe plural with a &erograde root in the indicative plural (other plurals have e). he perfect tense has no

middle, and usuall" has intransiti!e meaning. Intransiti!e middle is related to the perfect as the present isto the aorist.

he %iddle !oice indicates that the sub'ect is closel" in!ol!ed with the action for e#ample &he washedhimself.( PIE probabl" used the middle !oice instead of refle#i!e pronouns. he Intransiti!es are !erbswhich do not take a direct ob'ect, 5such as &belong,( &go,( &seem,(6 while the transiti!e !erbs take a directob'ect 5such as &bring( or &raise(6. he middle forms ha!e >ero grade of the root in the normal 5mobile6inflection, in which the accent is on the ending. In the static inflection the" ha!e full grade withaccent onthe root.

Perfect %iddle Intrans. %iddle rans.stsing. w;id-a -a -ma/ndsing. w;id-ta -to -sto

3rdsing. w;id-e -o -tostpl. wid-m< -medha -me5s6dha/ndpl. wid-< dhwe -tdhwe3rdpl. wid-r:7r -ro -ntro

#he Dual

Primar" )econdar" %iddle&we two( -wes -we -wedha


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&"ou two( -te:os -tom -5e6te=&the" two( -tes -tBm -5e6tB=

Participles

PIE would ha!e relied intensi!el" on participles, especiall" if there were no subordinate clauses in PIE.

he acti!e present and aorist participle were formed with -ent- and declines as HD or )tatic -@-)tems. Itis the eRui!alent of the %nE &-ing( ending, e#. bharant, &carr"ing.( hematic participles ha!e no ablautthe" are alwa"s -ont-.

he acti!e perfect participle was formed with the suffi# -wes-, which declined like the substantiati!e.%iddle participles were formed with the suffi# -mno-.

#he 3erb 9#o e;

&o be( in PIE is &es-(and con'ugates with the 2thematic Primar" endings. In the singular, accent is on theroot, and in the plural, accent is on the ending.

I am ero grade root luk7ie, &to shine.(-ie- forms intensi!e !erbs dei-dik-ie, &to displa".(-e- e#pressed a situation 5to throw, to lie, to go lie down6.-sk- 5alwa"s thematic and >ero grade root6 makes causati!es or indicate the beginning.-mno- makes middle participles-wes- acti!e perfect suffi#-no- -to- -eno- -ono- !erbal ad'ecti!e suffi#es

Compounds


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here are two kinds of relati!e clauses

6 Determined elati!e lause also known as the &definate,( and as &non-restricti!e.( his t"pe refers to adefinate item. 0or e#ample, &D"eus, who is the origin of light,( D"eus is a definate item. he relati!eparticle used for this t"pe is Vio- which is inflected the same wa" as Vso, Vto-, and Vkwo-. he clause inwhich this occurs is placed after the main clause. he relati!e particle is placed at the end of its clause.5gi!e e#amples in @E and PIE6

/6 @on-Determined elati!e lause also known as the &indefinate( and as &restricti!e.( his t"pe refers toan indefinate item, for e#ample, when the relati!e particle refers to a demonstrati!e pronoun, such asWWWWWWWWW in the following e#ample WWWWWWWW )uch a demonstrati!e will occur when the main clause hasno definate item 5such as D"eus, in the pre!ious e#ample6 for the relati!e particle to refer to. ften, thedefinate item will not be in the main clause, because it is instead in the relati!e clause. he relati!e particleused for this t"pe is Vkwi- which is inflected the same wa" as Vso, Vto-, and Vkwo-. 5gi!e chart6. heclause in which this occurs is placed beforethe main clause. he relati!e particle is placed at thebeginningof its clause. 5gi!e e#amples in @E and PIE6

aryn!eal Conversion C"art

hXe disappears initiall" or between consonants. Is alwa"s o!erpowered b" con'unct !owelsh/Xa turns e or o !owels into a*s, becomes a !owel initiall", finall" or between consonantsh3Xo turns nearb" e !owels into o*s, disappears between consonants

ehX7 heXe eh/eXBeh/XB h/eXa eh/oXaoeh3X9 h3eXo oh/eX9ohX9 hoXo oh/oX9oh/X9 h/oXo eh/iXaioh3X9 h3oXo h/eiXai

here are some general rules to keep in mind regarding lar"ngeals

. e or h is o!erpowered b" e!er"thing else it comes in contact with./. h/ o!erpowers e!er"thing accept o3. o or h3 o!erpowers e!er"thing.+. e is weaker than an" lar"ngeal 5H6F. h is weaker than an" !owelO. !owel Y H alwa"s X long !owel

Accent Summary

Compounds

he last morpheme of the stelement had >ero grade, e#. nrhBn. If the stelement is onl" one s"llable, theaccent falls on the second element. Howe!er, the second accent was often unaccented, so if the stelementhas more than one morpheme, the sts"llable gets takes accent, and the /ndelement recei!es a kind ofsecondar" accent. In &bahu!rihis( t"pe compounds the accent was not on the final s"llable of the firstelement, but on the s"llable prior to it.

ouns


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Histerod"namic 5HD6 nouns, and Proterod"namic nouns 5PD6 ha!e mobile accent which can fall on eitherthe root or ending depending on the case nom. has initial accent, acc. and loc. ha!e accent on the stem 5thes"llable containing the stem, such as -r, -m, -t, -us, etc. Gen.:abl. dat and ins. ha!e accent on the caseending. )ome stems ha!e !ariations of this pattern, see charts for these details.

2thematic nouns 5with mobile stress6 with >ero grade in the nominati!e ha!e initial accent.

-o- is more often stressed than -e-. Zero grade cannot occur between consonants which cannot be !ocalic,such as p, d, and t, -e- replaces -o-. 0or e#ample, p;dm becomes ped;s.

%an" consonant-final suffi#es such as -er, -ter, -on, -ont fa!oured stress mobilit".

he !ocati!e case alwa"s has initial accent.

)tatic nouns ha!e full grade of the root, which is accented, and >ero grade of the suffi# 5not the ending6.

0or the present and aorist, 2thematic singular !erbs ha!e accent on the root while 2thematic plural !erbsha!e accent on the the ending.

Pronouns

Interrogati!e pronouns were stressed and indefinite pronouns were not stressed.

3erbs

In normal HD t"pe !erbs, accent is mobile, and the !owel in the root alternates between full grade and >erograde. he )tatic !erbs ha!e the accent fi#ed on the root, and full grade in the root !owel unless the rootwas monos"llabic, in which lengthened grade occurred.

2orists with -s- after the root ha!e stress on the root.

he !erb augment 5the e- prefi# which indicates past tense6 takes the accent.

he middle has a >ero grade of the root in the normal 5mobile6 inflection. )tatic middles ha!e full grade ofthe root.

he middle suffi# -en- is in >ero grade after a !erbal noun ending in Cm.

he perfect singular has an accented -o- in the root. he plural has an accented ending with a >ero graderoot.

he sub'uncti!e mood alwa"s has full grade of the root.

he optati!e root has full grade. 3rdplural has >ero grade in ending and suffi#.

Imperati!e normal had >ero grade of the ending hematic -e stem is in the full grade.

proto-indo-european grammar

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