protein basic memory seminar report
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
1/29
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
2/29
BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTERS
Is a computer based on the dynamics of bio molecular
activities rather than on electronic switching. By exploiting some special
properties of biological molecules, particularly proteins, components that are
smaller, faster and more powerful than any electronic device can be made to
function.
Since 1960s the computer industry has been compelled to make the
individual components on semiconductor chips smaller and smaller inorder to
manufacture large memories and more powerful processors economically.
These chips consists of array of switches, usually of the kind known as logical
gates that flip between two states-0 or 1 in response to electric current passing
through them. If the trends toward miniaturization continues, the size of single
logic gate will approach the size of molecules in the year 2030.
A serious roadblock to miniaturization is the increase in cost of
manufacturing a chip. At some point the search for even smaller electronic-2-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
3/29
devices may be limited by economics rather than physics. So the use of
biological molecules as the active components in computer circuitry may offer
an alternative approach that is more economical.
-3-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
4/29
BATCERIORHODOESIN
-4-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
5/29
Molecules can potentially serve as computers switches because their
atoms are mobile and change position in a predictable way. If we can direct the
atomic motion and thereby constantly generate two discrete states in a
molecule, we can use each state to represent either 0 or 1.This results in
reduction of size, that is, a biomolecular computer in principle is one-fifth of
the size of the present day semiconductor computer. This theoretically makes it
thousand times modern computers.
Researchers have introduced parallel processing architecture which
allows multiple rows of data to be manipulated simultaneously. In order to
expand memory capacities, they are devising hardware that stores data in 3D
instead of usual ways. So scientists have built nueral networks that mimic the
leasing by association capabilities of the brain. The ability of creating proteins
to change their properties in response to light should simplify the hardware
required for its implementations.
-5-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
6/29
Although no computer components made from proteins are in the
market yet, ongoing international research efforts are making enticing
headway. Several molecules are under consideration for the use in computers.
Bacteriorhodopsin has generated the most interest.
ORIGIN IN SALT MARSH
Bacteriorhodopsin is a light harvesting protein in the purple
membrane of a micro organism called Halobacterium halobium .Bacterior-
hodopsin , the bacterial protein , is the basic unit of protein memory and is
the key protein in Halobacterial photosynthesis .It functions like a light
driven photo pump. Under exposure to light it transports photons from the
halobacterial cell to another medium, changes its mode of operation from
photosynthesis to respiration, and converts light energy to chemical energy.
The response of this molecule to light energy can be utilised to frame prutein
memories.
-6-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
7/29
Bacteriorhodopsin grows in salt marshes ,where temperature can exceed
150 degree F for the extended time period and the salt concentration is
approximately six times that of sea water. Survival in such an environment
implies that this protein can resist thermal and photochemical damages.
Upon absorption of light it generates a chemical and osmotic potential that
serves as energy source. It has the ability to form thin films that exhibit
excellent optical characteristics and offer long term stability .
Soviet scientists were the first to recognize and develop the
potential of the Bacteriorhodopsin sea for computing. Many aspect of this
ambitious project are still considered military secrets.
COMPUTER APPLICATION
At first interests were on the protein called rhodopsin ,but later
were focused on Bacteriorhodopsin because of the greater stability and better
optical properties It can be prepared in large quantities also. The application
-7-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
8/29
under study for computer processors and the memories on which they operate
exploit the photocycle of Bacteriorhopdopsin.
PHOTOCYCLE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN
Bacteriorhodopsin comprises a light absorbing component known
as CHROMOPHORE , that absorbs light energy and triggers a series of
complex internal structural changes to alter the proteins optical and electrical
characteristics. This phenomenon is known as photocycle.
The sequence of structural changes induced by light as in figure allows for
the storage of data in memory. Green light Changes the initial resting state
known as Br to the intermediate K.Next K relaxes, forming M and then O. If
the O intermediate is exposed to red light, a so called branching section occurs.
-8-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
9/29
-9-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
10/29
O converts to the P state and quickly relaxes to the Q state-a form that remains
stable indefinitely. Blue light will however convert Q back to bR .Any two
long lasting states can be assigned the binary value 0 or 1,making it possible to
store information as a series of bacteriorhodopsin molecules in one state or
another.
The intermediates absorb light in different regions of the spectrum. As a
consequence, we can read the data by shining laser beams on molecules and
noting the wavelengths that dont pass through the detector. Since we can alter
-10-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
11/29
the structure of bacteriorhodops in with one laser and another laser, we have
the needed basis for writing and then reading from memory.
