The Protein Synthesis Story Begins with DNA

2 Main Functions of DNA1.Carry the Code of Life-instruction manual for every living organism2. Blueprint for making proteins

A GENE carries the code for making each

protein

Everything in you is made of or by

proteins!

Protein Examples* In 2014 Play DNA Replication video from PBS in home folder—lots of examples

Hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood

Collagen makes your cartilage and tendons

Keratin makes hair & fingernails

Enzymes

Ribosomes Site of Protein Synthesis!

How can we solve this problem?

RNA – Ribose Nucleic Acid

RNA is like DNA except:

1. Single stranded

2. Uracil instead of thymine

A-U, C-G

3. Ribose instead of Deoxyribose

Nitrogen Bases

Sugars

&

Phosphates

RNA DNA

Step 1:Transcriptio

n

mRNA (messenger) goes into the

nucleus and copies the DNA

mRNA then moves from the nucleus to

the cytoplasm.DNA – ATCG

mRNA - UAGChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MfSYnItYvg *clip in home folder from pbs…good stuff

Step 2 Translation

mRNA attaches to ribosomes.

tRNA (transfer) carries amino acids -- the building blocks of

proteins

tRNA consists of 3 Nitrogen bases (anticodon) ex. AUG

tRNA lines up with 3 bases in mRNA (codon) ex. UAC

tRNA drops off the amino acid in the

correct spot

Amino acids make proteins

  U C A G  

U

Phenylaline

Phenylaline

LeucineLeucine

SerineSerineSerineSerine

TyrosineTyrosine

StopStop

CysteineCysteine

StopTryptoph

an

UCAG

C

LeucineLeucineLeucineLeucine

ProlineProlineProlineProline

HistidineHistidine

GlutamineGlutamine

ArginineArginineArginineArginine

UCAG

A

Isoleucine

Isoleucine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Threonine

Threonine

Threonine

Threonine

Asparagine

Asparagine

LysineLysine

SerineSerine

ArginineArginine

UCAG

G

ValineValineValineValine

AlanineAlanineAlanineAlanine

Aspartic acid

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid

GlycineGlycineGlycineGlycine

UCAG

http://www.dnalc.org/view/15501-Translation-RNA-to-protein-3D-animation-with-basic-narration.html

Any change in the DNA structure (specifically the order of nitrogen bases) is a mutation.

Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.

Helpful – can create diversity in a population

Harmful – can cause things like cancer

Neutral – can have absolutely no effect at all

A mutagen is something that causes mutations in the DNA (for example: smoking, radiation from

the sun etc)

Slooze Worm

An insertion mutation is when a nitrogen base is added to the existing DNA

A deletion mutation is when a nitrogen base is subtracted from the DNA

A substitution mutation is when one nitrogen base is put in place of another.

If our DNA was AATTGGCC

An insertion would be AATTAGGCC

A deletion would be AATGGCC

A substitution would be AAATGGCC

Gene Sequencing – Determining the order of nucleotide bases within a gene

DNA Fingerprinting – technique used in criminal investigations.

DNA Fingerprinting takes the DNA out of a cell and separates it. This will allow investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals (since they are unlikely to have the same DNA)

Cloning – take the DNA out of one of your cells then take the DNA out of a zygote (fertilized egg). Put the DNA from your cell into the zygote.

Genetic engineering is the process of moving genes from the chromosomes of one organism to those of another organism.

Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA

molecules.from two different organisms

What would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in the diagram was made?

A.CUCAAGUGCUUCB.GAGUUCACGAAGC.GAGTTCACGAAGD.AGACCTGTAGGA

What is the amino acid sequence in the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA shown in the diagram?

A. Ser-Tyr-Arg-GlyB.Leu-Lys-Cys-PheC.Val-Asp-Pro-HisD.Pro-Glu-Leu-Val