Most devices under study make use of resting state and one
intermediate. One state is designated as 0 and other as 1.Switching between the
states are controlled by means of laser beams. Most of the early memory
devices based on bacteriorhodopsin could operate only at extremely cold
temperatures of liquid nitrogen, at which the light induced switching between
the initial bR structure and intermediate known as the K could be controlled.
These devices were very fast compared with semiconductor switches. But the
need for low temperatures precluded general application.
-11-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
12/29
Today most bacteriorhodopsin devices functions at or near room
temperature, a condition under which another intermediate M is stable.
Although most bR based memory devices incorporate bR M switch, other
structures may actually prove more useful in protein - based computer systems.
-12-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
13/29
INTERCONNECTION FACE BIOMOLECULAR
COMPUTING
Over the past two decades VLSI circuit technology has developed
rapidly. Unfortunately in complex VLSI systems these increases cause serious
interconnection problems in chip area, power consumption and noise. One
promising candidate for breaking through these difficulties is the biomolecular
computer. The model is based on the specificity of enzymes in their choice of
reactants and substrates. They carry information by their presence or absence in
solution. At the specified destination, enzyme based biosensors selectively
detect the released substrates which automatically triggers a specific
biomolecular switch in solution.
The foundation of any computing system is its logic. To
support the systematic design of biomolecule computing systems, an algebraic
system called set valued logic (SLV),special class of multivalued logic is used.
In the SLV concept we use a large number of enzymes and their substrates in
our system and the varieties of substrate molecules represent SLV logic states.
-13-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
14/29
Electronic VLSI systems have very effective execution and fast
interactive capabilities. Though a biomolecular computer has low data rates,
their advantage in natural and massive parallelism. They offer a new parallel
processing architecture and bioprocessor executes operations in a data driven
manner that makes it possible to exploit the maximum parallelism of a given
algorithm.
Logic value 0 logic value 1------------------logic value r-1
Substrate 0 substrate 1---------------------substrate r-1
-14-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
15/29
MODEL OF BIOMOLECULAR SWITCHING DEVICE
Let L be the set of all the substrate that can be transmitted
simultaneously in solution. This simultaneous transmission is interpreted
algebraically as logic value multiplexing. An enzyme based biosensors can
exactly discriminate the molecular information.
In this the concept of MLV to design biodevice networks for
interconnection free computation is discussed.The use of more than two levels
of logic can reduce the complexity of intergrated circuit interconnection.
Practical MLV use continous electrical variables such as voltage,current and
change to convey information.
-15-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
16/29
AN ENZYME SUBRATE REACTION
-16-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
17/29
PARALLEL PROCESSING
Certain intermediates produced after bacteriorhodopsin initially
exposed to light will change to unusual structures when they absorb energy
from second laser beam, in a process known as sequential 1-photon
architecture. In the photocycle above, a branching section occurs from 0
intermediate to form P and Q. These are generated by two consecutive pulses
of laser light-first green and then red. Although P is fairly shortlived, it relaxes
to form Q which is stable for extended periods. Because of its extended
stability, the Q state has greater significance in search for long term, high
density memory.
The intermediate PandQ formedin the sequential 1- photon,
are particularly useful for parallel processing. For writing data in parallel our
approach incorporates another information-these dimensional data storage. A
cube of bacteriorhodops in is surrounded by two arrays of laser beams placed
90 degree from each other. One array of laser, all set to green and called
-17-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
18/29
pagging beams, activates the photocycle of proteins in any selected square
plane or page within the cube. After a few milliseconds, when the number of 0
intermediates reaches near maximum, the other laser array of red beams is
fired.
This second array is programmed to illuminate only the region of
activated square where data bits are to be written, switching the molecules to
the P structure. T he P intermediate then relaxes. Since the laser array can
activate molecules in various places throughout the chosen illuminated page,
multiple data locations, known as addressed can be written in parallel.
The system for reading stored memory during processing
or during the contraction of result relies on the selective absorption of red light
by the 0 intermediate. To read multiple bits of data in parallel ,we start just as
we do in the writing process First the green paging beam fire at the square of
the protein to be read , starting the normal photocycIe of molecules in bR state.
After two milli seconds, the entire laser assay is turned on at a very low
intensity of red light .Molecules that are in the binary 1 state do not absorbe
these, red molecules that started out in the binary 0 state (bR) do absorbe the-18-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
19/29
beams .The detector reads 0s and lsin terms of the binary code .The process is
complete in approximately 10 ms, a rate of 10 megabytes per second for each
page of memory
-19-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
20/29
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEMORY
In addition to facilitating parallel processing, 3D cubes of
bactrioshodcpsin provides much more space that two dimensional optical
memories. Three dimensional optical memories can theoratically approach
storage densities of one trillion bits per cubic centimeters .A 300 folds
improvement in storage capacity over 2-D devices should be possible .So a
major impact of bioelectronics on computer hardware will be in the area of
volumatric memory.
Speed is also an important benefit. of volumatric memories. The
complication of 3-D storage within the use of parallel architectures enhances
the speed of such memories , just a parallel processing in the human brain
overcomes relatively slow nueral processor and allows the brain, to be a
thinking machine with fast reflexces and rapid decision making capability .If
we illuminate a square measuring 1,024 bits by 1,024 bits within a larger tube
of protein, we can write 105 KB into memory in a 10 mS cycle. .So it means an
-20-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
21/29
overall write speed of 10 million characters per second comparable to slow
semiconductor memory.
-21-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
22/29
NUERAL NETWORKS
Associative memories operate rather differently from the memories that
dominate current computer architectures .This type of architecture takes a set
of data often in the form of an image and scans the entire memory bank until it
finds a data set that matches it .Since human brain operates in a nueral
associative mode , many computer scientists believe large - capacity
associative memories will be required if we are to achieve artificial
intelligence.
As associative memory device that relies in the holographic properties
of thin films of bacterioshodopsin, holograms allows multiple image to be
stored in the same segment of memory, permitting large data sets to be
analysed simultaneously. Associative memories have significant potential for
applications in optical computer architectures optically coupled nueral network
computers etc.
-22-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
23/29
CONCLUSION
The hyhrid computer we envision would be highly flexible by taking
advantage of particular combinations of the memory card described above,
large pools of data carry out complex scientific simulations or serve as a
unique plate form for investigation of artfical intelligence With above a tetra
byte of memory in cubes of bacteriorhodopsin , this machine would handle
large data bases with alacrity. Associative memory processing coupled with
volumetric memory would make databases searches. Many orders of
magnitude faster than is currently possible. Since this hybrid computer can be
designed to function as a nueral associative computer capable of learning and
analysing data like a human brain, the importance of hybrid computers to
studies in artificial intelligence cannot be under estimated.
-23-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
24/29
REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN by ROBERT.R.BIRGE
2. THE LOCK KEY PARALDIGM by MICHAEL CONSAD
3. INTERCONNECTION FREE BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTING by
TAKAFUNI AOKI,MICHIKITA KAYEMA
4. A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING by
DIETER OESTHERHELT
WEBSITES
1. www.efy.com
2. www.protein memories.com
3. www.bacteriorhodopsin.com
4. www.ask.com
5. www.howstuffworks.com
6. www.astavista.com
-24-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
25/29
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTERS
ORIGINS IN SALT MARSH
PHOTOCYCLE
INTERCONNECTION FACE BIOMOLECULAR
COMPUTING
MODEL OF A BIOMOLECULAR SWITCHING
DEVICE
PARALLEL PROCESSING
THREE DIMENSIONAL MEMORY
NUERAL NETWORKS
-25-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
26/29
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
-26-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
27/29
ABSTRACT
The worlds most advanced super computer doesnt require a single
semiconductor chip.
The human brain consists of organic molecules that combines to form a
highly sophisticated network able to calculate, perceive, manipulate, self-
repair, think and feel. Digital computers can certainly perform calculations
much faster and more precisely than humans, but even simple organisms are
superior to computers in the other five domains. Computer designers may
never be able to make machines having all the facilities of natural brain,but we
can exploit some special properties of biological molecular-particularly
proteins-to build computer components that are faster ,smaller and more
powerful than any electronic devices .
Devices fabricated from biological molecules promise compact size and
faster data storage. They lead themselves to use in parallel processing
computers,3Dmemories and neural networks.
-27-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
28/29
As the trend towards miniaturization continues, the cost of manufacturing
a chip increases considerably. On the other hand ,the use of biological
molecules as the active components in a computer circuitry may offer an
alternative approach that is more economical.
-28-
-
7/29/2019 Protein Basic Memory Seminar Report
29/29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. P.V.Abdul Hameed, Head of the
Department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for the Seminar.
I express my sincere gratitude to Seminar coordinator Mr. Manoj K,
Staff in charge, for his cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting
this seminar.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of
Electronics and Communication Department and my friends for their support
and encouragement.
Priya. M
29